Pedestrian Detection: An Evaluation of the State of the Art

Pedestrian detection is a key problem in computer vision, with several applications that have the potential to positively impact quality of life. In recent years, the number of approaches to detecting pedestrians in monocular images has grown steadily. However, multiple data sets and widely varying...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:	IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence Jg. 34; H. 4; S. 743 - 761
Hauptverfasser:	Dollar, P., Wojek, C., Schiele, B., Perona, P.
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Los Alamitos, CA IEEE 01.04.2012 IEEE Computer Society The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Schlagworte:	Applied sciences Artificial intelligence Automatic Data Processing benchmark Caltech Pedestrian data set Cameras Computer science; control theory; systems Detectors evaluation Exact sciences and technology Heating Humans Image Enhancement - methods Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted - methods Labeling object detection Pattern Recognition, Automated - methods Pattern recognition. Digital image processing. Computational geometry Pedestrian detection Pixel Sensitivity and Specificity Studies Testing Training Performance evaluation Occlusion Caltech Pedestrian data set Computer vision Statistical analysis Image processing data set Pedestrian Monocular vision Low resolution Pedestrian detection Object recognition Annotation benchmark Quality of life evaluation Object detection Occultation
ISSN:	0162-8828, 1939-3539, 2160-9292, 1939-3539
Online-Zugang:	Volltext
Tags:	Tag hinzufügen Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!

Abstract	Pedestrian detection is a key problem in computer vision, with several applications that have the potential to positively impact quality of life. In recent years, the number of approaches to detecting pedestrians in monocular images has grown steadily. However, multiple data sets and widely varying evaluation protocols are used, making direct comparisons difficult. To address these shortcomings, we perform an extensive evaluation of the state of the art in a unified framework. We make three primary contributions: 1) We put together a large, well-annotated, and realistic monocular pedestrian detection data set and study the statistics of the size, position, and occlusion patterns of pedestrians in urban scenes, 2) we propose a refined per-frame evaluation methodology that allows us to carry out probing and informative comparisons, including measuring performance in relation to scale and occlusion, and 3) we evaluate the performance of sixteen pretrained state-of-the-art detectors across six data sets. Our study allows us to assess the state of the art and provides a framework for gauging future efforts. Our experiments show that despite significant progress, performance still has much room for improvement. In particular, detection is disappointing at low resolutions and for partially occluded pedestrians.
AbstractList	Pedestrian detection is a key problem in computer vision, with several applications that have the potential to positively impact quality of life. In recent years, the number of approaches to detecting pedestrians in monocular images has grown steadily. However, multiple data sets and widely varying evaluation protocols are used, making direct comparisons difficult. To address these shortcomings, we perform an extensive evaluation of the state of the art in a unified framework. We make three primary contributions: 1) We put together a large, well-annotated, and realistic monocular pedestrian detection data set and study the statistics of the size, position, and occlusion patterns of pedestrians in urban scenes, 2) we propose a refined per-frame evaluation methodology that allows us to carry out probing and informative comparisons, including measuring performance in relation to scale and occlusion, and 3) we evaluate the performance of sixteen pretrained state-of-the-art detectors across six data sets. Our study allows us to assess the state of the art and provides a framework for gauging future efforts. Our experiments show that despite significant progress, performance still has much room for improvement. In particular, detection is disappointing at low resolutions and for partially occluded pedestrians.Pedestrian detection is a key problem in computer vision, with several applications that have the potential to positively impact quality of life. In recent years, the number of approaches to detecting pedestrians in monocular images has grown steadily. However, multiple data sets and widely varying evaluation protocols are used, making direct comparisons difficult. To address these shortcomings, we perform an extensive evaluation of the state of the art in a unified framework. We make three primary contributions: 1) We put together a large, well-annotated, and realistic monocular pedestrian detection data set and study the statistics of the size, position, and occlusion patterns of pedestrians in urban scenes, 2) we propose a refined per-frame evaluation methodology that allows us to carry out probing and informative comparisons, including measuring performance in relation to scale and occlusion, and 3) we evaluate the performance of sixteen pretrained state-of-the-art detectors across six data sets. Our study allows us to assess the state of the art and provides a framework for gauging future efforts. Our experiments show that despite significant progress, performance still has much room for improvement. In particular, detection is disappointing at low resolutions and for partially occluded pedestrians. Pedestrian detection is a key problem in computer vision, with several applications that have the potential to positively impact quality of life. In recent years, the number of approaches to detecting pedestrians in monocular images has grown steadily. However, multiple data sets and widely varying evaluation protocols are used, making direct comparisons difficult. To address these shortcomings, we perform an extensive evaluation of the state of the art in a unified framework. We make three primary contributions: 1) We put together a large, well-annotated, and realistic monocular pedestrian detection data set and study the statistics of the size, position, and occlusion patterns of pedestrians in urban scenes, 2) we propose a refined per-frame evaluation methodology that allows us to carry out probing and informative comparisons, including measuring performance in relation to scale and occlusion, and 3) we evaluate the performance of sixteen pretrained state-of-the-art detectors across six data sets. Our study allows us to assess the state of the art and provides a framework for gauging future efforts. Our experiments show that despite significant progress, performance still has much room for improvement. In particular, detection is disappointing at low resolutions and for partially occluded pedestrians.
Author	Dollar, P. Perona, P. Schiele, B. Wojek, C.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: P. surname: Dollar fullname: Dollar, P. email: pdollar@caltech.edu organization: Dept. of Electr. Eng., California Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, CA, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: C. surname: Wojek fullname: Wojek, C. email: cwojek@mpi-inf.mpg.de organization: Max Planck Inst. for Inf., Saarbrucken, Germany – sequence: 3 givenname: B. surname: Schiele fullname: Schiele, B. email: schiele@mpi-inf.mpg.de organization: Max Planck Inst. for Inf., Saarbrucken, Germany – sequence: 4 givenname: P. surname: Perona fullname: Perona, P. email: perona@caltech.edu organization: Dept. of Electr. Eng., California Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, CA, USA
BackLink	http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=26015859$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21808091$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark	eNp10c9LHDEUB_BQlLraXr0IZRCEXmabl1-T6Gmxahe2VKg9h2zmDR2ZndEkU-h_b9bdVRA8hQef7-OR7yHZ64ceCTkGOgWg5tvd7eznfMoowBSk_EAmDBQtDTNsj0woKFZqzfQBOYzxnlIQkvKP5ICBppoamJCLW6wxptC6vviOCX1qh_68mPXF1T_XjW49FkNTpL9Y_E4u4W6YhfSJ7Deui_h5-x6RP9dXd5c_ysWvm_nlbFF6XrFUoqobJjkuBYclCgFSqNoYBNEo5pWvOFeAzjuolNSIAKLSVa0NNllUkh-Rr5u9D2F4HPO1dtVGj13nehzGaIGC1oopYJmevqH3wxj6fJ01jAnNlOIZfdmicbnC2j6EduXCf7v7lQzOtsBF77omuN638dUpClJLk53YOB-GGAM21rfp-ctScG2XD7PrkuxzSXZdks0l5dj0TWy3-d3AySbQIuILlqaSoCR_AlfHl9o
CODEN	ITPIDJ
CitedBy_id	crossref_primary_10_1016_j_image_2017_02_007 crossref_primary_10_3390_infrastructures6090134 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_image_2017_02_008 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2023_3312910 crossref_primary_10_1109_JSEN_2024_3398031 crossref_primary_10_1155_2023_6615879 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2017_2651367 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_infrared_2021_103694 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2024_3354962 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_compind_2018_03_037 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2019_2892197 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_compeleceng_2022_108385 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_trc_2013_11_019 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patrec_2018_07_035 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCYB_2016_2601438 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patcog_2015_08_027 crossref_primary_10_4018_IJCINI_2018010103 crossref_primary_10_1109_LSP_2017_2731952 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2022_3225078 crossref_primary_10_1155_2021_4700204 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2018_2869087 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_022_13920_x crossref_primary_10_1016_j_engappai_2016_01_029 crossref_primary_10_1109_TGRS_2024_3443856 crossref_primary_10_1177_1550147718763550 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2013_02_057 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00138_019_01016_w crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_018_5899_3 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eswa_2017_05_067 crossref_primary_10_1587_transinf_E97_D_366 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2022_3156903 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11263_023_01929_0 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12652_016_0369_0 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2015_05_038 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_knosys_2019_01_029 crossref_primary_10_1049_ipr2_12196 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2022_3218569 crossref_primary_10_3390_s17010018 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jvcir_2022_103718 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00138_014_0653_y crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2021_12_047 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10489_021_02375_6 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_robot_2014_03_022 crossref_primary_10_1049_iet_cvi_2013_0257 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2020_3001062 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00500_023_08289_4 crossref_primary_10_1109_LRA_2025_3579620 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_023_15911_y crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2017_2738645 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2014_11_104 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_comcom_2019_08_015 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2020_3018306 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2019_2932749 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11227_022_04815_7 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_infrared_2020_103383 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2020_3000223 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patcog_2021_108063 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_020_09466_5 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patcog_2023_109913 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2014_2341042 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2022_04_106 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patrec_2013_04_015 crossref_primary_10_1155_2018_6357185 crossref_primary_10_20965_jrm_2018_p0598 crossref_primary_10_32604_cmc_2020_013522 crossref_primary_10_3390_bdcc5040050 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2011_281 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMM_2023_3264008 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_imavis_2019_02_010 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10044_022_01076_1 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_image_2025_117403 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2019_2909992 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphy_2023_1121311 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13042_019_00950_5 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2023_3318417 crossref_primary_10_1177_0278364914549488 crossref_primary_10_3390_sym13040703 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cviu_2012_08_008 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neunet_2020_05_015 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2024_3441628 crossref_primary_10_1117_1_JEI_31_3_033035 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCYB_2016_2593940 crossref_primary_10_3390_s150820204 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11263_013_0608_1 crossref_primary_10_3390_s20010043 crossref_primary_10_1109_JSEN_2025_3559057 crossref_primary_10_3390_s20010292 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_024_19326_1 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_infrared_2018_11_028 crossref_primary_10_1109_MITS_2017_2666579 crossref_primary_10_17163_ings_n17_2017_09 crossref_primary_10_5006_3674 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_019_07898_2 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_protcy_2016_08_115 crossref_primary_10_1631_FITEE_1900282 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_compind_2018_02_014 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2017_2695721 crossref_primary_10_1155_2018_3518959 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patrec_2019_02_026 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2017_2648850 crossref_primary_10_9717_kmms_2014_17_7_787 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_inffus_2018_09_015 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2023_3245613 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10462_022_10365_4 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics11213551 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2019_12_110 crossref_primary_10_1049_ipr2_13083 crossref_primary_10_1080_17543266_2020_1799080 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2023_3276392 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_022_16208_0 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_knosys_2023_110719 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_engappai_2012_08_013 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2016_2637379 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2024_3450584 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00371_021_02383_0 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2024_3381612 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_image_2021_116626 crossref_primary_10_1587_transinf_2017MVP0001 crossref_primary_10_1049_rsn2_12125 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00138_021_01167_9 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patrec_2018_08_001 crossref_primary_10_1049_el_2012_4261 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2018_2879473 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2021_06_086 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2025_3587717 crossref_primary_10_1177_1045389X19880016 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2020_2986476 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_017_5554_4 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2020_2974745 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2013_2271113 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_autcon_2020_103106 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_022_13130_5 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_infrared_2018_11_007 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_imavis_2019_02_009 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2024_3479988 crossref_primary_10_3390_data6020012 crossref_primary_10_1088_1742_6596_1486_5_052034 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIV_2021_3122898 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2015_2492838 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10489_022_03607_z crossref_primary_10_1016_j_dsp_2022_103473 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patrec_2025_01_026 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2019_2928879 crossref_primary_10_3390_s22093568 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cviu_2013_10_011 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_017_5438_7 crossref_primary_10_1155_2014_386764 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2020_3022623 crossref_primary_10_1109_LRA_2020_2965061 crossref_primary_10_1155_2019_9060797 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2016_03_082 crossref_primary_10_1109_LSP_2012_2210870 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2015_2474388 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2017_2756936 crossref_primary_10_3390_info8030093 crossref_primary_10_3390_s20185250 crossref_primary_10_1109_TSMC_2016_2531658 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2022_3146575 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_artint_2013_06_003 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2019_2949106 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13369_021_05693_6 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2021_11_091 crossref_primary_10_1109_JSTARS_2023_3315544 crossref_primary_10_20965_jaciii_2018_p1056 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cosrev_2021_100379 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10921_023_01032_x crossref_primary_10_1088_1742_6596_1168_2_022028 crossref_primary_10_1109_LRA_2019_2903260 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2018_2836921 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_020_10002_8 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2025_3547325 crossref_primary_10_1155_2014_787093 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2020_2995321 crossref_primary_10_1109_LSP_2013_2296602 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_infrared_2016_02_004 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2021_11_087 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2022_3179441 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_amepre_2018_06_024 crossref_primary_10_2478_jdis_2025_0020 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jksuci_2019_06_017 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13177_025_00507_7 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_aap_2020_105692 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2018_2875495 crossref_primary_10_1587_transfun_E99_A_271 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40747_020_00206_8 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2019_2958352 crossref_primary_10_3390_safety8020026 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_020_09897_0 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_023_18019_5 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIM_2019_2958580 crossref_primary_10_1061__ASCE_CP_1943_5487_0000813 crossref_primary_10_3390_s16040453 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_image_2016_06_002 crossref_primary_10_4316_AECE_2016_04016 crossref_primary_10_1109_TGRS_2013_2252016 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2017_2680118 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patcog_2018_08_005 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ecss_2022_107957 crossref_primary_10_3390_app9173466 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neunet_2022_08_015 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2013_2264677 crossref_primary_10_1145_2522968_2522978 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patcog_2016_05_027 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2016_02_011 crossref_primary_10_1051_jnwpu_20244250959 crossref_primary_10_1145_3418213 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_compbiomed_2015_03_025 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2023_3273853 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2022_3144359 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2012_219 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2021_3080822 crossref_primary_10_3390_s16040446 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2013_12_017 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_024_20335_3 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2021_3063028 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2019_2963700 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMM_2024_3381377 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11760_017_1073_z crossref_primary_10_1051_matecconf_201823201061 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2014_2310123 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patcog_2018_08_018 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10044_019_00835_x crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2012_12_009 crossref_primary_10_1002_rob_21760 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2018_2817609 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics11030458 crossref_primary_10_1080_15472450_2018_1457444 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11760_024_03523_4 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2014_2360030 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patcog_2025_111709 crossref_primary_10_3390_machines5010006 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cviu_2016_01_011 crossref_primary_10_1680_jsmic_17_00001 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patcog_2021_107846 crossref_primary_10_3390_s130911603 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_autcon_2015_04_013 crossref_primary_10_1109_TNNLS_2018_2876865 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patcog_2016_05_006 crossref_primary_10_1049_iet_its_2018_5618 crossref_primary_10_1109_LGRS_2023_3312148 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patcog_2022_109071 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2023_3298978 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2020_3021508 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10489_021_02293_7 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2017_2668278 crossref_primary_10_1109_TVT_2018_2843394 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2023_3319634 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2017_2705426 crossref_primary_10_1109_TVT_2020_3043203 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2019_2962100 crossref_primary_10_1109_MITS_2022_3198334 crossref_primary_10_1109_TNNLS_2019_2957229 crossref_primary_10_1109_LRA_2021_3099870 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_biosystemseng_2018_04_017 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2024_3402232 crossref_primary_10_3390_s19092013 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11063_022_10910_w crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2022_3189803 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10851_018_0834_9 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2020_3006768 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2021_3063294 crossref_primary_10_3390_s20185073 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2021_3115672 crossref_primary_10_1186_s40537_021_00414_0 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2021_3057616 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_image_2016_05_007 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11263_016_0890_9 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics13122312 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2013_2282635 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cviu_2015_07_008 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2017_2757030 crossref_primary_10_1080_02522667_2022_2133217 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_csi_2022_103702 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2022_3176712 crossref_primary_10_3390_s20123504 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_020_09579_x crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ins_2017_04_011 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_procs_2023_01_219 crossref_primary_10_32604_cmc_2023_026086 crossref_primary_10_1515_teme_2023_0013 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2020_2981890 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2022_02_060 crossref_primary_10_1109_TGRS_2021_3054071 crossref_primary_10_3390_app9204344 crossref_primary_10_3390_s140406666 crossref_primary_10_1080_21681163_2021_1986859 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_rcim_2020_102085 crossref_primary_10_1109_TGRS_2020_3020555 crossref_primary_10_3390_su16114487 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00521_017_3196_0 crossref_primary_10_3390_app14188214 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMM_2018_2829602 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10707_019_00353_2 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIM_2021_3054627 crossref_primary_10_3233_KES_190411 crossref_primary_10_1109_TVT_2020_2982189 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2021_3120870 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_knosys_2023_110261 crossref_primary_10_1007_s42835_019_00091_3 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2019_2948398 crossref_primary_10_3390_s19040780 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11760_020_01742_z crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSI_2017_2757036 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2013_2255303 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2022_3171250 crossref_primary_10_3390_s150923805 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_024_18872_y crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cviu_2016_05_002 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11263_022_01665_x crossref_primary_10_1109_TMM_2022_3146721 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMI_2015_2450831 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2018_2851588 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIM_2023_3344145 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2024_128831 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2024_3406968 crossref_primary_10_3390_drones5030066 crossref_primary_10_1049_ipr2_12615 crossref_primary_10_3390_rs14215451 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2016_12_050 crossref_primary_10_3390_sym16101262 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2020_3012558 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patcog_2018_10_008 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2016_2597441 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13042_019_01037_x crossref_primary_10_1016_j_future_2022_07_003 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cviu_2022_103554 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_dsp_2021_103370 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2021_3074790 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMM_2024_3350926 crossref_primary_10_1117_1_JEI_33_6_063003 crossref_primary_10_1186_s13640_017_0178_1 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00530_024_01603_6 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics12122631 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_infrared_2019_103178 crossref_primary_10_1109_JSEN_2020_2986855 crossref_primary_10_3390_sym12040682 crossref_primary_10_4018_IJMDEM_2019010102 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_022_13458_y crossref_primary_10_1109_LRA_2024_3392083 crossref_primary_10_3390_cells8091019 crossref_primary_10_1109_TGRS_2019_2907277 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2016_2561262 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00138_015_0739_1 crossref_primary_10_3390_s18124290 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_imavis_2021_104242 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_inffus_2018_06_005 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2018_01_092 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00138_014_0649_7 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_018_6057_7 crossref_primary_10_1002_ett_70103 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00371_025_04082_6 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11263_024_02216_2 crossref_primary_10_3390_jfmk4010009 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_knosys_2018_10_031 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_016_3880_6 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00464_024_11115_z crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2015_2497699 crossref_primary_10_4018_IJSSCI_2018040102 crossref_primary_10_1109_TASE_2024_3488856 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2021_3114399 crossref_primary_10_1049_iet_its_2017_0329 crossref_primary_10_3390_s24010249 crossref_primary_10_3390_drones6120430 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ifacol_2016_10_398 crossref_primary_10_1049_itr2_12257 crossref_primary_10_3390_ani10020364 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2019_2917866 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11263_016_0981_7 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_inffus_2022_06_008 crossref_primary_10_1186_1687_5281_2014_12 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cviu_2015_11_014 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00500_020_04674_5 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2018_2818018 crossref_primary_10_1109_TNNLS_2024_3443455 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patrec_2014_02_015 crossref_primary_10_1145_3702989 crossref_primary_10_1155_2022_8213855 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12559_015_9334_z crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2016_2627014 crossref_primary_10_1049_iet_ipr_2016_0931 crossref_primary_10_7717_peerj_10132 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00521_012_1153_5 crossref_primary_10_3390_telecom4030024 crossref_primary_10_1145_3434398 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_procs_2016_07_132 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jvcir_2015_11_002 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0265503 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2021_07_096 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_imavis_2017_07_002 crossref_primary_10_1109_LRA_2018_2857402 crossref_primary_10_3390_s18061913 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2012_2222901 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_023_15981_y crossref_primary_10_1016_j_imavis_2017_07_007 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2021_07_094 crossref_primary_10_3390_s150613851 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2020_3039574 crossref_primary_10_5194_ars_11_101_2013 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_015_2455_2 crossref_primary_10_3390_s21134564 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_imavis_2012_08_013 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_biosystemseng_2016_03_006 crossref_primary_10_3390_s23198177 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eswa_2022_116662 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_022_12833_z crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_023_45507_3 crossref_primary_10_1049_joe_2016_0307 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_isprsjprs_2018_11_011 crossref_primary_10_1088_1742_6596_2025_1_012021 crossref_primary_10_3390_e26080617 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2014_2310138 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10489_022_03747_2 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2024_3414374 crossref_primary_10_1088_1742_6596_2216_1_012034 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2020_3032166 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIM_2023_3246534 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2015_2417577 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics10030279 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11760_018_1406_6 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCST_2017_2759729 crossref_primary_10_1587_transinf_E96_D_1376 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2019_2936454 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11760_023_02667_z crossref_primary_10_3390_en17205177 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2012_2221088 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCI_2015_2480006 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpls_2020_599705 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2018_2855723 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jvcir_2019_03_006 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_measurement_2019_107081 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2015_2397199 crossref_primary_10_1142_S0218001416550223 crossref_primary_10_3390_math10010139 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2019_2928600 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jfranklin_2017_10_008 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11263_016_0885_6 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCE_2013_6531121 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMM_2017_2759508 crossref_primary_10_3390_s21124184 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10489_021_03061_3 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cviu_2015_10_014 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics11131996 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_trc_2021_103259 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_sigpro_2014_08_044 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11263_019_01247_4 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2021_06_072 crossref_primary_10_1088_1742_6596_2581_1_012012 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00521_020_04731_y crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2021_3108795 crossref_primary_10_1049_itr2_12066 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00530_021_00877_4 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2016_2609807 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_compenvurbsys_2021_101674 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2019_2906132 crossref_primary_10_1109_TVT_2019_2948684 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2020_2991848 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_013_1396_x crossref_primary_10_1155_2014_280382 crossref_primary_10_1002_ett_3522 crossref_primary_10_1155_2020_6153580 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eswa_2024_123324 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2019_2891950 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_imavis_2020_103910 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2021_08_015 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11760_020_01659_7 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMM_2023_3293333 crossref_primary_10_3390_jimaging6070062 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10489_023_04628_y crossref_primary_10_3390_ani12121553 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2023_3307167 crossref_primary_10_1109_LSP_2022_3215920 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMM_2019_2929005 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2019_2944306 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11760_015_0768_2 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_018_5819_6 crossref_primary_10_1057_sj_2012_48 crossref_primary_10_1631_FITEE_1900481 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11771_020_4448_1 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2019_2897684 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2014_2377734 crossref_primary_10_1155_2021_8831458 crossref_primary_10_32604_cmc_2022_027077 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cviu_2016_03_003 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2016_2569159 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_015_2571_z crossref_primary_10_3390_s16060820 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00521_023_08556_3 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0218931 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2015_2479925 crossref_primary_10_1109_JSEN_2018_2879669 crossref_primary_10_1177_1729881420972278 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11263_018_1081_7 crossref_primary_10_3233_ICA_170573 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2024_3524501 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2020_3034487 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMM_2018_2865686 crossref_primary_10_1088_1361_6560_acf183 crossref_primary_10_3390_s24041168 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2025_3572735 crossref_primary_10_3390_s16010128 crossref_primary_10_3390_s150409228 crossref_primary_10_3390_s18041063 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0134242 crossref_primary_10_4287_jsprs_52_255 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00138_020_01106_0 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00521_019_04424_1 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cviu_2015_10_006 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_023_15608_2 crossref_primary_10_1109_LRA_2024_3504296 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10044_021_00959_z crossref_primary_10_1007_s00530_023_01058_1 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13369_017_2424_3 crossref_primary_10_1080_15472450_2019_1683451 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2024_3400391 crossref_primary_10_12677_JISP_2020_94024 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2019_2910201 crossref_primary_10_1051_itmconf_20170903002 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11263_018_1104_4 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMI_2013_2284099 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_sigpro_2014_08_039 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ssci_2016_09_002 crossref_primary_10_1109_LSP_2020_2995102 crossref_primary_10_3390_s21124189 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ins_2020_10_049 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2016_2581660 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00371_021_02313_0 crossref_primary_10_1109_TNNLS_2014_2382606 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2019_12_091 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2019_2902606 crossref_primary_10_1109_THMS_2016_2620110 crossref_primary_10_1109_MITS_2019_2926364 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jvcir_2019_02_024 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2021_3102600 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCYB_2013_2240678 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2022_01_056 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics13010236 crossref_primary_10_1002_ima_22456 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2018_2807199 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2022_3227571 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics12040918 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00138_017_0852_4 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eswa_2018_07_020 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_sigpro_2014_08_004 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_sigpro_2014_08_003 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_016_3625_6 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patcog_2025_111383 crossref_primary_10_1364_AO_57_00D108 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_procs_2017_09_094 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2015_2502325 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIV_2016_2571067 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00521_017_3050_4 crossref_primary_10_1109_TNNLS_2019_2933920 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2018_2819503 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_018_6240_x crossref_primary_10_1145_2541228_2555302 crossref_primary_10_1109_TNNLS_2025_3566647 crossref_primary_10_1109_TASE_2024_3396085 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jobe_2022_105154 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics12173576 crossref_primary_10_1587_transinf_2017EDL8215 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11063_016_9561_7 crossref_primary_10_3390_agriculture12111967 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00521_016_2639_3 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_procir_2019_03_044 crossref_primary_10_3390_rs16234531 crossref_primary_10_3390_sym10030064 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijgi6110336 crossref_primary_10_1088_0957_0233_24_7_074022 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2014_2303085 crossref_primary_10_1088_1361_6560_acb885 crossref_primary_10_3390_s16060813 crossref_primary_10_3390_jimaging6090095 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2024_3447453 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_image_2018_03_004 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2022_3171235 crossref_primary_10_3390_en14030696 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10115_022_01673_w crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_020_10307_8 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11554_016_0573_3 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13735_019_00171_0 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_inffus_2025_102939 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_024_18865_x crossref_primary_10_1049_iet_cvi_2014_0148 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIM_2020_2967956 crossref_primary_10_3390_s23229126 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cviu_2022_103598 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11219_022_09613_1 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2021_3050673 crossref_primary_10_1145_3375798 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2020_3019390 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_023_17102_1 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cosrev_2020_100301 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2018_2822773 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_020_08895_6 crossref_primary_10_17163_ings_n20_2018_05 crossref_primary_10_3390_sym13020250 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_physa_2021_126145 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2021_3076733 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11831_021_09649_9 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jort_2021_100387 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2021_3076466 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eswa_2023_123079 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jvcir_2022_103591 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2019_2956813 crossref_primary_10_1155_2013_436062 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2020_2977380 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2019_2894169 crossref_primary_10_3390_app4030331 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40998_022_00512_6 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics8060701 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_infrared_2024_105487 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cviu_2020_102907 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2024_129105 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics11060966 crossref_primary_10_1177_1071181319631413 crossref_primary_10_1177_0037549717709932 crossref_primary_10_3390_s23239380 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_image_2014_12_001 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00530_022_00974_y crossref_primary_10_3390_app11010036 crossref_primary_10_1049_ipr2_12298 crossref_primary_10_1109_TVT_2020_2983825 crossref_primary_10_32604_cmc_2024_058637 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2019_2913114 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2020_10_059 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_future_2020_07_025 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics12081781 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2023_3290594 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2019_2911315 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2021_02_103 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2016_2564818 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_comcom_2021_06_009 crossref_primary_10_1109_TNNLS_2023_3240857 crossref_primary_10_1177_0278364912470012 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2018_2829987 crossref_primary_10_3390_s150408570 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMM_2021_3050059 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2020_3027590 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIV_2017_2726764 crossref_primary_10_1051_e3sconf_202124503062 crossref_primary_10_1049_iet_rsn_2017_0126 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10489_020_01688_2 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11227_020_03345_4 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_022_15000_4 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_022_09685_w crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2019_2950526 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2015_2396051 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00371_023_03198_x crossref_primary_10_1007_s11265_018_1374_7 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2015_2495342 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10586_017_0968_3 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_measurement_2021_109386 crossref_primary_10_1049_iet_cvi_2016_0426 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2018_2800688 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10462_025_11284_w crossref_primary_10_3390_s20071982 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_017_5324_3 crossref_primary_10_1049_iet_ipr_2019_1308 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11265_015_1080_7 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2019_2933581 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eswa_2023_121602 crossref_primary_10_1002_adma_202506067 crossref_primary_10_3390_s20195550 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2015_2483376 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11263_020_01412_0 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_procs_2016_11_016 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_isprsjprs_2016_11_006 crossref_primary_10_3390_s17071569 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2023_3307222 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics9040583 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_017_5390_6 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_knosys_2022_108439 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patcog_2016_09_010 crossref_primary_10_1049_iet_rsn_2019_0601 crossref_primary_10_1145_3317666 crossref_primary_10_1541_ieejeiss_135_1000 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCYB_2013_2255271 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00521_019_04057_4 crossref_primary_10_20965_jaciii_2017_p0834 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2019_06_040 crossref_primary_10_3390_rs15184506 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jvcir_2017_03_015 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_022_13580_x crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2023_3257079 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIV_2016_2551553 crossref_primary_10_3390_s22207953 crossref_primary_10_5772_62758 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics10010014 crossref_primary_10_3390_f14091787 crossref_primary_10_1080_10298436_2023_2183402 crossref_primary_10_1108_ITSE_07_2014_0019 crossref_primary_10_1186_s13634_019_0647_z crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_018_6806_7 crossref_primary_10_3390_s23208471 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_020_10103_4 crossref_primary_10_1049_iet_cvi_2018_5315 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2018_2884508 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00500_020_04999_1 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11263_019_01181_5 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11220_019_0249_8 crossref_primary_10_1049_iet_cvi_2013_0125 crossref_primary_10_1049_iet_cvi_2016_0403 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2022_3175303 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2012_174 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics9071069 crossref_primary_10_1587_transfun_E98_A_1875 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_optlastec_2022_108466 crossref_primary_10_1002_tee_23696 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_014_2329_z crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_017_4820_9 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patcog_2025_111420 crossref_primary_10_1109_MITS_2019_2953509 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11265_018_1361_z crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2014_12_004 crossref_primary_10_1587_transinf_E97_D_296 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11767_012_0814_y crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2020_2999694 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11263_016_0943_0 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11554_016_0581_3 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIE_2019_2945295 crossref_primary_10_1007_s41870_025_02596_9 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_asoc_2019_01_024 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2020_3037114 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2022_3180392 crossref_primary_10_1111_mice_12163 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2015_2501940 crossref_primary_10_1109_TNNLS_2023_3304348 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2019_2923752 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00138_021_01231_4 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_025_94659_x crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_022_13153_y crossref_primary_10_3390_ijgi8120559 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2023_3335152 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics12061502 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_isprsjprs_2019_02_005 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patcog_2015_01_005 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2022_3160932 crossref_primary_10_1049_iet_its_2018_5349 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10115_021_01563_7 crossref_primary_10_1541_ieejeiss_135_1222 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patcog_2020_107616 crossref_primary_10_1109_JSEN_2024_3523269 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2023_3293120 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00371_019_01749_9 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_optcom_2025_131612 crossref_primary_10_1117_1_JEI_31_4_043004 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_autcon_2024_105366 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jvcir_2021_103319 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2021_3104849 crossref_primary_10_1109_THMS_2020_2971958 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_022_12577_w crossref_primary_10_3390_jimaging8040115 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2019_2938877 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2013_2270111 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_018_6173_4 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13042_023_01941_3 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_trc_2016_07_011 crossref_primary_10_3390_s18072272 crossref_primary_10_1002_tee_22591 crossref_primary_10_3390_s17102193 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00371_023_02790_5 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2015_2416555 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11045_021_00764_1 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eswa_2019_01_014 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_020_08754_4 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10845_023_02223_z crossref_primary_10_1109_TVT_2019_2955223 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10044_024_01385_7 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00530_016_0518_5 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2016_2539684 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eswa_2022_119006 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_inffus_2018_11_017 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2019_2951164 crossref_primary_10_3390_app13127174 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00779_016_0997_6 crossref_primary_10_3390_s18020627 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patcog_2016_08_015 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eswa_2016_12_017 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIM_2022_3230459 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cviu_2024_104269 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_future_2018_05_083 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2020_3007599 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cosrev_2025_100804 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_engappai_2021_104469 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2013_124 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2019_2910514 crossref_primary_10_1080_09613218_2020_1759397 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2019_2901270 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2023_3287574 crossref_primary_10_3390_rs15030660 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2024_3507820 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2019_2956516 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patcog_2017_06_010 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2021_3049948 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_robot_2018_12_007 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2019_2931915 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2017_2779271 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_018_6245_5 crossref_primary_10_3390_s19214664 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_imavis_2015_11_002 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2020_3022517 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2018_2857814 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cviu_2014_07_008 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCYB_2013_2275291 crossref_primary_10_7746_jkros_2013_8_4_238 crossref_primary_10_1088_1755_1315_1314_1_012128 crossref_primary_10_3390_s20226570 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patcog_2015_02_009 crossref_primary_10_3390_s20205852 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2022_04_087 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_knosys_2017_02_016 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2022_3171328 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11760_014_0699_3 crossref_primary_10_2196_12976 crossref_primary_10_1083_jcb_201903166 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10489_020_01949_0 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_020_08976_6 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jvcir_2019_102579 crossref_primary_10_1049_ipr2_12230 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_image_2021_116135 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_procs_2019_12_095 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2023_3327262 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2025_3599213 crossref_primary_10_1145_2998573 crossref_primary_10_3390_s23062938 crossref_primary_10_1007_s41315_019_00107_1 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2019_2910093 crossref_primary_10_3390_app10249021 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2019_2904836 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patcog_2016_07_010 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10489_021_02274_w crossref_primary_10_1111_exsy_70020 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2025_3540850 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_compag_2016_02_003 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIM_2022_3142061 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_landurbplan_2018_08_018 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2019_2950675 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jai_2023_11_003 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_017_4933_1 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_imavis_2017_02_007 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2014_2300479 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2023_3280010 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11045_018_0621_1 crossref_primary_10_1145_3472291 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eswa_2024_126179 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jvcir_2014_11_009 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_sigpro_2014_11_003 crossref_primary_10_3390_s130708222 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patcog_2015_11_006 crossref_primary_10_1007_s43995_024_00071_3 crossref_primary_10_3389_frobt_2015_00029 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_dsp_2021_103311 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2013_163 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_infrared_2013_08_001 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2017_2666218 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10489_023_04456_0 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11432_021_3300_2 crossref_primary_10_1088_1742_6596_1267_1_012047 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2022_3148182 crossref_primary_10_3390_s17071598 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_dsp_2025_105343 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2020_02_094 crossref_primary_10_1109_JBHI_2022_3148944 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2013_2281207 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2016_2594816 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2016_2567418 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11063_017_9746_8 crossref_primary_10_3390_s24216922 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_imavis_2024_105106 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_asoc_2023_110768 crossref_primary_10_3390_s16081296 crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_jchemed_2c00631 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2023_3284453 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cviu_2014_12_001 crossref_primary_10_1155_2021_5590895 crossref_primary_10_1177_14759217251328445 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2017_2672686 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2013_2268991 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIFS_2019_2916592 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cogr_2022_03_004 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2021_01_112 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_infrared_2018_08_029 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10586_024_04326_5 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2013_2277823 crossref_primary_10_1088_1742_6596_1069_1_012107 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2014_2337759 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2018_2857407 crossref_primary_10_3390_s151229874 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_017_4837_0 crossref_primary_10_1109_JSEN_2021_3062762 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCYB_2016_2625320 crossref_primary_10_1088_1742_6596_1682_1_012008 crossref_primary_10_1061__ASCE_EE_1943_7870_0001948 crossref_primary_10_3390_app15073797 crossref_primary_10_1049_ipr2_12042 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2019_2892425 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2019_2939201 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2014_2327973 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2024_3524645 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2017_12_057 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13198_025_02912_3 crossref_primary_10_1109_JIOT_2024_3362851 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40747_022_00786_7 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2018_2846292 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eswa_2023_122482 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2015_08_107 crossref_primary_10_1049_cvi2_12012 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2019_2948044 crossref_primary_10_1088_1751_8113_49_18_185101 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10489_022_03230_y crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patcog_2024_110539 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIV_2024_3367688 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2019_2916931 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2018_2848705 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_infrared_2016_12_021 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_compag_2017_11_039 crossref_primary_10_1109_TNNLS_2023_3336774 crossref_primary_10_3390_s16010062 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10489_021_02796_3 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_017_5276_7 crossref_primary_10_1049_el_2013_3588 crossref_primary_10_1088_1757_899X_618_1_012010 crossref_primary_10_1109_JETCAS_2013_2256821 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_imavis_2020_104069 crossref_primary_10_1155_2021_5410049 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_023_16442_2 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_trc_2020_102856 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2020_05_042 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11277_019_06401_2 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2019_2917781 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_023_14721_6 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_018_6822_7 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0142820 crossref_primary_10_3390_s24196350 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_020_09055_6 crossref_primary_10_1186_s13007_017_0224_0 crossref_primary_10_1049_itr2_12562 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_autcon_2022_104345 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2024_128710 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2017_2788058 crossref_primary_10_3390_s20154325 crossref_primary_10_3390_math13060893 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2019_03_095 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eswa_2023_120077 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_imavis_2024_105021 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40747_022_00728_3 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_023_15862_4 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_physa_2023_129255 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_aap_2022_106744 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2016_2612705 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11265_024_01941_8 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patcog_2020_107584 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00521_021_06458_w crossref_primary_10_1007_s42154_019_00081_1 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2014_2342936 crossref_primary_10_3390_app9112335 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_engappai_2025_111979 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2019_2909982 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13735_022_00239_4 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jvcir_2021_103195 crossref_primary_10_1080_13875868_2016_1212863 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2018_2803160 crossref_primary_10_3390_vehicles7030099 crossref_primary_10_1155_2021_8898681 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2013_2262045 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cviu_2014_09_010 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2018_2840329 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2024_3425166 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIV_2024_3367895 crossref_primary_10_4018_IJECME_2019010105 crossref_primary_10_3390_app11136025 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2013_2270402 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cviu_2018_02_008 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2025_3589010 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics8030329 crossref_primary_10_4018_IJDCF_2018100104 crossref_primary_10_3390_s18103243 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2019_2957927 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2022_3221079 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2023_3297265 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_engappai_2020_103615 crossref_primary_10_3390_s150921931 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_brachy_2024_08_256 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patrec_2019_12_010 crossref_primary_10_1088_1742_6596_2078_1_012008 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAES_2017_2732832 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMM_2018_2803526 crossref_primary_10_1049_iet_cvi_2016_0178 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2024_3398733 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10489_021_02798_1 crossref_primary_10_3390_app11199202 crossref_primary_10_3390_s23063096 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_engappai_2022_105627 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2022_3196854 crossref_primary_10_1049_el_2020_0850 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_infrared_2013_06_003 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2019_2899105 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2015_2475855 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2019_2942686 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_018_6866_8 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10489_022_03187_y crossref_primary_10_1007_s11263_018_1077_3 crossref_primary_10_3390_s16010036 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11760_023_02579_y crossref_primary_10_1109_TMM_2021_3058546 crossref_primary_10_7717_peerj_cs_2273 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2014_07_054 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_dsp_2022_103812 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11263_021_01461_z crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patrec_2017_07_007 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2022_3144407 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_019_08498_w crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2013_221 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2014_08_080 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_022_13664_8 crossref_primary_10_1088_1742_6596_1828_1_012025 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMI_2020_3007642 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_imavis_2022_104401 crossref_primary_10_1109_JPROC_2023_3238524 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMM_2017_2758522 crossref_primary_10_3390_app12105183 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2017_2775524 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_autcon_2017_05_005 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2015_2465147 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_compeleceng_2014_10_003 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11263_019_01266_1 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10489_021_03073_z crossref_primary_10_1016_j_compeleceng_2022_107781 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patcog_2022_108605 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_robot_2017_11_014 crossref_primary_10_1155_2014_105089 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAFFC_2018_2874986 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11265_014_0960_6 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_isprsjprs_2023_08_016 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2022_3216774 crossref_primary_10_3390_ai6040070 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2022_3150988 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIM_2016_2514780 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2022_3207584 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2023_126296 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2024_3419988 crossref_primary_10_3390_mi14122164 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2021_3053546 crossref_primary_10_3233_JIFS_213002 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10462_016_9474_x crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2016_2600300 crossref_primary_10_1088_1742_6596_1141_1_012152 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2021_3122970 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2024_3507918 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2015_12_042 crossref_primary_10_1109_TNNLS_2020_3004819 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_procs_2018_10_500 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2021_3119563 crossref_primary_10_3390_s16020263 crossref_primary_10_3390_s21217267 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2025_131429 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2015_07_143 crossref_primary_10_1109_JSEN_2019_2929527 crossref_primary_10_1109_TII_2019_2890849 crossref_primary_10_1631_FITEE_2200380 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_addma_2020_101468 crossref_primary_10_3390_app11167197 crossref_primary_10_3390_app13031232 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_aap_2022_106797 crossref_primary_10_1145_3460770 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2017_2726564 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patrec_2015_07_043 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_asr_2024_01_045 crossref_primary_10_3390_app15105518 crossref_primary_10_1145_3492346 crossref_primary_10_1186_s41074_018_0048_5 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neunet_2022_01_015 crossref_primary_10_3390_s17081850 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11432_020_2969_8 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patrec_2021_05_012 crossref_primary_10_1111_mice_12454 crossref_primary_10_1017_S0269888916000321 crossref_primary_10_3390_s25134203 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eswa_2023_122069 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2024_3495814 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_021_11560_1 crossref_primary_10_1002_spe_3287 crossref_primary_10_3389_fmars_2023_1010761 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2020_3039998 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2020_2967414 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIM_2019_2910923 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40313_015_0202_6 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2017_2700460 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patcog_2020_107195 crossref_primary_10_3390_rs13142780 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_compeleceng_2022_108430 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_image_2019_115764 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2019_2955685 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIM_2023_3341131 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_019_43171_0 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2020_07_058 crossref_primary_10_1109_MCI_2023_3245690 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scs_2020_102600 crossref_primary_10_4271_2016_01_0128 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2024_3384766 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0187488 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2017_01_084 crossref_primary_10_34133_plantphenomics_0020 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_022_13220_4 crossref_primary_10_1109_JSEN_2023_3242082 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2022_3142445 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jvcir_2023_103982 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0197050 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_infrared_2021_103770 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2020_3003751 crossref_primary_10_1109_TVLSI_2018_2808104 crossref_primary_10_3390_info8040127 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00371_021_02280_6 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_birob_2023_100115 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11554_022_01203_5 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2024_128102 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2022_07_002 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2022_3210186 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2022_07_003 crossref_primary_10_3390_s21103312 crossref_primary_10_4028_www_scientific_net_AMM_241_244_498 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_engappai_2023_107021 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2014_2350979 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2021_3061788 crossref_primary_10_3390_rs15174310 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_patcog_2013_05_020 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2021_3094800 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2020_3040854 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2017_2740160 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2019_2952083 crossref_primary_10_1155_2021_1812647 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10209_021_00837_9 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11554_020_01020_8 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ecoinf_2021_101367 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_comcom_2020_01_058 crossref_primary_10_1049_iet_its_2017_0047 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_compag_2023_108133 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40010_015_0231_3 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2016_09_085 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2023_3250946 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_autcon_2018_11_033 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11554_021_01074_2 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2022_08_026 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics13091770 crossref_primary_10_1002_dac_4907 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00521_023_08239_z crossref_primary_10_1007_s11063_020_10197_9 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSVT_2017_2761992 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2020_05_019 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2020_2988504 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpls_2024_1290845 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00371_018_1499_5 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00521_021_06830_w crossref_primary_10_1080_15472450_2019_1643724 crossref_primary_10_1117_1_OE_51_7_077206 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00138_013_0549_2 crossref_primary_10_1055_a_2577_2739 crossref_primary_10_1109_TITS_2017_2726140 crossref_primary_10_1155_2022_6136944 crossref_primary_10_1080_0952813X_2016_1266038 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2019_2895376 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jksuci_2019_09_012 crossref_primary_10_3390_s141017952 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2017_2694224 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_imavis_2022_104471 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2017_01_043 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCYB_2014_2301453 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIP_2014_2307432 crossref_primary_10_1109_LRA_2016_2517209 crossref_primary_10_1007_s42979_022_01400_w crossref_primary_10_1109_TGRS_2017_2716984 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_asoc_2021_107102
Cites_doi	10.1109/ivs.2008.4621297 10.1109/ICCV.2009.5459303 10.1023/B:VISI.0000011205.11775.fd 10.1023/B:VISI.0000013087.49260.fb 10.1007/978-3-540-88688-4_16 10.1023/A:1014573219977 10.1109/TPAMI.2006.79 10.1007/s11263-005-6644-8 10.1109/CVPR.2007.383198 10.5244/C.24.68 10.1109/CVPR.2007.383134 10.1109/TPAMI.2005.220 10.1109/CVPR.2009.5206727 10.1109/ICCV.2007.4409057 10.1109/ICCV.2007.4408903 10.1109/CVPR.2009.5206638 10.1007/s11263-006-9038-7 10.1109/TPAMI.2008.75 10.1109/TSMC.1973.4309314 10.1109/ICCV.2007.4409006 10.1007/3-540-47979-1_8 10.1109/CVPR.2005.177 10.1109/TPAMI.2008.260 10.1023/A:1008162616689 10.1109/ICCV.1999.791202 10.1007/978-3-642-15549-9_24 10.1109/TPAMI.2006.217 10.1007/978-3-642-15561-1_10 10.1109/TPAMI.2004.1273918 10.1023/b:visi.0000029664.99615.94 10.1109/cvpr.2008.4587630 10.1109/TPAMI.2002.1017623 10.5244/C.24.112 10.5244/C.23.91 10.1109/CVPR.2006.119 10.1109/ICCV.2009.5459238 10.1109/CVPR.2005.272 10.1109/TPAMI.2007.1062 10.1007/BF01420984 10.1109/CVPR.2008.4587586 10.5244/C.19.5 10.1109/ICCV.2009.5459205 10.1109/CVPR.2008.4587583 10.1109/CVPR.2007.383300 10.1109/CVPR.2008.4587597 10.1109/IVS.2004.1336346 10.1109/cvpr.2009.5206858 10.1109/TITS.2007.903444 10.1109/CVPR.2010.5540111 10.1109/CVPR.2009.5206631 10.1109/CVPR.2008.4587749 10.1109/CVPR.2003.1211479 10.1109/TPAMI.2009.122 10.1109/ICCV.2009.5459207 10.1007/3-540-45054-8_2 10.1007/978-3-540-24670-1_6 10.1109/CVPR.2007.383046 10.1007/s11263-007-0095-3 10.1109/TITS.2007.894194 10.1109/CVPR.2010.5540102 10.1067/s0196-0644(03)00724-8 10.1007/978-3-642-15567-3_14 10.5555/1248547.1248548 10.1109/ICCV.2007.4409092 10.1007/978-3-642-15561-1_18 10.1109/CVPR.2010.5540110 10.1007/978-1-84628-638-4 10.1109/cvpr.2009.5206724 10.1109/CVPR.2005.188 10.1007/s11263-009-0275-4 10.1109/ICCV.2005.74 10.1109/TPAMI.2009.109 10.1109/TITS.2009.2026670 10.1007/11744047_33 10.1007/s11263-007-0090-8 10.1007/978-3-642-15561-1_34 10.1109/TPAMI.2009.167 10.1109/34.917571 10.1177/0278364909341884 10.1007/978-3-540-69321-5_8 10.1109/AVSS.2007.4425357 10.1007/978-3-540-88693-8_31 10.1007/978-3-540-69321-5_9
ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	2014 INIST-CNRS Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) Apr 2012
Copyright_xml	– notice: 2014 INIST-CNRS – notice: Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) Apr 2012
DBID	97E RIA RIE AAYXX CITATION IQODW CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 7SC 7SP 8FD JQ2 L7M L~C L~D 7X8
DOI	10.1109/TPAMI.2011.155
DatabaseName	IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 2005–Present IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 1998–Present IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) CrossRef Pascal-Francis Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Electronics & Communications Abstracts Technology Research Database ProQuest Computer Science Collection Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Academic Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitle	CrossRef MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) Technology Research Database Computer and Information Systems Abstracts – Academic Electronics & Communications Abstracts ProQuest Computer Science Collection Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList	MEDLINE - Academic Technology Research Database MEDLINE
Database_xml	– sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: RIE name: IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ sourceTypes: Publisher – sequence: 3 dbid: 7X8 name: MEDLINE - Academic url: https://search.proquest.com/medline sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod	fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline	Engineering Computer Science Applied Sciences
EISSN	2160-9292 1939-3539
EndPage	761
ExternalDocumentID	2591545271 21808091 26015859 10_1109_TPAMI_2011_155 5975165
Genre	orig-research Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Journal Article
GroupedDBID	--- -DZ -~X .DC 0R~ 29I 4.4 53G 5GY 5VS 6IK 97E 9M8 AAJGR AARMG AASAJ AAWTH ABAZT ABFSI ABQJQ ABVLG ACGFO ACGFS ACIWK ACNCT ADRHT AENEX AETEA AETIX AGQYO AGSQL AHBIQ AI. AIBXA AKJIK AKQYR ALLEH ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ASUFR ATWAV BEFXN BFFAM BGNUA BKEBE BPEOZ CS3 DU5 E.L EBS EJD F5P FA8 HZ~ H~9 IBMZZ ICLAB IEDLZ IFIPE IFJZH IPLJI JAVBF LAI M43 MS~ O9- OCL P2P PQQKQ RIA RIE RNI RNS RXW RZB TAE TN5 UHB VH1 XJT ~02 AAYXX CITATION IQODW RIG AAYOK CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 7SC 7SP 8FD JQ2 L7M L~C L~D 7X8
ID	FETCH-LOGICAL-c372t-e6df253eb431be441546d99e14f62c6c73361eaca17658ee114787d89ef4f6753
IEDL.DBID	RIE
ISICitedReferencesCount	2227
ISICitedReferencesURI	http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000300581700009&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN	0162-8828 1939-3539
IngestDate	Sun Nov 09 10:39:07 EST 2025 Mon Jun 30 05:30:35 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 03 06:51:03 EDT 2025 Mon Jul 21 09:17:30 EDT 2025 Sat Nov 29 08:07:01 EST 2025 Tue Nov 18 20:47:35 EST 2025 Tue Aug 26 17:18:16 EDT 2025
IsPeerReviewed	true
IsScholarly	true
Issue	4
Keywords	Performance evaluation Occlusion Caltech Pedestrian data set Computer vision Statistical analysis Image processing data set Pedestrian Monocular vision Low resolution Pedestrian detection Object recognition Annotation benchmark Quality of life evaluation Object detection Occultation
Language	English
License	https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/IEEE.html CC BY 4.0
LinkModel	DirectLink
MergedId	FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c372t-e6df253eb431be441546d99e14f62c6c73361eaca17658ee114787d89ef4f6753
Notes	ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 14 ObjectType-Undefined-1 ObjectType-Feature-3 content type line 23
PMID	21808091
PQID	922482663
PQPubID	85458
PageCount	19
ParticipantIDs	proquest_miscellaneous_1018862612 pascalfrancis_primary_26015859 crossref_citationtrail_10_1109_TPAMI_2011_155 ieee_primary_5975165 pubmed_primary_21808091 proquest_journals_922482663 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2011_155
PublicationCentury	2000
PublicationDate	2012-04-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD	2012-04-01
PublicationDate_xml	– month: 04 year: 2012 text: 2012-04-01 day: 01
PublicationDecade	2010
PublicationPlace	Los Alamitos, CA
PublicationPlace_xml	– name: Los Alamitos, CA – name: United States – name: New York
PublicationTitle	IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence
PublicationTitleAbbrev	TPAMI
PublicationTitleAlternate	IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell
PublicationYear	2012
Publisher	IEEE IEEE Computer Society The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher_xml	– name: IEEE – name: IEEE Computer Society – name: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
References	ref57 ref12 ref56 ref15 ref59 ref14 ref58 ref53 ref52 ref11 ref10 ref54 Tran (ref78) ref17 ref16 ref18 ref51 ref50 Salton (ref26) 1986 ref90 ref46 ref45 ref89 ref48 ref47 ref42 ref86 ref41 ref85 ref44 ref43 ref87 García (ref88) 2008; 9 ref49 ref8 ref7 ref9 ref4 ref3 ref6 ref5 ref82 ref81 ref40 ref84 ref83 ref80 ref35 Dalal (ref55) 2006 ref79 ref34 ref37 ref36 ref31 ref75 ref30 ref74 ref33 ref77 ref32 ref76 ref2 ref1 ref39 ref38 Gerónimo (ref19) ref71 ref70 ref73 ref72 ref24 ref68 ref23 ref67 ref25 ref69 ref20 ref64 ref63 ref22 ref66 ref21 ref28 ref27 Babenko (ref65) ref29 Griffin (ref13) 2007 ref60 ref62 ref61
References_xml	– ident: ref22 doi: 10.1109/ivs.2008.4621297 – ident: ref76 doi: 10.1109/ICCV.2009.5459303 – ident: ref15 doi: 10.1023/B:VISI.0000011205.11775.fd – ident: ref44 doi: 10.1023/B:VISI.0000013087.49260.fb – ident: ref82 doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-88688-4_16 – ident: ref11 doi: 10.1023/A:1014573219977 – ident: ref12 doi: 10.1109/TPAMI.2006.79 – ident: ref53 doi: 10.1007/s11263-005-6644-8 – ident: ref86 doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2007.383198 – ident: ref63 doi: 10.5244/C.24.68 – ident: ref33 doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2007.383134 – ident: ref57 doi: 10.1109/TPAMI.2005.220 – ident: ref35 doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2009.5206727 – ident: ref89 doi: 10.1109/ICCV.2007.4409057 – ident: ref9 doi: 10.1109/ICCV.2007.4408903 – ident: ref5 doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2009.5206638 – ident: ref30 doi: 10.1007/s11263-006-9038-7 – ident: ref64 doi: 10.1109/TPAMI.2008.75 – ident: ref85 doi: 10.1109/TSMC.1973.4309314 – ident: ref18 doi: 10.1109/ICCV.2007.4409006 – ident: ref81 doi: 10.1007/3-540-47979-1_8 – ident: ref7 doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2005.177 – ident: ref6 doi: 10.1109/TPAMI.2008.260 – ident: ref16 doi: 10.1023/A:1008162616689 – volume-title: Proc. ECCV Faces in Real-Life Images ident: ref65 article-title: Simultaneous Learning and Alignment: Multi-Instance and Multi-Pose Learning – ident: ref49 doi: 10.1109/ICCV.1999.791202 – ident: ref52 doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-15549-9_24 – ident: ref21 doi: 10.1109/TPAMI.2006.217 – ident: ref68 doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-15561-1_10 – ident: ref10 doi: 10.1109/TPAMI.2004.1273918 – ident: ref45 doi: 10.1023/b:visi.0000029664.99615.94 – ident: ref34 doi: 10.1109/cvpr.2008.4587630 – ident: ref60 doi: 10.1109/TPAMI.2002.1017623 – ident: ref61 doi: 10.5244/C.24.112 – ident: ref29 doi: 10.5244/C.23.91 – ident: ref46 doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2006.119 – ident: ref62 doi: 10.1109/ICCV.2009.5459238 – ident: ref36 doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2005.272 – ident: ref50 doi: 10.1109/TPAMI.2007.1062 – ident: ref8 doi: 10.1007/BF01420984 – ident: ref32 doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2008.4587586 – ident: ref37 doi: 10.5244/C.19.5 – ident: ref69 doi: 10.1109/ICCV.2009.5459205 – ident: ref20 doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2008.4587583 – year: 2006 ident: ref55 article-title: Finding People in Images and Videos – ident: ref25 doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2007.383300 – ident: ref71 doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2008.4587597 – ident: ref48 doi: 10.1109/IVS.2004.1336346 – ident: ref83 doi: 10.1109/cvpr.2009.5206858 – ident: ref43 doi: 10.1109/TITS.2007.903444 – ident: ref75 doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2010.5540111 – ident: ref3 doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2009.5206631 – ident: ref58 doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2008.4587749 – ident: ref80 doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2003.1211479 – volume: 9 start-page: 2677 year: 2008 ident: ref88 article-title: An Extension on ‘Statistical Comparisons of Classifiers over Multiple Data Sets’ for All Pairwise Comparisons publication-title: J. Machine Learning Research – ident: ref2 doi: 10.1109/TPAMI.2009.122 – ident: ref59 doi: 10.1109/ICCV.2009.5459207 – ident: ref79 doi: 10.1007/3-540-45054-8_2 – ident: ref74 doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-24670-1_6 – ident: ref67 doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2007.383046 – ident: ref31 doi: 10.1007/s11263-007-0095-3 – ident: ref38 doi: 10.1109/TITS.2007.894194 – year: 2007 ident: ref13 article-title: Caltech-256 Object Category Data Set – ident: ref28 doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2010.5540102 – ident: ref1 doi: 10.1067/s0196-0644(03)00724-8 – ident: ref66 doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-15567-3_14 – ident: ref87 doi: 10.5555/1248547.1248548 – ident: ref4 doi: 10.1109/ICCV.2007.4409092 – ident: ref84 doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-15561-1_18 – volume-title: Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval year: 1986 ident: ref26 – ident: ref77 doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2010.5540110 – ident: ref42 doi: 10.1007/978-1-84628-638-4 – ident: ref51 doi: 10.1109/cvpr.2009.5206724 – ident: ref47 doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2005.188 – ident: ref14 doi: 10.1007/s11263-009-0275-4 – ident: ref17 doi: 10.1109/ICCV.2005.74 – ident: ref40 doi: 10.1109/TPAMI.2009.109 – ident: ref27 doi: 10.1109/TITS.2009.2026670 – ident: ref54 doi: 10.1007/11744047_33 – ident: ref23 doi: 10.1007/s11263-007-0090-8 – volume-title: Proc. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems ident: ref78 article-title: Configuration Estimates Improve Pedestrian Finding – ident: ref41 doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-15561-1_34 – ident: ref72 doi: 10.1109/TPAMI.2009.167 – ident: ref73 doi: 10.1109/34.917571 – ident: ref39 doi: 10.1177/0278364909341884 – ident: ref90 doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-69321-5_8 – ident: ref24 doi: 10.1109/AVSS.2007.4425357 – ident: ref70 doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-88693-8_31 – volume-title: Proc. Int’l Conf. Computer Vision Systems ident: ref19 article-title: Adaptive Image Sampling and Windows Classification for On-Board Pedestrian Detection – ident: ref56 doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-69321-5_9
SSID	ssj0014503
Score	2.6274335
Snippet	Pedestrian detection is a key problem in computer vision, with several applications that have the potential to positively impact quality of life. In recent...
SourceID	proquest pubmed pascalfrancis crossref ieee
SourceType	Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source Publisher
StartPage	743
SubjectTerms	Applied sciences Artificial intelligence Automatic Data Processing benchmark Caltech Pedestrian data set Cameras Computer science; control theory; systems Detectors evaluation Exact sciences and technology Heating Humans Image Enhancement - methods Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted - methods Labeling object detection Pattern Recognition, Automated - methods Pattern recognition. Digital image processing. Computational geometry Pedestrian detection Pixel Sensitivity and Specificity Studies Testing Training
Title	Pedestrian Detection: An Evaluation of the State of the Art
URI	https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5975165 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21808091 https://www.proquest.com/docview/922482663 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1018862612
Volume	34
WOSCitedRecordID	wos000300581700009&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText	1
inHoldings	1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights	– providerCode: PRVIEE databaseName: IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) customDbUrl: eissn: 2160-9292 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0014503 issn: 0162-8828 databaseCode: RIE dateStart: 19790101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ providerName: IEEE
link	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV3PS8MwFH7M4UEPzt_W6YggeLHadP0VPQ3dUFDZQWG30iUvIEgr6-bf70vaVQU9eGtpaEPee8n3NS_fAzg14tU0CWpXZ5l2A-3FrvC1colsaJGEYSy5PSj8ED89JZOJGLfgvDkLg4g2-QwvzKXdy1eFXJhfZZcEfkMehSuwEsdxdVar2TEIQlsFmRAMRTjRiFqgkXvi8nk8eLyv1Dpp9bTyv0ZNUfAfa5EtrmJSI7OSRkdXZS3-xp12_Rl1_tfzTdiocSYbVI6xBS3Mt6GzrOHA6pDehvVvgoQ7cD1GhbaSR85ucW7TtPIrNsjZsFEFZ4VmhBqZhanLG_rOLryMhs83d25dXsGV_difuxgp7Yd9nBKGmKLhVUGkhEAe6MiXkTRCiZzm5YzHBFMQiTlRdKtEoKYWRHP2oJ0XOR4A44p7ysNQZrTkT83ZVy19pQgcJkEyDaQD7nKgU1lrj5sSGG-p5SCeSK2NUmOjlGzkwFnT_r1S3fiz5Y4Z7aZVPdAO9H7YsXluFNSIIQkHukvDpnXUlqkgPEN0K-o7cNI8pXAzeyhZjsWiNBlxiSGB3Hdgv_KHr3fXbnX4e5-6sEa99qu0nyNoz2cLPIZV-TF_LWc98ulJ0rM-_Ql0IO6r
linkProvider	IEEE
linkToHtml	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1bS8MwFD7MKagPTp2Xeo0g-GJd0_UWfRpeUJxjDxN8K11yAoJ0sou_35O0qwr64FtLQpvm5CTf15x8B-DUiFfTJKhdnWXaDbQXu8LXyiWyoUUShrHk9qBwN-71kpcX0a_BeXUWBhFt8BlemEu7l69GcmZ-lbUI_IY8ChdgMQwCnxentao9gyC0eZAJw5CPE5EoJRq5J1qDfufpodDrpPXTCgAbPUXBf6xGNr2KCY7MJtQ_ukhs8TfytCvQXeN_bV-HtRJpsk4xNDaghvkmNOZZHFjp1Juw-k2SsAlXfVRoc3nk7AanNlArv2SdnN1WuuBspBnhRmaB6vyG3rMFz3e3g-t7t0yw4Mp27E9djJT2wzYOCUUM0TCrIFJCIA905MtIGqlETjNzxmMCKojEnci_VSJQUw0iOttQz0c57gLjinvKw1BmtOgPzelXLX2lCB4mQTIMpAPuvKNTWaqPmyQYb6llIZ5IrY1SY6OUbOTAWVX_vdDd-LNm0_R2VavsaAeOftixKjcaasSRhAP7c8Ompd9OUkGIhghX1HbgpColhzO7KFmOo9nExMQlhgZy34GdYjx8PbscVnu_t-kYlu8HT920-9B73IcV-gK_CAI6gPp0PMNDWJIf09fJ-MiO7E9kwvEK
openUrl	ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pedestrian+Detection%3A+An+Evaluation+of+the+State+of+the+Art&rft.jtitle=IEEE+transactions+on+pattern+analysis+and+machine+intelligence&rft.au=DOLLAR%2C+Piotr&rft.au=WOJEK%2C+Christian&rft.au=SCHIELE%2C+Bernt&rft.au=PERONA%2C+Pietro&rft.date=2012-04-01&rft.pub=IEEE+Computer+Society&rft.issn=0162-8828&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.spage=743&rft.epage=761&rft_id=info:doi/10.1109%2FTPAMI.2011.155&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=26015859
thumbnail_l	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0162-8828&client=summon
thumbnail_m	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0162-8828&client=summon
thumbnail_s	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0162-8828&client=summon