The social patterning of vicarious discrimination: Implications for health equity
Most research on discrimination and health operationalizes discrimination as direct individual experiences. Here, we examine the social patterning of vicarious discrimination, an important but largely overlooked dimension of discrimination. Drawing on community-based participatory research with a mu...
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| Published in: | Social science & medicine (1982) Vol. 332; p. 116104 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier Ltd
01.09.2023
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| ISSN: | 0277-9536, 1873-5347, 1873-5347 |
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| Abstract | Most research on discrimination and health operationalizes discrimination as direct individual experiences. Here, we examine the social patterning of vicarious discrimination, an important but largely overlooked dimension of discrimination.
Drawing on community-based participatory research with a multi-stage probability sample (n = 178) of African Americans in Tallahassee, Florida, we measured vicarious discrimination, or exposure to discrimination through one's family and friends. We used chi-square tests to examine gender differences in the social domains and relational sources of vicarious discrimination. Negative binomial regression models were fit to identify predictors of exposure to vicarious discrimination.
Vicarious discrimination is more prevalent than direct experiences of discrimination (73 versus 61%) and more than 20% of participants report vicarious discrimination in the absence of direct discrimination. For women, vicarious discrimination most often involved the workplace; for men, police. However, gender differences are smaller for vicarious versus direct discrimination. Close friends and children were top relational sources of vicarious discrimination for men and women, respectively. Middle-aged participants reported the most vicarious discrimination.
Overall, our data show that vicarious discrimination is more common than widely understood and associated with individual-level sociodemographic characteristics that index one's position in broader social systems. The prevalence of vicarious discrimination in the absence of direct discrimination suggests that standard approaches, which measure individual exposures in isolation, are subject to misclassification bias. Our results imply that existing research on discrimination and health, which already demonstrates substantial harm, underestimates African Americans' true exposures to salient aspects of discrimination.
•Discrimination is associated with worse health outcomes.•Most studies of discrimination omit vicarious exposures to discrimination.•Twenty percent of participants reported vicarious but no direct discrimination.•Exposure to discrimination is underestimated in the health equity literature.•Future studies should account for exposure to vicarious discrimination. |
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| AbstractList | Most research on discrimination and health operationalizes discrimination as direct individual experiences. Here, we examine the social patterning of vicarious discrimination, an important but largely overlooked dimension of discrimination.
Drawing on community-based participatory research with a multi-stage probability sample (n = 178) of African Americans in Tallahassee, Florida, we measured vicarious discrimination, or exposure to discrimination through one's family and friends. We used chi-square tests to examine gender differences in the social domains and relational sources of vicarious discrimination. Negative binomial regression models were fit to identify predictors of exposure to vicarious discrimination.
Vicarious discrimination is more prevalent than direct experiences of discrimination (73 versus 61%) and more than 20% of participants report vicarious discrimination in the absence of direct discrimination. For women, vicarious discrimination most often involved the workplace; for men, police. However, gender differences are smaller for vicarious versus direct discrimination. Close friends and children were top relational sources of vicarious discrimination for men and women, respectively. Middle-aged participants reported the most vicarious discrimination.
Overall, our data show that vicarious discrimination is more common than widely understood and associated with individual-level sociodemographic characteristics that index one's position in broader social systems. The prevalence of vicarious discrimination in the absence of direct discrimination suggests that standard approaches, which measure individual exposures in isolation, are subject to misclassification bias. Our results imply that existing research on discrimination and health, which already demonstrates substantial harm, underestimates African Americans' true exposures to salient aspects of discrimination.
•Discrimination is associated with worse health outcomes.•Most studies of discrimination omit vicarious exposures to discrimination.•Twenty percent of participants reported vicarious but no direct discrimination.•Exposure to discrimination is underestimated in the health equity literature.•Future studies should account for exposure to vicarious discrimination. Most research on discrimination and health operationalizes discrimination as direct individual experiences. Here, we examine the social patterning of vicarious discrimination, an important but largely overlooked dimension of discrimination. Drawing on community-based participatory research with a multi-stage probability sample (n = 178) of African Americans in Tallahassee, Florida, we measured vicarious discrimination, or exposure to discrimination through one's family and friends. We used chi-square tests to examine gender differences in the social domains and relational sources of vicarious discrimination. Negative binomial regression models were fit to identify predictors of exposure to vicarious discrimination. Vicarious discrimination is more prevalent than direct experiences of discrimination (73 versus 61%) and more than 20% of participants report vicarious discrimination in the absence of direct discrimination. For women, vicarious discrimination most often involved the workplace; for men, police. However, gender differences are smaller for vicarious versus direct discrimination. Close friends and children were top relational sources of vicarious discrimination for men and women, respectively. Middle-aged participants reported the most vicarious discrimination. Overall, our data show that vicarious discrimination is more common than widely understood and associated with individual-level sociodemographic characteristics that index one's position in broader social systems. The prevalence of vicarious discrimination in the absence of direct discrimination suggests that standard approaches, which measure individual exposures in isolation, are subject to misclassification bias. Our results imply that existing research on discrimination and health, which already demonstrates substantial harm, underestimates African Americans' true exposures to salient aspects of discrimination. Most research on discrimination and health operationalizes discrimination as direct individual experiences. Here, we examine the social patterning of vicarious discrimination, an important but largely overlooked dimension of discrimination.BACKGROUNDMost research on discrimination and health operationalizes discrimination as direct individual experiences. Here, we examine the social patterning of vicarious discrimination, an important but largely overlooked dimension of discrimination.Drawing on community-based participatory research with a multi-stage probability sample (n = 178) of African Americans in Tallahassee, Florida, we measured vicarious discrimination, or exposure to discrimination through one's family and friends. We used chi-square tests to examine gender differences in the social domains and relational sources of vicarious discrimination. Negative binomial regression models were fit to identify predictors of exposure to vicarious discrimination.METHODSDrawing on community-based participatory research with a multi-stage probability sample (n = 178) of African Americans in Tallahassee, Florida, we measured vicarious discrimination, or exposure to discrimination through one's family and friends. We used chi-square tests to examine gender differences in the social domains and relational sources of vicarious discrimination. Negative binomial regression models were fit to identify predictors of exposure to vicarious discrimination.Vicarious discrimination is more prevalent than direct experiences of discrimination (73 versus 61%) and more than 20% of participants report vicarious discrimination in the absence of direct discrimination. For women, vicarious discrimination most often involved the workplace; for men, police. However, gender differences are smaller for vicarious versus direct discrimination. Close friends and children were top relational sources of vicarious discrimination for men and women, respectively. Middle-aged participants reported the most vicarious discrimination.RESULTSVicarious discrimination is more prevalent than direct experiences of discrimination (73 versus 61%) and more than 20% of participants report vicarious discrimination in the absence of direct discrimination. For women, vicarious discrimination most often involved the workplace; for men, police. However, gender differences are smaller for vicarious versus direct discrimination. Close friends and children were top relational sources of vicarious discrimination for men and women, respectively. Middle-aged participants reported the most vicarious discrimination.Overall, our data show that vicarious discrimination is more common than widely understood and associated with individual-level sociodemographic characteristics that index one's position in broader social systems. The prevalence of vicarious discrimination in the absence of direct discrimination suggests that standard approaches, which measure individual exposures in isolation, are subject to misclassification bias. Our results imply that existing research on discrimination and health, which already demonstrates substantial harm, underestimates African Americans' true exposures to salient aspects of discrimination.CONCLUSIONSOverall, our data show that vicarious discrimination is more common than widely understood and associated with individual-level sociodemographic characteristics that index one's position in broader social systems. The prevalence of vicarious discrimination in the absence of direct discrimination suggests that standard approaches, which measure individual exposures in isolation, are subject to misclassification bias. Our results imply that existing research on discrimination and health, which already demonstrates substantial harm, underestimates African Americans' true exposures to salient aspects of discrimination. |
| ArticleNumber | 116104 |
| Author | Mulligan, Connie J. Committee, HEAT Steering Boston, P. Qasimah Quinn, Edward B. Ross, Jessica D. Gravlee, Clarence C. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Edward B. orcidid: 0000-0002-0199-4938 surname: Quinn fullname: Quinn, Edward B. email: edwardquinn@ufl.edu organization: Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Jessica D. surname: Ross fullname: Ross, Jessica D. organization: Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: P. Qasimah orcidid: 0000-0002-5900-4394 surname: Boston fullname: Boston, P. Qasimah organization: Tallahassee Food Network, Institute of Public Health, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: HEAT Steering surname: Committee fullname: Committee, HEAT Steering organization: Health Equity Alliance of Tallahassee Steering Committee, Tallahassee, FL, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Connie J. orcidid: 0000-0002-4360-2402 surname: Mulligan fullname: Mulligan, Connie J. organization: Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA – sequence: 6 givenname: Clarence C. orcidid: 0000-0002-0913-2320 surname: Gravlee fullname: Gravlee, Clarence C. organization: Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37517313$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Keywords | Vicarious discrimination Health equity Discrimination Racism Health inequalities |
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| Title | The social patterning of vicarious discrimination: Implications for health equity |
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