Mechanical Characterisation of the Effect of Various Forming Processes Applied to Commercially Pure Titanium
This paper illustrates the effect of three forming processes viz. laser forming, mechanical forming and a combination process consisting of a laser forming step followed by a mechanical forming step, on the mechanical properties of commercially pure titanium. All three processes resulted in samples...
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| Vydáno v: | Materials characterization Ročník 96; s. 206 - 212 |
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Elsevier Inc
01.10.2014
Elsevier |
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| ISSN: | 1044-5803, 1873-4189 |
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| Abstract | This paper illustrates the effect of three forming processes viz. laser forming, mechanical forming and a combination process consisting of a laser forming step followed by a mechanical forming step, on the mechanical properties of commercially pure titanium. All three processes resulted in samples having a similar final radius of curvature. Evaluation of the formed samples includes residual stress measurements, fatigue testing, Charpy impact testing, microhardness measurements and microstructure evaluation. All results were compared to the various forming methods in order to determine which forming method is more suitable for which type of loading condition i.e. impact loading or cyclic loading. Fatigue testing of components produced by the various forming methods revealed that the laser forming process provided the best results when a high load was applied whereas at lower applied loads, the mechanical forming process showed the highest number of cycles to failure. Charpy impact testing done at room temperature and at a sub-zero temperature of −40°C revealed that the laser forming process negatively affected the toughness of the material. Residual stress measurements showed that the laser forming process resulte'd in the highest value of surface relieved residual stress values compared to the other two processes.
•The mechanical properties of titanium decreased after various forming processes.•The microstructure of Ti changed after laser forming, but not the hardness.•Mechanical forming produced lower residual stresses than laser forming.•At low fatigue load conditions the residual stress is the dominate factor.•At high fatigue load conditions the microstructure is the dominate factor. |
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| AbstractList | This paper illustrates the effect of three forming processes viz. laser forming, mechanical forming and a combination process consisting of a laser forming step followed by a mechanical forming step, on the mechanical properties of commercially pure titanium. All three processes resulted in samples having a similar final radius of curvature. Evaluation of the formed samples includes residual stress measurements, fatigue testing, Charpy impact testing, microhardness measurements and microstructure evaluation. All results were compared to the various forming methods in order to determine which forming method is more suitable for which type of loading condition i.e. impact loading or cyclic loading. Fatigue testing of components produced by the various forming methods revealed that the laser forming process provided the best results when a high load was applied whereas at lower applied loads, the mechanical forming process showed the highest number of cycles to failure. Charpy impact testing done at room temperature and at a sub-zero temperature of −40°C revealed that the laser forming process negatively affected the toughness of the material. Residual stress measurements showed that the laser forming process resulte'd in the highest value of surface relieved residual stress values compared to the other two processes.
•The mechanical properties of titanium decreased after various forming processes.•The microstructure of Ti changed after laser forming, but not the hardness.•Mechanical forming produced lower residual stresses than laser forming.•At low fatigue load conditions the residual stress is the dominate factor.•At high fatigue load conditions the microstructure is the dominate factor. This paper illustrates the effect of three forming processes viz. laser forming, mechanical forming and a combination process consisting of a laser forming step followed by a mechanical forming step, on the mechanical properties of commercially pure titanium. All three processes resulted in samples having a similar final radius of curvature. Evaluation of the formed samples includes residual stress measurements, fatigue testing, Charpy impact testing, microhardness measurements and microstructure evaluation. All results were compared to the various forming methods in order to determine which forming method is more suitable for which type of loading condition i.e. impact loading or cyclic loading. Fatigue testing of components produced by the various forming methods revealed that the laser forming process provided the best results when a high load was applied whereas at lower applied loads, the mechanical forming process showed the highest number of cycles to failure. Charpy impact testing done at room temperature and at a sub-zero temperature of -40 degree C revealed that the laser forming process negatively affected the toughness of the material. Residual stress measurements showed that the laser forming process resulte'd in the highest value of surface relieved residual stress values compared to the other two processes. |
| Author | Els-Botes, A. McGrath, P.J. Woudberg, S. Fidder, H. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: A. orcidid: 0000-0003-0539-0426 surname: Els-Botes fullname: Els-Botes, A. email: ABotes1@csir.co.za organization: CSIR — National Laser Center, Pretoria, South Africa – sequence: 2 givenname: H. surname: Fidder fullname: Fidder, H. email: FidderH@cput.ac.za organization: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa – sequence: 3 givenname: S. surname: Woudberg fullname: Woudberg, S. email: woudberg@sun.ac.za organization: Applied Mathematics Division, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa – sequence: 4 givenname: P.J. surname: McGrath fullname: McGrath, P.J. email: Pat.McGrath@nmmu.ac.za organization: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.optlastec.2012.07.033 10.1088/0965-0393/3/1/009 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2009.10.005 10.1016/S0924-0136(00)00831-1 10.1016/S1526-6125(00)70027-2 10.2351/1.521859 10.5957/jsp.1987.3.4.237 |
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| Keywords | Titanium Fatigue Forming Microstructure Laser Forming processes Mechanical properties |
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| SubjectTerms | Applied sciences Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology Exact sciences and technology Fatigue Fatigue testing Forming Impact tests Laser Lasers Materials science Mechanical properties Mechanical properties and methods of testing. Rheology. Fracture mechanics. Tribology Metals. Metallurgy Microstructure Phase diagrams and microstructures developed by solidification and solid-solid phase transformations Physics Production methods Residual stress Solidification Titanium |
| Title | Mechanical Characterisation of the Effect of Various Forming Processes Applied to Commercially Pure Titanium |
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