Modeling embryogenesis and cancer: an approach based on an equilibrium between the autostabilization of stochastic gene expression and the interdependence of cells for proliferation

A large amount of data demonstrating the stochastic nature of gene expression and cell differentiation has accumulated during the last 40 years. These data suggest that a gene in a cell always has a certain probability of being activated at any time and that instead of leading to on and off switches...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:	Progress in biophysics and molecular biology Jg. 89; H. 1; S. 93 - 120
Hauptverfasser:	Laforge, Bertrand, Guez, David, Martinez, Michael, Kupiec, Jean-Jacques
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	England Elsevier Ltd 01.09.2005
Schlagworte:	Animals Apoptosis Cancer Cell death Cell Differentiation Cell Proliferation Cell Survival Computer Simulation Embryonic Development Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic Homeostasis Humans Kinetics Models, Biological Models, Statistical Neoplasm Proteins - genetics Neoplasm Proteins - metabolism Neoplasms - pathology Neoplasms - physiopathology Selection, Genetic Selective model Stochastic gene expression Stochastic Processes Tissue organization Cell proliferation Computer simulation Cell death Stochastic gene expression Cell differentiation Tissue organization Cancer Selective model
ISSN:	0079-6107, 1873-1732
Online-Zugang:	Volltext
Tags:	Tag hinzufügen Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!

Abstract	A large amount of data demonstrating the stochastic nature of gene expression and cell differentiation has accumulated during the last 40 years. These data suggest that a gene in a cell always has a certain probability of being activated at any time and that instead of leading to on and off switches in an all-or-nothing fashion, the concentration of transcriptional regulators increases or decreases this probability. In order to integrate these data in an appropriate theoretical frame, we have tested the relevance of the selective model of cell differentiation by computer simulation experiments. This model is based on stochastic gene expression controlled by cellular interactions. Our results show that it is readily able to produce tissue organization. A model involving only two cells generated a bi-layer cellular structure of finite growth. Cell death was not a drawback but an advantage because it improved the viability of this bi-layer structure. However, our results also show that cellular interactions cannot be simply based on raw selection between cells. Instead, tissue coordination includes at least two basic components: phenotypic autostabilization (differentiated cells stabilize their own phenotype) and interdependence for proliferation (differentiated cells stimulate the proliferation of alien phenotypes). In this modified autostabilization-selection model, cellular organization and growth arrest result from a quantitative equilibrium between the parameters controlling these two processes. An imbalance leads to tissue disorganization and invasive cancer-like growth. These findings suggest that cancer does not result solely from mutations in the cancerous cell but from the progressive addition of several small alterations of the equilibrium between autostabilization and interdependence for proliferation. In this frame, it is not solely the cancerous cell that is abnormal. The whole organism is involved. Tumor growth is a local effect of an imbalance between all the factors involved in tissue organization.
AbstractList	A large amount of data demonstrating the stochastic nature of gene expression and cell differentiation has accumulated during the last 40 years. These data suggest that a gene in a cell always has a certain probability of being activated at any time and that instead of leading to on and off switches in an all-or-nothing fashion, the concentration of transcriptional regulators increases or decreases this probability. In order to integrate these data in an appropriate theoretical frame, we have tested the relevance of the selective model of cell differentiation by computer simulation experiments. This model is based on stochastic gene expression controlled by cellular interactions. Our results show that it is readily able to produce tissue organization. A model involving only two cells generated a bi-layer cellular structure of finite growth. Cell death was not a drawback but an advantage because it improved the viability of this bi-layer structure. However, our results also show that cellular interactions cannot be simply based on raw selection between cells. Instead, tissue coordination includes at least two basic components: phenotypic autostabilization (differentiated cells stabilize their own phenotype) and interdependence for proliferation (differentiated cells stimulate the proliferation of alien phenotypes). In this modified autostabilization-selection model, cellular organization and growth arrest result from a quantitative equilibrium between the parameters controlling these two processes. An imbalance leads to tissue disorganization and invasive cancer-like growth. These findings suggest that cancer does not result solely from mutations in the cancerous cell but from the progressive addition of several small alterations of the equilibrium between autostabilization and interdependence for proliferation. In this frame, it is not solely the cancerous cell that is abnormal. The whole organism is involved. Tumor growth is a local effect of an imbalance between all the factors involved in tissue organization.A large amount of data demonstrating the stochastic nature of gene expression and cell differentiation has accumulated during the last 40 years. These data suggest that a gene in a cell always has a certain probability of being activated at any time and that instead of leading to on and off switches in an all-or-nothing fashion, the concentration of transcriptional regulators increases or decreases this probability. In order to integrate these data in an appropriate theoretical frame, we have tested the relevance of the selective model of cell differentiation by computer simulation experiments. This model is based on stochastic gene expression controlled by cellular interactions. Our results show that it is readily able to produce tissue organization. A model involving only two cells generated a bi-layer cellular structure of finite growth. Cell death was not a drawback but an advantage because it improved the viability of this bi-layer structure. However, our results also show that cellular interactions cannot be simply based on raw selection between cells. Instead, tissue coordination includes at least two basic components: phenotypic autostabilization (differentiated cells stabilize their own phenotype) and interdependence for proliferation (differentiated cells stimulate the proliferation of alien phenotypes). In this modified autostabilization-selection model, cellular organization and growth arrest result from a quantitative equilibrium between the parameters controlling these two processes. An imbalance leads to tissue disorganization and invasive cancer-like growth. These findings suggest that cancer does not result solely from mutations in the cancerous cell but from the progressive addition of several small alterations of the equilibrium between autostabilization and interdependence for proliferation. In this frame, it is not solely the cancerous cell that is abnormal. The whole organism is involved. Tumor growth is a local effect of an imbalance between all the factors involved in tissue organization. A large amount of data demonstrating the stochastic nature of gene expression and cell differentiation has accumulated during the last 40 years. These data suggest that a gene in a cell always has a certain probability of being activated at any time and that instead of leading to on and off switches in an all-or-nothing fashion, the concentration of transcriptional regulators increases or decreases this probability. In order to integrate these data in an appropriate theoretical frame, we have tested the relevance of the selective model of cell differentiation by computer simulation experiments. This model is based on stochastic gene expression controlled by cellular interactions. Our results show that it is readily able to produce tissue organization. A model involving only two cells generated a bi-layer cellular structure of finite growth. Cell death was not a drawback but an advantage because it improved the viability of this bi-layer structure. However, our results also show that cellular interactions cannot be simply based on raw selection between cells. Instead, tissue coordination includes at least two basic components: phenotypic autostabilization (differentiated cells stabilize their own phenotype) and interdependence for proliferation (differentiated cells stimulate the proliferation of alien phenotypes). In this modified autostabilization-selection model, cellular organization and growth arrest result from a quantitative equilibrium between the parameters controlling these two processes. An imbalance leads to tissue disorganization and invasive cancer-like growth. These findings suggest that cancer does not result solely from mutations in the cancerous cell but from the progressive addition of several small alterations of the equilibrium between autostabilization and interdependence for proliferation. In this frame, it is not solely the cancerous cell that is abnormal. The whole organism is involved. Tumor growth is a local effect of an imbalance between all the factors involved in tissue organization.
Author	Kupiec, Jean-Jacques Guez, David Martinez, Michael Laforge, Bertrand
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Bertrand surname: Laforge fullname: Laforge, Bertrand organization: Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et des Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Université Paris VI-Pierre et Marie Curie, Bureau 227, Tour 33RdC, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 5, France – sequence: 2 givenname: David surname: Guez fullname: Guez, David organization: Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et des Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Université Paris VI-Pierre et Marie Curie, Bureau 227, Tour 33RdC, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 5, France – sequence: 3 givenname: Michael surname: Martinez fullname: Martinez, Michael organization: Laboratoire de Physique Théorique des Liquides (LPTL), Université Paris VI-Pierre et Marie Curie, Tour 24 2eme étage, Boite 121, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252, Paris Cedex 5, France – sequence: 4 givenname: Jean-Jacques surname: Kupiec fullname: Kupiec, Jean-Jacques email: jean-jacques.kupiec@ens.fr organization: Centre Cavaillès et INSERM, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 29 rue d’Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15826673$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark	eNqFUc1uFSEYJabG3lZfwbByNyMwc4FxYaKNVpMaN7omDHzTy80MTIGp1vfy_crcWzVx0w2HwPmB852hEx88IIQpqSmh_PW-nnsXpjCWtWaEtDWldYEnaEOlaCoqGnaCNoSIruKUiFN0ltKeEMKo4M_QKd1KxrloNuj3l2BhdP4aw9THu3ANHpJLWHuLjfYG4puyx3qeY9Bmh3udwOLg10O4Wdzo-uiWCfeQfwB4nHeA9ZJDyrovl790doUcBpxyMDudsjN4zcDwc46QkjtY2YPO-QzRwgzeQkleVQbGMeEhRFzyRzdAPBg-R08HPSZ48YDn6PvHD98uPlVXXy8_X7y7qkwjWK62hpOWcdsK0ltrqDS841b2jA-CGCG3nLZSyo4yLQkbhO0E6WTH9NZQY6huztGro29Jv1kgZTW5tL5JewhLUlyIppGtKMSXD8Sln8CqObpJxzv1p-hCeHskmBhSijAo4_LhLzlqNypK1DpZtVf_JqvWySpKVYFiIP8z-JvxuPT9UQqlqlsHUSXj1oati2CyssE9bnIPVbnJAg
CitedBy_id	crossref_primary_10_1089_omi_2010_0091 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0076122 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0000394 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphys_2014_00129 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_gene_2013_12_016 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pbiomolbio_2013_03_019 crossref_primary_10_1086_699716 crossref_primary_10_1158_0008_5472_CAN_22_1601 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10441_016_9281_4 crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2164_12_167 crossref_primary_10_1002_bies_201100119 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pbiomolbio_2012_05_002 crossref_primary_10_1002_bies_20326 crossref_primary_10_1002_bies_20403 crossref_primary_10_3390_cells3010001 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0014441 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10126_013_9523_2 crossref_primary_10_1038_nrg1615 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pbiomolbio_2009_11_002 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pbiomolbio_2012_04_010 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mednuc_2009_06_004 crossref_primary_10_3390_genes10090695 crossref_primary_10_1002_bies_201100092 crossref_primary_10_3390_biomedicines10102633 crossref_primary_10_3389_fcell_2020_00659 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mcm_2008_07_003 crossref_primary_10_1017_S0960129512000771 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scr_2008_03_001 crossref_primary_10_1017_S096012951200076X crossref_primary_10_1186_1752_0509_4_93 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pbiomolbio_2012_04_004 crossref_primary_10_1242_dev_021519 crossref_primary_10_1002_bies_202300238 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jtbi_2010_08_032 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13148_011_0030_x crossref_primary_10_1093_carcin_bgq087
Cites_doi	10.1182/blood.V96.6.2022 10.1093/jnci/96.15.1120 10.1093/emboj/20.10.2528 10.1002/1521-1878(200010)22:10<947::AID-BIES10>3.0.CO;2-W 10.1006/smim.1999.0192 10.1146/annurev.immunol.18.1.19 10.1126/science.165.3891.349 10.2144/03344bm06 10.1038/35101500 10.1101/gad.12.17.2748 10.1016/S0022-2836(61)80072-7 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90226-G 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07472.x 10.1126/science.129.3364.1649 10.1016/S0092-8674(94)90562-2 10.1182/blood.V96.7.2323 10.1038/377209a0 10.1038/nature01546 10.1007/s004380050490 10.1073/pnas.41.11.849 10.1073/pnas.94.3.814 10.1038/35010501 10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(200004)22:4<381::AID-BIES8>3.0.CO;2-E 10.1016/S0022-5193(05)80421-7 10.1242/dev.01043 10.1016/S0168-9525(98)01659-X 10.1073/pnas.0402285101 10.1016/0306-9877(89)90147-3 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1987.tb01264.x 10.1038/nm0296-190 10.1016/S0962-8924(02)00002-8 10.1126/science.291.5505.843 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400950 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80604-4 10.1073/pnas.70.10.2974 10.1006/smim.1999.0191 10.1038/nrc795 10.1113/expphysiol.2003.026740 10.1101/gad.4.10.1823 10.1016/j.gde.2004.06.004 10.1073/pnas.231499798 10.1242/dev.107.Supplement.3 10.1093/embo-reports/kve185 10.1162/106454600300103638 10.1126/science.1090922 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90225-7 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90470-W 10.1242/jcs.108.2.441 10.1007/s00018-003-23147-z 10.1038/icb.1994.26 10.1210/endo.139.3.5826 10.1016/0303-2647(96)01612-7 10.1038/35014651 10.1242/jcs.01000 10.1242/jcs.103.2.581 10.1002/cm.970290102 10.1078/0171-9335-00346 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90378-1 10.1016/0092-8674(76)90113-6 10.1016/S0168-9002(97)00048-X 10.1007/s00441-003-0776-3 10.1242/dev.00528 10.1126/science.1058079 10.1073/pnas.51.1.29 10.1242/jcs.106.2.473 10.1073/pnas.1332628100 10.1146/annurev.bb.14.060185.001023 10.1002/ijc.11491
ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	2004 Elsevier Ltd
Copyright_xml	– notice: 2004 Elsevier Ltd
DBID	AAYXX CITATION CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 7X8
DOI	10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004
DatabaseName	CrossRef Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitle	CrossRef MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList	MEDLINE - Academic MEDLINE
Database_xml	– sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: 7X8 name: MEDLINE - Academic url: https://search.proquest.com/medline sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod	fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline	Biology
EISSN	1873-1732
EndPage	120
ExternalDocumentID	15826673 10_1016_j_pbiomolbio_2004_11_004 S0079610704001658
Genre	Journal Article Review
GroupedDBID	--- --K --M -~X .GJ .~1 0R~ 123 1B1 1RT 1~. 1~5 29P 3O- 4.4 457 4G. 53G 5RE 5VS 7-5 71M 8P~ 9JM AACTN AAEDT AAEDW AAIAV AAIKJ AAKOC AALRI AAOAW AAQFI AAQXK AAXUO ABEFU ABFNM ABFRF ABGSF ABJNI ABLJU ABMAC ABTAH ABUDA ABXDB ABYKQ ACDAQ ACGFO ACGFS ACIUM ACRLP ADBBV ADEZE ADMUD ADUVX AEBSH AEFWE AEHWI AEKER AENEX AFFNX AFKWA AFTJW AFXIZ AGHFR AGRDE AGUBO AGYEJ AHHHB AIEXJ AIKHN AITUG AJBFU AJOXV ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AMFUW AMRAJ ASPBG AVWKF AXJTR AZFZN BKOJK BLXMC CS3 DOVZS DU5 EBS EFJIC EFLBG EJD EO8 EO9 EP2 EP3 F20 F5P FDB FEDTE FGOYB FIRID FNPLU FYGXN G-2 G-Q G8K GBLVA HLW HVGLF HX~ HZ~ IHE J1W KOM LX3 M41 MO0 MVM N9A O-L O9- OAUVE OZT P-8 P-9 P2P PC. Q38 R2- RIG ROL RPZ SBG SDF SDG SDP SES SEW SPCBC SPD SSU SSZ T5K UNMZH UQL VQP WUQ XFK ZGI ZY4 ~G- 9DU AATTM AAXKI AAYWO AAYXX ABDPE ABUFD ABWVN ACLOT ACRPL ACVFH ADCNI ADNMO ADVLN AEIPS AEUPX AFJKZ AFPUW AGQPQ AIGII AIIUN AKBMS AKRWK AKYEP ANKPU APXCP CITATION EFKBS ~HD CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 7X8
ID	FETCH-LOGICAL-c372t-5c60426d470bddc18c696d8b26f70c785614888912a802f7d9709892a5c1cc1a3
ISICitedReferencesCount	47
ISICitedReferencesURI	http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000228697600004&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN	0079-6107
IngestDate	Thu Oct 02 10:51:14 EDT 2025 Wed Feb 19 01:41:08 EST 2025 Tue Nov 18 22:48:42 EST 2025 Sat Nov 29 07:26:21 EST 2025 Fri Feb 23 02:29:18 EST 2024
IsPeerReviewed	true
IsScholarly	true
Issue	1
Keywords	Cell proliferation Computer simulation Cell death Stochastic gene expression Cell differentiation Tissue organization Cancer Selective model
Language	English
LinkModel	OpenURL
MergedId	FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c372t-5c60426d470bddc18c696d8b26f70c785614888912a802f7d9709892a5c1cc1a3
Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 ObjectType-Review-3 content type line 23
PMID	15826673
PQID	67733847
PQPubID	23479
PageCount	28
ParticipantIDs	proquest_miscellaneous_67733847 pubmed_primary_15826673 crossref_citationtrail_10_1016_j_pbiomolbio_2004_11_004 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pbiomolbio_2004_11_004 elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_pbiomolbio_2004_11_004
PublicationCentury	2000
PublicationDate	2005-09-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD	2005-09-01
PublicationDate_xml	– month: 09 year: 2005 text: 2005-09-01 day: 01
PublicationDecade	2000
PublicationPlace	England
PublicationPlace_xml	– name: England
PublicationTitle	Progress in biophysics and molecular biology
PublicationTitleAlternate	Prog Biophys Mol Biol
PublicationYear	2005
Publisher	Elsevier Ltd
Publisher_xml	– name: Elsevier Ltd
References	Jacob, Monod (bib36) 1961; 3 Riviere, Sunshine, Littman (bib61) 1998; 9 Edelman, Mountcastle (bib19) 1978 Nemazee (bib56) 2000; 18 Fortunel, Hatzfeld, Hatzfeld (bib24) 2000; 96 Ko, Nakauchi, Takahashi (bib40) 1990; 9 Liu, Umbach, Peddada, Li, Crockett, Weinberg (bib48) 2004; 101 Edmondson, Cheng, Cserjesi, Chakraborty, Olson (bib21) 1992; 12 Abkowitz, Catlin, Guttorp (bib1) 1996; 2 Bennett (bib8) 1983; 34 Hume (bib34) 2000; 96 Kupiec (bib41) 1983; 6 Furusawa, Kaneko (bib25) 2000; 6 Wolpert (bib79) 1989; 107 Baroffio, Blot (bib5) 1992; 103 McAdams, Arkin (bib50) 1997; 94 Michaelson (bib52) 1987; 62 Misteli (bib54) 2001; 291 Tarella, Ferrero, Gallo, Pagliardi, Ruscetti (bib69) 1982; 42 Tabata, Takei (bib67) 2004; 131 Levsky, Singer (bib46) 2003; 13 Urbach, Schnabel, Technau (bib73) 2003; 130 Wijgerde, Grosveld, Fraser (bib78) 1995; 377 Bissell, Weaver, Lelievre, Wang, Petersen, Schmeichel (bib10) 1999; 59 Crampin, Halstead, Hunter, Nielsen, Noble, Smith, Tawhai (bib17) 2004; 89 Newlands, Levitt, Robinson, Karpf, Hodgson, Wade, Hardeman (bib57) 1998; 12 Lin, Lu, Schultheiss, Choi, Holtzer, Dilullo, Fischman, Holtzer (bib47) 1994; 29 Takasuka, White, Wood, Robertson, Davis (bib68) 1998; 139 Jerne (bib37) 1955; 41 Oliveri, Davidson (bib58) 2004; 14 Schrödinger (bib65) 1944 Hollander (bib32) 1999; 11 Blackstone (bib12) 2000; 22 Hahn, Weinberg (bib33) 2002; 2 Maffini, Soto, Calabro, Ucci, Sonnenschein (bib49) 2004; 117 Weismann (bib75) 1892 Fiering, Northrop, Nolan, Mattila, Crabtree, Herzenberg (bib22) 1990; 4 Heams, Kupiec (bib29) 2003; 34 Kenny, Bissell (bib38) 2003; 107 Fiering, Whitelaw, Martin (bib23) 2000; 22 Changeux, Courrège, Danchin (bib14) 1973; 70 Edelman, Gally (bib20) 2001; 98 Paulus, Loeffler, Zeidler, Owen, Potten (bib81) 1993; 106 Till, MCCulloch, Siminovitch (bib71) 1964; 51 Tjwa, Luttun, Autiero, Carmeliet (bib72) 2003; 314 Pfeiffer, Schuster, Bonhoeffer (bib62) 2001; 292 Blake, Kaern, Cantor, Collins (bib13) 2003; 422 Lederberg (bib44) 1959; 129 White, Masuko, Amet, Elliott, Braddock, Kingsman, Kingsman (bib76) 1995; 108 Becksei, Serrano (bib6) 2000; 405 Kupiec (bib43) 1997; 255 Kupiec (bib42) 1989; 28 Ayalon (bib4) 1978; 54 Bhowmick, Chytil, Plieth, Gorska, Dumont, Shappell, Washington, Neilson, Moses (bib11) 2004; 303 Ko (bib39) 1991; 153 Hede (bib30) 2004; 96 Moggs, Orphanides (bib55) 2001; 2 Ross, Browne, Hume (bib63) 1994; 72 Berg, von Hippel (bib9) 1985; 14 Brun, Rademakers (bib80) 1997; 389 Davis, Killeen, Crooks, Rautlet, Littman (bib18) 1993; 73 Gurdon, Bourillot (bib28) 2001; 413 Isaacs, Hasty, Cantor, Collins (bib35) 2003; 100 Pederson (bib60) 2000; 2 Greenwald, Rubin (bib27) 1992; 68 Michaelson (bib53) 1993; 69 Levenson, Housman (bib45) 1981; 25 Paldi (bib59) 2003; 60 van Kempen, Ruiter, van Muijen, Coussens (bib74) 2003; 82 Chess, Simon, Cedar, Axel (bib16) 1994; 78 Gusella, Geller, Clarke, Weeks, Housman (bib26) 1976; 9 Till (bib70) 1981; 69 Becksei, Seraphin, Serrano (bib7) 2001; 20 Atamas (bib3) 1996; 39 Britten, Davidson (bib15) 1969; 165 Ameisen (bib2) 2002; 9 McAdams, Arkin (bib51) 1999; 15 Sonnenschein, Soto (bib66) 1999 Schlichting (bib64) 2003; 5 Held, Kunz, Ioannidis, Lowin-Kropf (bib31) 1999; 11 Becksei (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib7) 2001; 20 Davis (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib18) 1993; 73 Moggs (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib55) 2001; 2 Levsky (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib46) 2003; 13 Changeux (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib14) 1973; 70 Bissell (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib10) 1999; 59 Levenson (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib45) 1981; 25 Chess (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib16) 1994; 78 Hume (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib34) 2000; 96 Lederberg (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib44) 1959; 129 Berg (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib9) 1985; 14 Kupiec (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib42) 1989; 28 McAdams (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib50) 1997; 94 Jacob (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib36) 1961; 3 Kenny (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib38) 2003; 107 Becksei (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib6) 2000; 405 Jerne (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib37) 1955; 41 Brun (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib80) 1997; 389 Takasuka (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib68) 1998; 139 Britten (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib15) 1969; 165 Ayalon (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib4) 1978; 54 Till (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib71) 1964; 51 Schlichting (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib64) 2003; 5 Isaacs (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib35) 2003; 100 Edmondson (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib21) 1992; 12 Schrödinger (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib65) 1944 Edelman (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib20) 2001; 98 Misteli (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib54) 2001; 291 Sonnenschein (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib66) 1999 Abkowitz (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib1) 1996; 2 Blackstone (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib12) 2000; 22 Furusawa (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib25) 2000; 6 Urbach (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib73) 2003; 130 Hahn (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib33) 2002; 2 Baroffio (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib5) 1992; 103 Liu (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib48) 2004; 101 Edelman (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib19) 1978 Kupiec (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib41) 1983; 6 Newlands (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib57) 1998; 12 Fiering (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib22) 1990; 4 Maffini (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib49) 2004; 117 Tabata (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib67) 2004; 131 McAdams (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib51) 1999; 15 Lin (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib47) 1994; 29 Till (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib70) 1981; 69 Michaelson (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib53) 1993; 69 Pfeiffer (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib62) 2001; 292 Kupiec (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib43) 1997; 255 Michaelson (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib52) 1987; 62 Oliveri (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib58) 2004; 14 Hollander (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib32) 1999; 11 Tarella (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib69) 1982; 42 Wijgerde (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib78) 1995; 377 Bennett (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib8) 1983; 34 Held (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib31) 1999; 11 Nemazee (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib56) 2000; 18 Heams (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib29) 2003; 34 Ko (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib40) 1990; 9 Wolpert (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib79) 1989; 107 Pederson (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib60) 2000; 2 Blake (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib13) 2003; 422 Fiering (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib23) 2000; 22 Hede (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib30) 2004; 96 Gusella (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib26) 1976; 9 Ko (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib39) 1991; 153 Atamas (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib3) 1996; 39 Ross (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib63) 1994; 72 Gurdon (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib28) 2001; 413 White (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib76) 1995; 108 Weismann (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib75) 1892 Riviere (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib61) 1998; 9 Ameisen (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib2) 2002; 9 Greenwald (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib27) 1992; 68 Paldi (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib59) 2003; 60 Fortunel (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib24) 2000; 96 Crampin (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib17) 2004; 89 Bhowmick (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib11) 2004; 303 van Kempen (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib74) 2003; 82 Paulus (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib81) 1993; 106 Tjwa (10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib72) 2003; 314
References_xml	– volume: 9 start-page: 217 year: 1998 end-page: 228 ident: bib61 article-title: Regulation of IL-4 expression by inactivation of individual alleles publication-title: Immunity – volume: 28 start-page: 7 year: 1989 end-page: 10 ident: bib42 article-title: Gene regulation and DNA C-value paradox publication-title: Med. Hypotheses – volume: 22 start-page: 381 year: 2000 end-page: 387 ident: bib23 article-title: To be or not to be active publication-title: Bioessays – volume: 14 start-page: 351 year: 2004 end-page: 360 ident: bib58 article-title: Gene regulatory network controlling embryonic specification in the sea urchin publication-title: Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. – volume: 98 start-page: 13763 year: 2001 end-page: 13768 ident: bib20 article-title: Degeneracy and complexity in biological systems publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA – volume: 292 start-page: 504 year: 2001 end-page: 507 ident: bib62 article-title: Cooperation and competition in the evolution of ATP-producing pathways publication-title: Science – volume: 25 start-page: 5 year: 1981 end-page: 6 ident: bib45 article-title: Commitment publication-title: Cell – volume: 29 start-page: 1 year: 1994 end-page: 19 ident: bib47 article-title: Sequential appearance of muscle-specific proteins in myoblasts as a function of time after cell division publication-title: Cell. Motil. Cytoskel. – volume: 129 start-page: 1649 year: 1959 end-page: 1653 ident: bib44 article-title: Genes and antibodies publication-title: Science – volume: 6 start-page: 471 year: 1983 end-page: 478 ident: bib41 article-title: A probabilist theory for cell differentiation, embryonic mortality and DNA C-value paradox publication-title: Specul. Sci. Technol. – volume: 6 start-page: 265 year: 2000 end-page: 281 ident: bib25 article-title: Complex organization in multicellularity as a necessity in evolution publication-title: Artif. Life – volume: 9 start-page: 221 year: 1976 end-page: 229 ident: bib26 article-title: Commitment to erythroid differentiation by Friend erythroleukemia cells publication-title: Cell – volume: 2 start-page: 73 year: 2000 end-page: 74 ident: bib60 article-title: Diffusional protein transport within the nucleus publication-title: Nat. Cell Biol. – volume: 130 start-page: 3589 year: 2003 end-page: 3606 ident: bib73 article-title: The pattern of neuroblast formation, mitotic domains and proneural gene expression during early brain development in Drosophila publication-title: Development – volume: 377 start-page: 209 year: 1995 end-page: 213 ident: bib78 article-title: Transcription complex stability and chromatin dynamics in vivo publication-title: Nature – volume: 9 start-page: 367 year: 2002 end-page: 373 ident: bib2 article-title: On the origin, evolution, and nature of programmed cell death publication-title: Cell Death Differ. – volume: 60 start-page: 1775 year: 2003 end-page: 1778 ident: bib59 article-title: Stochastic gene expression during cell differentiation publication-title: Cell. Mol. Life Sci. – volume: 70 start-page: 2974 year: 1973 end-page: 2978 ident: bib14 article-title: A theory of the epigenesis of neuronal networks by selective stabilization of synapses publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA – volume: 106 start-page: 473 year: 1993 end-page: 483 ident: bib81 article-title: The differentiation and lineage development of goblet cells in the murine small intestinal crypt publication-title: J. Cell. Sci. – volume: 4 start-page: 1823 year: 1990 end-page: 1834 ident: bib22 article-title: Single cell essay of a transcription factor reveals a threshold n transcription activated by signals emanating from the T-cell antigen receptor publication-title: Genes Dev. – volume: 103 start-page: 581 year: 1992 end-page: 587 ident: bib5 article-title: Statistical evidence for a random commitment of pluripotent cephalic neural crest cells publication-title: J. Cell. Sci. – volume: 3 start-page: 318 year: 1961 end-page: 356 ident: bib36 article-title: Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins publication-title: J. Mol. Biol. – volume: 59 start-page: 1757 year: 1999 end-page: 1763 ident: bib10 article-title: Tissue structure, nuclear organization, and gene expression in normal and malignant breast publication-title: Cancer Res. – volume: 13 start-page: 4 year: 2003 end-page: 6 ident: bib46 article-title: Gene expression and the myth of the average cell publication-title: Trends Cell Biol. – volume: 94 start-page: 814 year: 1997 end-page: 819 ident: bib50 article-title: Stochastic mechanisms in gene expression publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA – volume: 11 start-page: 349 year: 1999 end-page: 355 ident: bib31 article-title: Mono-allelic Ly49 NK cell receptor expression publication-title: Semin. Immunol. – volume: 18 start-page: 19 year: 2000 end-page: 51 ident: bib56 article-title: Receptor selection in B and T lymphocytes publication-title: Annu. Rev. Immunol. – volume: 62 start-page: 115 year: 1987 end-page: 139 ident: bib52 article-title: Cell selection in development publication-title: Biol. Rev. Cambridge Philos. Soc. – volume: 89 start-page: 1 year: 2004 end-page: 26 ident: bib17 article-title: Computational physiology and the Physiome Project publication-title: Exp. Physiol. – volume: 96 start-page: 2323 year: 2000 end-page: 2328 ident: bib34 article-title: Probability in transcriptional regulation and its implication for leukocyte differentiation and inducible gene expression publication-title: Blood – year: 1999 ident: bib66 article-title: The Society of Cells – volume: 11 start-page: 357 year: 1999 end-page: 367 ident: bib32 article-title: On the stochastic regulation of the interleukin-2 transcription publication-title: Semin. Immunol. – volume: 54 start-page: 484 year: 1978 end-page: 493 ident: bib4 article-title: A review of embryonic mortality in cattle publication-title: J. Reprod. Fertil. – volume: 255 start-page: 201 year: 1997 end-page: 208 ident: bib43 article-title: A Darwinian theory for the origin of cellular differentiation publication-title: Mol. Gen. Genet. – volume: 42 start-page: 445 year: 1982 end-page: 449 ident: bib69 article-title: Induction of differentiation of HL-60 cells by dimethyl sulfoxide publication-title: Cancer Res. – year: 1892 ident: bib75 article-title: English Translation 1893. The Germ-Plasm, a Theory of Heredity – volume: 108 start-page: 441 year: 1995 end-page: 455 ident: bib76 article-title: Real-time analysis of transcriptional regulation of HIV and hCMV promoters in single mammalian cells publication-title: J. Cell Sci. – volume: 413 start-page: 797 year: 2001 end-page: 803 ident: bib28 article-title: Morphogen gradient interpretation publication-title: Nature – volume: 78 start-page: 823 year: 1994 end-page: 834 ident: bib16 article-title: Allelic inactivation regulates olfactory receptor gene expression publication-title: Cell – volume: 14 start-page: 131 year: 1985 end-page: 160 ident: bib9 article-title: Diffusion-controlled macromolecular interactions publication-title: Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. – volume: 22 start-page: 947 year: 2000 end-page: 953 ident: bib12 article-title: Redox control and the evolution of multicellularity publication-title: Bioessays – volume: 117 start-page: 1495 year: 2004 end-page: 1502 ident: bib49 article-title: The stroma as a crucial target in tat mammary gland carcinogenesis publication-title: J. Cell Sci. – volume: 69 start-page: 522 year: 1981 end-page: 527 ident: bib70 article-title: Cellular diversity in the blood-forming system publication-title: Am. Sci. – volume: 20 start-page: 2528 year: 2001 end-page: 2535 ident: bib7 article-title: Positive feedback in eukaryotic gene networks publication-title: EMBO J. – volume: 303 start-page: 775 year: 2004 end-page: 777 ident: bib11 article-title: TGF-beta signaling in fibroblasts modulates the oncogenic potential of adjacent epithelia publication-title: Science – volume: 314 start-page: 5 year: 2003 end-page: 14 ident: bib72 article-title: VEGF and PIGF publication-title: Cell Tissue Res. – volume: 39 start-page: 143 year: 1996 end-page: 151 ident: bib3 article-title: Self-organization in computer simulated selective systems publication-title: Biosystems – volume: 12 start-page: 2748 year: 1998 end-page: 2758 ident: bib57 article-title: Transcription occurs in pulses in muscle fibers publication-title: Genes Dev. – volume: 422 start-page: 633 year: 2003 end-page: 637 ident: bib13 article-title: Noise in eukaryotic gene expression publication-title: Nature – year: 1978 ident: bib19 article-title: The Mindfull Brain – volume: 34 start-page: 712 year: 2003 end-page: 714 ident: bib29 article-title: Modified 3’-end amplification PCR for gene expression analysis in single cells publication-title: Biotechniques – volume: 100 start-page: 7714 year: 2003 end-page: 7719 ident: bib35 article-title: Prediction and measurement of an autoregulatory genetic module publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA – volume: 139 start-page: 1361 year: 1998 end-page: 1368 ident: bib68 article-title: Dynamic changes in prolactin promoter activation in individual living lactotrophic cells publication-title: Endocrinology – volume: 2 start-page: 331 year: 2002 end-page: 341 ident: bib33 article-title: Modelling the molecular circuitry of cancer publication-title: Nat. Rev. Cancer – volume: 153 start-page: 181 year: 1991 end-page: 194 ident: bib39 article-title: A stochastic model for gene induction publication-title: J. Theor. Biol. – volume: 72 start-page: 177 year: 1994 end-page: 185 ident: bib63 article-title: Transcription of individual genes in eukaryotic cells occurs randomly and infrequently publication-title: Immunol. Cell. Biol. – volume: 131 start-page: 703 year: 2004 end-page: 712 ident: bib67 article-title: Morphogens, their identification and regulation publication-title: Development – volume: 107 start-page: 3 year: 1989 end-page: 12 ident: bib79 article-title: Positional information revisited publication-title: Development – volume: 73 start-page: 207 year: 1993 end-page: 208 ident: bib18 article-title: Evidence for a stochastic mechanism in the differentiation of mature subsets of T lymphocytes publication-title: Cell – volume: 291 start-page: 843 year: 2001 end-page: 847 ident: bib54 article-title: Protein dynamics publication-title: Science – volume: 51 start-page: 29 year: 1964 end-page: 36 ident: bib71 article-title: A stochastic model of stem cells proliferation based on the growth of spleen colony forming cells publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA – volume: 101 start-page: 7240 year: 2004 end-page: 7245 ident: bib48 article-title: A random-periods model for expression of cell-cycle genes publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA – volume: 34 start-page: 445 year: 1983 end-page: 453 ident: bib8 article-title: Differentiation in mouse melanoma cells publication-title: Cell – volume: 12 start-page: 3665 year: 1992 end-page: 3677 ident: bib21 article-title: Analysis of the myogenin promoter reveals an indirect pathway for positive autoregulation mediated by the muscle-specific enhancer factor MEF-2 publication-title: Mol. Cell. Biol. – volume: 82 start-page: 539 year: 2003 end-page: 548 ident: bib74 article-title: The tumor microenvironment publication-title: Eur. J. Cell. Biol. – volume: 5 start-page: 98 year: 2003 end-page: 105 ident: bib64 article-title: Origin of differentiation via phenotypic plasticity publication-title: Ecol. Dev. – year: 1944 ident: bib65 article-title: What is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell – volume: 41 start-page: 849 year: 1955 end-page: 859 ident: bib37 article-title: The natural selection of antibody formation publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA – volume: 96 start-page: 1120 year: 2004 end-page: 1121 ident: bib30 article-title: Environmental protection publication-title: J. Natl. Cancer Inst. – volume: 69 start-page: 136 year: 1993 end-page: 151 ident: bib53 article-title: Cellular selection in the genesis of multicellular organization publication-title: Lab. Invest. – volume: 68 start-page: 271 year: 1992 end-page: 281 ident: bib27 article-title: Making a difference publication-title: Cell – volume: 107 start-page: 688 year: 2003 end-page: 695 ident: bib38 article-title: Tumor reversion publication-title: Int. J. Cancer – volume: 96 start-page: 2022 year: 2000 end-page: 2036 ident: bib24 article-title: Transforming growth factor- publication-title: Blood – volume: 2 start-page: 775 year: 2001 end-page: 781 ident: bib55 article-title: Estrogen receptors publication-title: EMBO Rep. – volume: 389 start-page: 81 year: 1997 end-page: 86 ident: bib80 article-title: Root—an object oriented data analysis framework publication-title: Nucl. Inst. and Meth. in Phys. Res. A – volume: 2 start-page: 190 year: 1996 end-page: 197 ident: bib1 article-title: Evidence that hematopoiesis may be a stochastic process in vivo publication-title: Nat. Med. – volume: 405 start-page: 590 year: 2000 end-page: 593 ident: bib6 article-title: Engineering stability in gene networks by autoregulation publication-title: Nature – volume: 15 start-page: 65 year: 1999 end-page: 69 ident: bib51 article-title: It's noisy business! Genetic regulation at the nanomolar scale publication-title: Trends Genet. – volume: 165 start-page: 349 year: 1969 end-page: 357 ident: bib15 article-title: Gene regulation for higher cells publication-title: Science – volume: 9 start-page: 2835 year: 1990 end-page: 2842 ident: bib40 article-title: The dose dependence of glucocorticoid-inducible gene expression results from changes in the number of transcriptionally active templates publication-title: EMBO J. – volume: 6 start-page: 471 year: 1983 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib41 article-title: A probabilist theory for cell differentiation, embryonic mortality and DNA C-value paradox publication-title: Specul. Sci. Technol. – volume: 96 start-page: 2022 year: 2000 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib24 article-title: Transforming growth factor-β publication-title: Blood doi: 10.1182/blood.V96.6.2022 – volume: 96 start-page: 1120 year: 2004 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib30 article-title: Environmental protection publication-title: J. Natl. Cancer Inst. doi: 10.1093/jnci/96.15.1120 – volume: 20 start-page: 2528 year: 2001 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib7 article-title: Positive feedback in eukaryotic gene networks publication-title: EMBO J. doi: 10.1093/emboj/20.10.2528 – volume: 22 start-page: 947 year: 2000 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib12 article-title: Redox control and the evolution of multicellularity publication-title: Bioessays doi: 10.1002/1521-1878(200010)22:10<947::AID-BIES10>3.0.CO;2-W – year: 1944 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib65 – volume: 11 start-page: 357 year: 1999 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib32 article-title: On the stochastic regulation of the interleukin-2 transcription publication-title: Semin. Immunol. doi: 10.1006/smim.1999.0192 – volume: 18 start-page: 19 year: 2000 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib56 article-title: Receptor selection in B and T lymphocytes publication-title: Annu. Rev. Immunol. doi: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.18.1.19 – volume: 165 start-page: 349 year: 1969 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib15 article-title: Gene regulation for higher cells publication-title: Science doi: 10.1126/science.165.3891.349 – volume: 34 start-page: 712 year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib29 article-title: Modified 3’-end amplification PCR for gene expression analysis in single cells publication-title: Biotechniques doi: 10.2144/03344bm06 – volume: 413 start-page: 797 year: 2001 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib28 article-title: Morphogen gradient interpretation publication-title: Nature doi: 10.1038/35101500 – volume: 12 start-page: 2748 year: 1998 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib57 article-title: Transcription occurs in pulses in muscle fibers publication-title: Genes Dev. doi: 10.1101/gad.12.17.2748 – volume: 3 start-page: 318 year: 1961 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib36 article-title: Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins publication-title: J. Mol. Biol. doi: 10.1016/S0022-2836(61)80072-7 – volume: 73 start-page: 207 year: 1993 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib18 article-title: Evidence for a stochastic mechanism in the differentiation of mature subsets of T lymphocytes publication-title: Cell doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90226-G – volume: 9 start-page: 2835 year: 1990 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib40 article-title: The dose dependence of glucocorticoid-inducible gene expression results from changes in the number of transcriptionally active templates publication-title: EMBO J. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07472.x – volume: 129 start-page: 1649 year: 1959 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib44 article-title: Genes and antibodies publication-title: Science doi: 10.1126/science.129.3364.1649 – volume: 78 start-page: 823 year: 1994 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib16 article-title: Allelic inactivation regulates olfactory receptor gene expression publication-title: Cell doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(94)90562-2 – volume: 96 start-page: 2323 year: 2000 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib34 article-title: Probability in transcriptional regulation and its implication for leukocyte differentiation and inducible gene expression publication-title: Blood doi: 10.1182/blood.V96.7.2323 – volume: 377 start-page: 209 year: 1995 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib78 article-title: Transcription complex stability and chromatin dynamics in vivo publication-title: Nature doi: 10.1038/377209a0 – volume: 422 start-page: 633 year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib13 article-title: Noise in eukaryotic gene expression publication-title: Nature doi: 10.1038/nature01546 – volume: 255 start-page: 201 year: 1997 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib43 article-title: A Darwinian theory for the origin of cellular differentiation publication-title: Mol. Gen. Genet. doi: 10.1007/s004380050490 – volume: 41 start-page: 849 year: 1955 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib37 article-title: The natural selection of antibody formation publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA doi: 10.1073/pnas.41.11.849 – volume: 94 start-page: 814 year: 1997 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib50 article-title: Stochastic mechanisms in gene expression publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.3.814 – volume: 2 start-page: 73 year: 2000 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib60 article-title: Diffusional protein transport within the nucleus publication-title: Nat. Cell Biol. doi: 10.1038/35010501 – year: 1892 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib75 – volume: 22 start-page: 381 year: 2000 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib23 article-title: To be or not to be active publication-title: Bioessays doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(200004)22:4<381::AID-BIES8>3.0.CO;2-E – volume: 153 start-page: 181 year: 1991 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib39 article-title: A stochastic model for gene induction publication-title: J. Theor. Biol. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5193(05)80421-7 – volume: 131 start-page: 703 year: 2004 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib67 article-title: Morphogens, their identification and regulation publication-title: Development doi: 10.1242/dev.01043 – volume: 15 start-page: 65 year: 1999 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib51 article-title: It's noisy business! Genetic regulation at the nanomolar scale publication-title: Trends Genet. doi: 10.1016/S0168-9525(98)01659-X – volume: 5 start-page: 98 year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib64 article-title: Origin of differentiation via phenotypic plasticity publication-title: Ecol. Dev. – volume: 101 start-page: 7240 year: 2004 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib48 article-title: A random-periods model for expression of cell-cycle genes publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA doi: 10.1073/pnas.0402285101 – volume: 28 start-page: 7 year: 1989 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib42 article-title: Gene regulation and DNA C-value paradox publication-title: Med. Hypotheses doi: 10.1016/0306-9877(89)90147-3 – volume: 62 start-page: 115 year: 1987 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib52 article-title: Cell selection in development publication-title: Biol. Rev. Cambridge Philos. Soc. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1987.tb01264.x – volume: 2 start-page: 190 year: 1996 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib1 article-title: Evidence that hematopoiesis may be a stochastic process in vivo publication-title: Nat. Med. doi: 10.1038/nm0296-190 – volume: 13 start-page: 4 year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib46 article-title: Gene expression and the myth of the average cell publication-title: Trends Cell Biol. doi: 10.1016/S0962-8924(02)00002-8 – volume: 291 start-page: 843 year: 2001 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib54 article-title: Protein dynamics publication-title: Science doi: 10.1126/science.291.5505.843 – volume: 9 start-page: 367 year: 2002 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib2 article-title: On the origin, evolution, and nature of programmed cell death publication-title: Cell Death Differ. doi: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400950 – volume: 9 start-page: 217 year: 1998 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib61 article-title: Regulation of IL-4 expression by inactivation of individual alleles publication-title: Immunity doi: 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80604-4 – volume: 70 start-page: 2974 year: 1973 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib14 article-title: A theory of the epigenesis of neuronal networks by selective stabilization of synapses publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA doi: 10.1073/pnas.70.10.2974 – volume: 11 start-page: 349 year: 1999 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib31 article-title: Mono-allelic Ly49 NK cell receptor expression publication-title: Semin. Immunol. doi: 10.1006/smim.1999.0191 – volume: 2 start-page: 331 year: 2002 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib33 article-title: Modelling the molecular circuitry of cancer publication-title: Nat. Rev. Cancer doi: 10.1038/nrc795 – volume: 89 start-page: 1 year: 2004 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib17 article-title: Computational physiology and the Physiome Project publication-title: Exp. Physiol. doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.2003.026740 – volume: 4 start-page: 1823 year: 1990 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib22 article-title: Single cell essay of a transcription factor reveals a threshold n transcription activated by signals emanating from the T-cell antigen receptor publication-title: Genes Dev. doi: 10.1101/gad.4.10.1823 – volume: 14 start-page: 351 year: 2004 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib58 article-title: Gene regulatory network controlling embryonic specification in the sea urchin publication-title: Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. doi: 10.1016/j.gde.2004.06.004 – volume: 98 start-page: 13763 year: 2001 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib20 article-title: Degeneracy and complexity in biological systems publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA doi: 10.1073/pnas.231499798 – volume: 107 start-page: 3 issue: Suppl. year: 1989 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib79 article-title: Positional information revisited publication-title: Development doi: 10.1242/dev.107.Supplement.3 – volume: 2 start-page: 775 year: 2001 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib55 article-title: Estrogen receptors publication-title: EMBO Rep. doi: 10.1093/embo-reports/kve185 – volume: 69 start-page: 136 year: 1993 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib53 article-title: Cellular selection in the genesis of multicellular organization publication-title: Lab. Invest. – volume: 6 start-page: 265 year: 2000 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib25 article-title: Complex organization in multicellularity as a necessity in evolution publication-title: Artif. Life doi: 10.1162/106454600300103638 – volume: 303 start-page: 775 year: 2004 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib11 article-title: TGF-beta signaling in fibroblasts modulates the oncogenic potential of adjacent epithelia publication-title: Science doi: 10.1126/science.1090922 – volume: 25 start-page: 5 year: 1981 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib45 article-title: Commitment publication-title: Cell doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90225-7 – volume: 68 start-page: 271 year: 1992 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib27 article-title: Making a difference publication-title: Cell doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90470-W – volume: 108 start-page: 441 year: 1995 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib76 article-title: Real-time analysis of transcriptional regulation of HIV and hCMV promoters in single mammalian cells publication-title: J. Cell Sci. doi: 10.1242/jcs.108.2.441 – volume: 60 start-page: 1775 year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib59 article-title: Stochastic gene expression during cell differentiation publication-title: Cell. Mol. Life Sci. doi: 10.1007/s00018-003-23147-z – volume: 72 start-page: 177 year: 1994 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib63 article-title: Transcription of individual genes in eukaryotic cells occurs randomly and infrequently publication-title: Immunol. Cell. Biol. doi: 10.1038/icb.1994.26 – volume: 139 start-page: 1361 year: 1998 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib68 article-title: Dynamic changes in prolactin promoter activation in individual living lactotrophic cells publication-title: Endocrinology doi: 10.1210/endo.139.3.5826 – volume: 39 start-page: 143 year: 1996 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib3 article-title: Self-organization in computer simulated selective systems publication-title: Biosystems doi: 10.1016/0303-2647(96)01612-7 – volume: 405 start-page: 590 year: 2000 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib6 article-title: Engineering stability in gene networks by autoregulation publication-title: Nature doi: 10.1038/35014651 – volume: 117 start-page: 1495 year: 2004 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib49 article-title: The stroma as a crucial target in tat mammary gland carcinogenesis publication-title: J. Cell Sci. doi: 10.1242/jcs.01000 – volume: 103 start-page: 581 year: 1992 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib5 article-title: Statistical evidence for a random commitment of pluripotent cephalic neural crest cells publication-title: J. Cell. Sci. doi: 10.1242/jcs.103.2.581 – year: 1999 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib66 – volume: 29 start-page: 1 year: 1994 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib47 article-title: Sequential appearance of muscle-specific proteins in myoblasts as a function of time after cell division publication-title: Cell. Motil. Cytoskel. doi: 10.1002/cm.970290102 – volume: 82 start-page: 539 year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib74 article-title: The tumor microenvironment publication-title: Eur. J. Cell. Biol. doi: 10.1078/0171-9335-00346 – volume: 34 start-page: 445 year: 1983 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib8 article-title: Differentiation in mouse melanoma cells publication-title: Cell doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90378-1 – volume: 9 start-page: 221 year: 1976 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib26 article-title: Commitment to erythroid differentiation by Friend erythroleukemia cells publication-title: Cell doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(76)90113-6 – volume: 389 start-page: 81 year: 1997 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib80 article-title: Root—an object oriented data analysis framework publication-title: Nucl. Inst. and Meth. in Phys. Res. A doi: 10.1016/S0168-9002(97)00048-X – volume: 314 start-page: 5 year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib72 article-title: VEGF and PIGF publication-title: Cell Tissue Res. doi: 10.1007/s00441-003-0776-3 – volume: 59 start-page: 1757 issue: Suppl. year: 1999 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib10 article-title: Tissue structure, nuclear organization, and gene expression in normal and malignant breast publication-title: Cancer Res. – volume: 130 start-page: 3589 year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib73 article-title: The pattern of neuroblast formation, mitotic domains and proneural gene expression during early brain development in Drosophila publication-title: Development doi: 10.1242/dev.00528 – volume: 12 start-page: 3665 year: 1992 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib21 article-title: Analysis of the myogenin promoter reveals an indirect pathway for positive autoregulation mediated by the muscle-specific enhancer factor MEF-2 publication-title: Mol. Cell. Biol. – volume: 292 start-page: 504 year: 2001 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib62 article-title: Cooperation and competition in the evolution of ATP-producing pathways publication-title: Science doi: 10.1126/science.1058079 – year: 1978 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib19 – volume: 51 start-page: 29 year: 1964 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib71 article-title: A stochastic model of stem cells proliferation based on the growth of spleen colony forming cells publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA doi: 10.1073/pnas.51.1.29 – volume: 69 start-page: 522 year: 1981 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib70 article-title: Cellular diversity in the blood-forming system publication-title: Am. Sci. – volume: 42 start-page: 445 year: 1982 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib69 article-title: Induction of differentiation of HL-60 cells by dimethyl sulfoxide publication-title: Cancer Res. – volume: 106 start-page: 473 issue: 2 year: 1993 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib81 article-title: The differentiation and lineage development of goblet cells in the murine small intestinal crypt publication-title: J. Cell. Sci. doi: 10.1242/jcs.106.2.473 – volume: 100 start-page: 7714 year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib35 article-title: Prediction and measurement of an autoregulatory genetic module publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA doi: 10.1073/pnas.1332628100 – volume: 14 start-page: 131 year: 1985 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib9 article-title: Diffusion-controlled macromolecular interactions publication-title: Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bb.14.060185.001023 – volume: 54 start-page: 484 year: 1978 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib4 article-title: A review of embryonic mortality in cattle publication-title: J. Reprod. Fertil. – volume: 107 start-page: 688 year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004_bib38 article-title: Tumor reversion publication-title: Int. J. Cancer doi: 10.1002/ijc.11491
SSID	ssj0002176
Score	1.9867926
SecondaryResourceType	review_article
Snippet	A large amount of data demonstrating the stochastic nature of gene expression and cell differentiation has accumulated during the last 40 years. These data...
SourceID	proquest pubmed crossref elsevier
SourceType	Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source Publisher
StartPage	93
SubjectTerms	Animals Apoptosis Cancer Cell death Cell Differentiation Cell Proliferation Cell Survival Computer Simulation Embryonic Development Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic Homeostasis Humans Kinetics Models, Biological Models, Statistical Neoplasm Proteins - genetics Neoplasm Proteins - metabolism Neoplasms - pathology Neoplasms - physiopathology Selection, Genetic Selective model Stochastic gene expression Stochastic Processes Tissue organization
Title	Modeling embryogenesis and cancer: an approach based on an equilibrium between the autostabilization of stochastic gene expression and the interdependence of cells for proliferation
URI	https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15826673 https://www.proquest.com/docview/67733847
Volume	89
WOSCitedRecordID	wos000228697600004&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText	1
inHoldings	1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights	– providerCode: PRVESC databaseName: Elsevier SD Freedom Collection Journals 2021 customDbUrl: eissn: 1873-1732 dateEnd: 20091031 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0002176 issn: 0079-6107 databaseCode: AIEXJ dateStart: 19950101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.sciencedirect.com providerName: Elsevier
link	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV3Nb9MwFLe6DSQuiM9RPoYP3KpM-bYNpwkNwQ7TDkPqLUocBzK1ScmaaeP_4l_jzHt2nLQblcoBqUojR3bcvl_s55ef34-QdzwrYp5z1xFpGDmhXwSOUH7gpFx5KpKFWwSFFptgp6d8OhVno9Fvuxfmasaqil9fi8V_NTWUgbFx6-w_mLtvFArgHIwORzA7HLcyPKqb6T3map41N_U3HMxKk4lZoom1LiQ81Tab-AQnsnyiWckT9aMt9S6Adt5TuNA1TdtlDX4kMml_9k4m-I3ye4qJnlGIWaFagGHVVj0vE7NRNFZoV-r4BL4q0EkgkBs2Q2bNAI7OSz5D0hgOwWU1ycraRF_MT5hbOd9Jlz6qZxSlBUb3NV5Vs2yMMonhFrUmTL7C37f5E8yF1b0D-rXWolTScH_SyjlJJU6ea_GRqCeA9WM-E7BANtq6dsw3skVr2DYDuJFrvDOvmBDHxeECkyLUMzjq0MIhJoA18skryFrMNbS8CJZusRFquZXT217aIXs-iwRMKHtHX46nJ70PAQtF_Zbd9r3joBlm4t87oQWmTLObfKxNayjtS50_Ig-7RRA9MuB9TEaqekLuG1nUm6fkl4UwXYMwBZNSA-H3cE4tgKkGMK0rLFwBMO0ATAGI9A6AaV3QAcAU70EHAOt7Yb1bAMZaGsAU0EbXAPyMfP10fP7xs9PJizgyYP7SiWSMAYQ8ZG6W59LjMhZxzjM_LpgrGdc5cjkXnp9y1y9YLpgruPDTSHpSemnwnOxWdaVeEKqUFwqZsVBwNyyEl0IDrpRxEUTw4WJMmDVIIrvc-ygBM0ssyfIiGayK0rAhLM0T-BoTr6-5MPlntqjzwdo86fxo4x8nAOctar-1MElgqsH_NK1U3V4mMWNBAN7smOwb9Aw96oD3cuOVV-TB8HC-JrvLplVvyD15tSwvmwOyw6b8oHsI_gAXUwYn
linkProvider	Elsevier
openUrl	ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Modeling+embryogenesis+and+cancer%3A+an+approach+based+on+an+equilibrium+between+the+autostabilization+of+stochastic+gene+expression+and+the+interdependence+of+cells+for+proliferation&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+biophysics+and+molecular+biology&rft.au=Laforge%2C+Bertrand&rft.au=Guez%2C+David&rft.au=Martinez%2C+Michael&rft.au=Kupiec%2C+Jean-Jacques&rft.date=2005-09-01&rft.issn=0079-6107&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=93&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.pbiomolbio.2004.11.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15826673&rft.externalDocID=15826673
thumbnail_l	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0079-6107&client=summon
thumbnail_m	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0079-6107&client=summon
thumbnail_s	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0079-6107&client=summon