The social patterning of vicarious discrimination: Implications for health equity
Most research on discrimination and health operationalizes discrimination as direct individual experiences. Here, we examine the social patterning of vicarious discrimination, an important but largely overlooked dimension of discrimination. Drawing on community-based participatory research with a mu...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | Social science & medicine (1982) Jg. 332; S. 116104 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
England
Elsevier Ltd
01.09.2023
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| ISSN: | 0277-9536, 1873-5347, 1873-5347 |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| Abstract | Most research on discrimination and health operationalizes discrimination as direct individual experiences. Here, we examine the social patterning of vicarious discrimination, an important but largely overlooked dimension of discrimination.
Drawing on community-based participatory research with a multi-stage probability sample (n = 178) of African Americans in Tallahassee, Florida, we measured vicarious discrimination, or exposure to discrimination through one's family and friends. We used chi-square tests to examine gender differences in the social domains and relational sources of vicarious discrimination. Negative binomial regression models were fit to identify predictors of exposure to vicarious discrimination.
Vicarious discrimination is more prevalent than direct experiences of discrimination (73 versus 61%) and more than 20% of participants report vicarious discrimination in the absence of direct discrimination. For women, vicarious discrimination most often involved the workplace; for men, police. However, gender differences are smaller for vicarious versus direct discrimination. Close friends and children were top relational sources of vicarious discrimination for men and women, respectively. Middle-aged participants reported the most vicarious discrimination.
Overall, our data show that vicarious discrimination is more common than widely understood and associated with individual-level sociodemographic characteristics that index one's position in broader social systems. The prevalence of vicarious discrimination in the absence of direct discrimination suggests that standard approaches, which measure individual exposures in isolation, are subject to misclassification bias. Our results imply that existing research on discrimination and health, which already demonstrates substantial harm, underestimates African Americans' true exposures to salient aspects of discrimination.
•Discrimination is associated with worse health outcomes.•Most studies of discrimination omit vicarious exposures to discrimination.•Twenty percent of participants reported vicarious but no direct discrimination.•Exposure to discrimination is underestimated in the health equity literature.•Future studies should account for exposure to vicarious discrimination. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Most research on discrimination and health operationalizes discrimination as direct individual experiences. Here, we examine the social patterning of vicarious discrimination, an important but largely overlooked dimension of discrimination.
Drawing on community-based participatory research with a multi-stage probability sample (n = 178) of African Americans in Tallahassee, Florida, we measured vicarious discrimination, or exposure to discrimination through one's family and friends. We used chi-square tests to examine gender differences in the social domains and relational sources of vicarious discrimination. Negative binomial regression models were fit to identify predictors of exposure to vicarious discrimination.
Vicarious discrimination is more prevalent than direct experiences of discrimination (73 versus 61%) and more than 20% of participants report vicarious discrimination in the absence of direct discrimination. For women, vicarious discrimination most often involved the workplace; for men, police. However, gender differences are smaller for vicarious versus direct discrimination. Close friends and children were top relational sources of vicarious discrimination for men and women, respectively. Middle-aged participants reported the most vicarious discrimination.
Overall, our data show that vicarious discrimination is more common than widely understood and associated with individual-level sociodemographic characteristics that index one's position in broader social systems. The prevalence of vicarious discrimination in the absence of direct discrimination suggests that standard approaches, which measure individual exposures in isolation, are subject to misclassification bias. Our results imply that existing research on discrimination and health, which already demonstrates substantial harm, underestimates African Americans' true exposures to salient aspects of discrimination.
•Discrimination is associated with worse health outcomes.•Most studies of discrimination omit vicarious exposures to discrimination.•Twenty percent of participants reported vicarious but no direct discrimination.•Exposure to discrimination is underestimated in the health equity literature.•Future studies should account for exposure to vicarious discrimination. Most research on discrimination and health operationalizes discrimination as direct individual experiences. Here, we examine the social patterning of vicarious discrimination, an important but largely overlooked dimension of discrimination. Drawing on community-based participatory research with a multi-stage probability sample (n = 178) of African Americans in Tallahassee, Florida, we measured vicarious discrimination, or exposure to discrimination through one's family and friends. We used chi-square tests to examine gender differences in the social domains and relational sources of vicarious discrimination. Negative binomial regression models were fit to identify predictors of exposure to vicarious discrimination. Vicarious discrimination is more prevalent than direct experiences of discrimination (73 versus 61%) and more than 20% of participants report vicarious discrimination in the absence of direct discrimination. For women, vicarious discrimination most often involved the workplace; for men, police. However, gender differences are smaller for vicarious versus direct discrimination. Close friends and children were top relational sources of vicarious discrimination for men and women, respectively. Middle-aged participants reported the most vicarious discrimination. Overall, our data show that vicarious discrimination is more common than widely understood and associated with individual-level sociodemographic characteristics that index one's position in broader social systems. The prevalence of vicarious discrimination in the absence of direct discrimination suggests that standard approaches, which measure individual exposures in isolation, are subject to misclassification bias. Our results imply that existing research on discrimination and health, which already demonstrates substantial harm, underestimates African Americans' true exposures to salient aspects of discrimination. Most research on discrimination and health operationalizes discrimination as direct individual experiences. Here, we examine the social patterning of vicarious discrimination, an important but largely overlooked dimension of discrimination.BACKGROUNDMost research on discrimination and health operationalizes discrimination as direct individual experiences. Here, we examine the social patterning of vicarious discrimination, an important but largely overlooked dimension of discrimination.Drawing on community-based participatory research with a multi-stage probability sample (n = 178) of African Americans in Tallahassee, Florida, we measured vicarious discrimination, or exposure to discrimination through one's family and friends. We used chi-square tests to examine gender differences in the social domains and relational sources of vicarious discrimination. Negative binomial regression models were fit to identify predictors of exposure to vicarious discrimination.METHODSDrawing on community-based participatory research with a multi-stage probability sample (n = 178) of African Americans in Tallahassee, Florida, we measured vicarious discrimination, or exposure to discrimination through one's family and friends. We used chi-square tests to examine gender differences in the social domains and relational sources of vicarious discrimination. Negative binomial regression models were fit to identify predictors of exposure to vicarious discrimination.Vicarious discrimination is more prevalent than direct experiences of discrimination (73 versus 61%) and more than 20% of participants report vicarious discrimination in the absence of direct discrimination. For women, vicarious discrimination most often involved the workplace; for men, police. However, gender differences are smaller for vicarious versus direct discrimination. Close friends and children were top relational sources of vicarious discrimination for men and women, respectively. Middle-aged participants reported the most vicarious discrimination.RESULTSVicarious discrimination is more prevalent than direct experiences of discrimination (73 versus 61%) and more than 20% of participants report vicarious discrimination in the absence of direct discrimination. For women, vicarious discrimination most often involved the workplace; for men, police. However, gender differences are smaller for vicarious versus direct discrimination. Close friends and children were top relational sources of vicarious discrimination for men and women, respectively. Middle-aged participants reported the most vicarious discrimination.Overall, our data show that vicarious discrimination is more common than widely understood and associated with individual-level sociodemographic characteristics that index one's position in broader social systems. The prevalence of vicarious discrimination in the absence of direct discrimination suggests that standard approaches, which measure individual exposures in isolation, are subject to misclassification bias. Our results imply that existing research on discrimination and health, which already demonstrates substantial harm, underestimates African Americans' true exposures to salient aspects of discrimination.CONCLUSIONSOverall, our data show that vicarious discrimination is more common than widely understood and associated with individual-level sociodemographic characteristics that index one's position in broader social systems. The prevalence of vicarious discrimination in the absence of direct discrimination suggests that standard approaches, which measure individual exposures in isolation, are subject to misclassification bias. Our results imply that existing research on discrimination and health, which already demonstrates substantial harm, underestimates African Americans' true exposures to salient aspects of discrimination. |
| ArticleNumber | 116104 |
| Author | Mulligan, Connie J. Committee, HEAT Steering Boston, P. Qasimah Quinn, Edward B. Ross, Jessica D. Gravlee, Clarence C. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Edward B. orcidid: 0000-0002-0199-4938 surname: Quinn fullname: Quinn, Edward B. email: edwardquinn@ufl.edu organization: Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Jessica D. surname: Ross fullname: Ross, Jessica D. organization: Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: P. Qasimah orcidid: 0000-0002-5900-4394 surname: Boston fullname: Boston, P. Qasimah organization: Tallahassee Food Network, Institute of Public Health, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: HEAT Steering surname: Committee fullname: Committee, HEAT Steering organization: Health Equity Alliance of Tallahassee Steering Committee, Tallahassee, FL, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Connie J. orcidid: 0000-0002-4360-2402 surname: Mulligan fullname: Mulligan, Connie J. organization: Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA – sequence: 6 givenname: Clarence C. orcidid: 0000-0002-0913-2320 surname: Gravlee fullname: Gravlee, Clarence C. organization: Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37517313$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNqNkE1LAzEQhoMoWj_-guboZWtms7vZFTyI-AWCCPUckuysTdluapIK_femVnvwoqchzPO-TJ5Dsju4AQk5AzYGBtXFbBycCcbOsR3nLOdjgApYsUNGUAuelbwQu2TEciGypuTVATkMYcYYA1bzfXLARQmCAx-Rl8kUaeqyqqcLFSP6wQ5v1HX0wxrlrVsG2tpgvJ3bQUXrhkv6OF_0abl-BNo5T6eo-jil-L60cXVM9jrVBzz5nkfk9e52cvOQPT3fP95cP2WGC4hZrYTRugQNNercFMaopsWiyduaq7wyTdcxlkOtQZcaKy1qEEY0uhVF4pXiR-R807vw7n2JIcp5uhP7Xg2YrpZ5XRSsSR08oaff6FInY3KRfqP8Sv5oSIDYAMa7EDx2WwSYXAuXM7kVLtfC5UZ4Sl79Shobv9REr2z_j_z1Jo9J1YdFLxOEg8HWejRRts7-2fEJqPCjLQ |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jad_2024_06_082 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socscimed_2025_118367 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12939_024_02133_3 crossref_primary_10_1177_07311214241264830 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scs_2025_106416 crossref_primary_10_1177_21568693241271289 crossref_primary_10_1002_jts_23130 crossref_primary_10_1111_inr_70021 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_76795_y crossref_primary_10_1080_29933021_2024_2305461 crossref_primary_10_1097_HRP_0000000000000436 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112487 10.1002/jcop.20221 10.1002/smi.3047 10.1007/s10995-020-03003-4 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101218 10.1521/jscp.2016.35.10.840 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043750 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114266 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300666 10.2190/HS.44.4.b 10.1371/journal.pone.0210698 10.1177/01902725221079279 10.1177/0022146519887347 10.1111/1475-6773.13976 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.018 10.1177/0022146518811144 10.1073/pnas.1702413114 10.1017/S1742058X15000065 10.1037/0278-6133.27.2.194 10.1371/journal.pone.0167700 10.2307/2676349 10.1023/A:1011349115711 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115247 10.1007/s10995-008-0357-x 10.1080/09518398.2017.1379622 10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.01.011 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31130-9 10.1177/2153368716661849 10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145508 10.1002/ajpa.24362 10.1080/09518398.2015.1023234 10.1037/1099-9809.12.3.477 10.1177/0146167211429450 10.1371/journal.pone.0188709 10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053403 10.1037/a0031160 10.1177/135910539700200305 10.2105/AJPH.2006.088799 10.1080/13557858.2017.1346785 10.1037/cdp0000138 10.1371/journal.pone.0138511 10.1177/00333549211018675 10.1037/h0087722 10.2307/2136956 10.1177/1948550617746218 10.1146/annurev-soc-090820-025827 10.1073/pnas.1821204116 10.1007/s10902-022-00532-3 10.1007/s40615-019-00606-8 10.1177/2378023119842728 10.1073/pnas.1922025117 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302184 10.13110/humanbiology.87.4.0295 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300523 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2023 Elsevier Ltd Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2023 Elsevier Ltd – notice: Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION NPM 7X8 |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef PubMed MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef PubMed MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | PubMed MEDLINE - Academic |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: 7X8 name: MEDLINE - Academic url: https://search.proquest.com/medline sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Medicine Public Health Social Sciences (General) |
| EISSN | 1873-5347 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 37517313 10_1016_j_socscimed_2023_116104 S0277953623004616 |
| Genre | Journal Article |
| GroupedDBID | --- --K --M -DZ -~X .GJ .~1 07C 0R~ 123 1B1 1RT 1~. 1~5 4.4 457 4G. 53G 5RE 5VS 6PF 7-5 71M 85S 8P~ 9JM 9JO AABNK AACTN AADFP AAEDT AAEDW AAFJI AAGJA AAGUQ AAIKJ AAKOC AALRI AAOAW AAQFI AAQQT AAWTL AAXKI AAXUO ABBQC ABFNM ABIVO ABJNI ABMAC ABMMH ABMZM ABOCM ABOYX ABPPZ ABTAH ABXDB ACDAQ ACGFO ACGFS ACHQT ACRLP ACXNI ADBBV ADEZE AEBSH AEKER AENEX AFFNX AFJKZ AFKWA AFTJW AFXIZ AGHFR AGUBO AGYEJ AHHHB AHMBA AIEXJ AIKHN AITUG AJOXV AJRQY AKRWK ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AMFUW AMRAJ ANZVX AOMHK ASPBG AVARZ AVWKF AXJTR AZFZN BKOJK BKOMP BLXMC BNPGV CS3 DU5 EBS EFJIC EJD EO8 EO9 EP2 EP3 F5P FDB FEDTE FGOYB FIRID FNPLU FYGXN G-2 G-Q GBLVA HEH HMK HMO HMY HVGLF HZ~ IH2 IHE J1W K-O KOM L7B M29 M3W M3Y M41 MO0 MVM N9A NHB O-L O9- OAUVE OHT OKEIE OZT P-8 P-9 P2P PC. PQQKQ PRBVW Q38 R2- RIG ROL RPZ RXW SAE SCC SDF SDG SDP SES SEW SPCBC SSB SSH SSO SSS SSY SSZ T5K TAE TN5 UHB UQL WH7 WUQ X7L XJT XPP YHZ ZCA ZGI ZY4 ~G- 9DU AATTM AAYWO AAYXX ACIEU ACLOT ACVFH ADCNI ADXHL AEIPS AEUPX AFPUW AIGII AIIUN AKBMS AKYEP ANKPU APXCP CITATION EFKBS EFLBG ~HD NPM PKN 7X8 |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c371t-8a7cbb51b18eb2c4cca9de492d83a26c9ff00218b1b5be6b7817c79bd74eb2aa3 |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 16 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=001058510200001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 0277-9536 1873-5347 |
| IngestDate | Sat Sep 27 16:11:06 EDT 2025 Wed Feb 19 02:23:02 EST 2025 Tue Nov 18 20:57:17 EST 2025 Sat Nov 29 07:23:05 EST 2025 Tue Dec 03 05:39:36 EST 2024 |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Keywords | Vicarious discrimination Health equity Discrimination Racism Health inequalities |
| Language | English |
| License | Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
| LinkModel | OpenURL |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c371t-8a7cbb51b18eb2c4cca9de492d83a26c9ff00218b1b5be6b7817c79bd74eb2aa3 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-5900-4394 0000-0002-0199-4938 0000-0002-4360-2402 0000-0002-0913-2320 |
| PMID | 37517313 |
| PQID | 2844090023 |
| PQPubID | 23479 |
| ParticipantIDs | proquest_miscellaneous_2844090023 pubmed_primary_37517313 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socscimed_2023_116104 crossref_citationtrail_10_1016_j_socscimed_2023_116104 elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_socscimed_2023_116104 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | September 2023 2023-09-00 2023-Sep 20230901 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2023-09-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 09 year: 2023 text: September 2023 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | England |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: England |
| PublicationTitle | Social science & medicine (1982) |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Soc Sci Med |
| PublicationYear | 2023 |
| Publisher | Elsevier Ltd |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Elsevier Ltd |
| References | Crenshaw (bib12) 1989 Nuru-Jeter, Dominguez, Hammond, Leu, Skaff, Egerter, Jones, Braveman (bib46) 2009; 13 Quinlan, Pearson, Clukay, Mitchell, Boston, Gravlee, Mulligan (bib4) 2016; 11 Cheadle, Goosby, Jochman, Tomaso, Kozikowski Yancey, Nelson (bib10) 2020; 117 Braveman, Egerter, Williams (bib7) 2011; 32 Colen, Li, Reczek, Williams (bib11) 2019; 60 Daniels, Valdez, Chae, Allen (bib14) 2020; 24 Fuller, Gravlee, McCarty, Mitchell, Mulligan (bib5) 2021; 176 Taylor, Miller, Mouzon, Keith, Chatters (bib59) 2018; 8 Trail, Goff, Bradbury, Karney (bib61) 2012; 38 Heard-Garris, Cale, Camaj, Hamati, Dominguez (bib24) 2018; 199 Cuevas, Boen (bib13) 2021; 37 Hilbe (bib26) 2014 Gary (bib19) 1995; 19 Goosby, Cheadle, Mitchell (bib21) 2018; 44 Wofford, Defever, Chopik (bib66) 2019; 10 Davis (bib15) 2019 Paradies, Ben, Denson, Elias, Priest, Pieterse, Gupta, Kelaher, Gee (bib48) 2015; 10 McFarland, Taylor, McFarland, Friedman (bib39) 2018; 59 Martz, Allen, Fuller-Rowell, Spears, Lim, Drenkard, Chung, Hunter, Chae (bib37) 2019; 6 Voigt, Camp, Prabhakaran, Hamilton, Hetey, Griffiths, Jurgens, Jurafsky, Eberhardt (bib63) 2017; 114 Pérez, Fortuna, Alegria (bib50) 2008; 36 Reskin (bib51) 2012; 38 DiAquoi (bib16) 2018; 31 Harrell (bib22) 2000; 70 Topel, Kelli, Lewis, Dunbar, Vaccarino, Taylor, Quyyumi (bib60) 2018; 28 Sewell, Feldman, Ray, Gilbert, Jefferson, Lee (bib54) 2020 (bib44) 2017 Chae, Yip, Martz, Chung, Richeson, Hajat, Curtis, Rogers, LaVeist (bib8) 2021; 136 Pearlin (bib49) 1989; 30 Offer (bib47) 2021; 47 Edwards, Lee, Esposito (bib18) 2019; 116 Hatzenbuehler, Keyes, Hamilton, Uddin, Galea (bib23) 2015; 105 Williams, Lawrence, Davis (bib64) 2019; 40 Rosette, Ponce de Leon, Koval, Harrison (bib52) 2018; 38 Dominguez, Dunkel-Schetter, Glynn, Hobel, Sandman (bib17) 2008; 27 Lee, Perez, Boykin, Mendoza-Denton (bib35) 2019; 14 Hilmert, Dominguez, Schetter, Srinivas, Glynn, Hobel, Sandman (bib27) 2014; 33 Kessler, Mickelson, Williams (bib32) 1999; 40 Taylor, Forsythe-Brown, Mouzon, Keith, Chae, Chatters (bib58) 2019; 24 Boulter, Quinlan, Miró-Herrans, Pearson, Todd, Steering Committee, Gravlee, Mulligan (bib3) 2015; 87 Heldreth, Guardino, Wong, Schetter, Shapiro, Schafer, Shalowitz, Lanzi, Thorp, Raju, Community Child Health Network (Cchn) (bib25) 2016; 35 Williams, Yan, Jackson, Anderson (bib65) 1997; 2 Holloway, Varner (bib28) 2023; 316 Alexander (bib1) 2012 Chantarat, Van Riper, Hardeman (bib9) 2022; 57 Moody, Browning, Hossain, Clay (bib40) 2022 Truong, Museus, McGuire (bib62) 2016; 29 Bor, Venkataramani, Williams, Tsai (bib6) 2018; 392 Lee, McCormick, Hicken, Wildeman (bib34) 2015; 12 (bib53) 2021 Shan, Gerstenberger (bib55) 2017; 12 Jochman, Cheadle, Goosby, Tomaso, Kozikowski, Nelson (bib31) 2019; 5 Huynh, Huynh, Stein (bib29) 2017; 23 McFarland, Geller, McFarland (bib38) 2019; 238 Sweet, McDade, Kiefe, Liu (bib57) 2007; 97 Moody, Lewis (bib41) 2022 Krieger (bib33) 2014; 44 Jackson, Phillips, Hogue, Curry-Owens (bib30) 2001; 5 Neblett (bib45) 2023; 316 Gee, Walsemann, Brondolo (bib20) 2012; 102 Alvarez, Juang, Liang (bib2) 2006; 12 Moody, Thomas Tobin, Erving (bib42) 2022 Moody (bib43) 2022 Sims, Diez-Roux, Dudley, Gebreab, Wyatt, Bruce, James, Robinson, Williams, Taylor (bib56) 2012; 102 Louie, Upenieks (bib36) 2022 Rosette (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib52) 2018; 38 Hilmert (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib27) 2014; 33 Shan (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib55) 2017; 12 Boulter (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib3) 2015; 87 Paradies (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib48) 2015; 10 Moody (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib42) 2022 Topel (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib60) 2018; 28 Gary (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib19) 1995; 19 Bor (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib6) 2018; 392 McFarland (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib39) 2018; 59 Nuru-Jeter (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib46) 2009; 13 Colen (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib11) 2019; 60 Truong (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib62) 2016; 29 (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib44) 2017 Moody (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib43) 2022 Pérez (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib50) 2008; 36 Fuller (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib5) 2021; 176 Cheadle (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib10) 2020; 117 Heldreth (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib25) 2016; 35 Harrell (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib22) 2000; 70 Martz (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib37) 2019; 6 Davis (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib15) 2019 Crenshaw (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib12) 1989 Lee (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib35) 2019; 14 Moody (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib41) 2022 Gee (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib20) 2012; 102 Alvarez (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib2) 2006; 12 Cuevas (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib13) 2021; 37 Trail (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib61) 2012; 38 Daniels (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib14) 2020; 24 Alexander (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib1) 2012 Goosby (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib21) 2018; 44 Pearlin (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib49) 1989; 30 Jackson (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib30) 2001; 5 Edwards (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib18) 2019; 116 McFarland (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib38) 2019; 238 Kessler (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib32) 1999; 40 Quinlan (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib4) 2016; 11 Neblett (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib45) 2023; 316 Wofford (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib66) 2019; 10 Krieger (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib33) 2014; 44 Louie (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib36) 2022 Huynh (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib29) 2017; 23 Hatzenbuehler (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib23) 2015; 105 Voigt (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib63) 2017; 114 Moody (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib40) 2022 (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib53) 2021 Dominguez (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib17) 2008; 27 Reskin (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib51) 2012; 38 Lee (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib34) 2015; 12 Chantarat (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib9) 2022; 57 Williams (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib64) 2019; 40 Sweet (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib57) 2007; 97 Williams (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib65) 1997; 2 Sewell (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib54) 2020 Holloway (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib28) 2023; 316 Jochman (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib31) 2019; 5 DiAquoi (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib16) 2018; 31 Offer (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib47) 2021; 47 Sims (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib56) 2012; 102 Braveman (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib7) 2011; 32 Hilbe (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib26) 2014 Taylor (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib58) 2019; 24 Taylor (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib59) 2018; 8 Chae (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib8) 2021; 136 Heard-Garris (10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib24) 2018; 199 |
| References_xml | – volume: 12 start-page: 477 year: 2006 end-page: 492 ident: bib2 article-title: Asian Americans and racism: when bad things happen to “model minorities publication-title: Cult. Divers Ethnic Minor. Psychol. – volume: 60 start-page: 474 year: 2019 end-page: 492 ident: bib11 article-title: The intergenerational transmission of discrimination: children's experiences of unfair treatment and their mothers' health at midlife publication-title: J. Health Soc. Behav. – volume: 36 start-page: 421 year: 2008 end-page: 433 ident: bib50 article-title: Prevalence and correlates of everyday discrimination among U.S. Latinos publication-title: J. Community Psychol. – volume: 11 year: 2016 ident: bib4 article-title: Genetic Loci and Novel Discrimination Measures Associated with Blood Pressure Variation in African Americans Living in Tallahassee publication-title: Plos One – volume: 31 start-page: 36 year: 2018 end-page: 54 ident: bib16 article-title: Critical race life course perspective theory: a framework for understanding racism over the life course publication-title: Int. J. Qual. Stud. Educ. – volume: 97 start-page: 2253 year: 2007 end-page: 2259 ident: bib57 article-title: Relationships between skin color, income, and blood pressure among African Americans in the CARDIA Study publication-title: Am. J. Publ. Health – volume: 117 start-page: 31053 year: 2020 end-page: 31062 ident: bib10 article-title: Race and ethnic variation in college students' allostatic regulation of racism-related stress publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. – year: 2021 ident: bib53 article-title: R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing – volume: 10 start-page: 121 year: 2019 end-page: 130 ident: bib66 article-title: The vicarious effects of discrimination: how partner experiences of discrimination affect individual health publication-title: Soc. Psychol. Personal. Sci. – volume: 24 start-page: 1387 year: 2020 end-page: 1395 ident: bib14 article-title: Direct and vicarious racial discrimination at three life stages and preterm labor: results from the african American women's Heart & health study publication-title: Matern. Child Health J. – volume: 102 start-page: S258 year: 2012 end-page: S265 ident: bib56 article-title: Perceived discrimination and hypertension among african Americans in the jackson Heart study publication-title: Am. J. Publ. Health – year: 1989 ident: bib12 article-title: Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory, and antiracist politics publication-title: Feminist Legal Theory – volume: 114 start-page: 6521 year: 2017 end-page: 6526 ident: bib63 article-title: Language from police body camera footage shows racial disparities in officer respect publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. – volume: 13 start-page: 29 year: 2009 end-page: 39 ident: bib46 article-title: “It's the skin you’re in”: african-American women talk about their experiences of racism. an exploratory study to develop measures of racism for birth outcome studies publication-title: Matern. Child Health J. – volume: 14 year: 2019 ident: bib35 article-title: On the prevalence of racial discrimination in the United States publication-title: PLoS One – volume: 30 start-page: 241 year: 1989 end-page: 256 ident: bib49 article-title: The sociological study of stress publication-title: J. Health Soc. Behav. – year: 2014 ident: bib26 article-title: Modeling Count Data – year: 2022 ident: bib43 article-title: Vicarious experiences of major discrimination and the life satisfaction of black and white adults from a community sample publication-title: J. Happiness Stud. – volume: 38 start-page: 17 year: 2012 end-page: 35 ident: bib51 article-title: The race discrimination system publication-title: Annu. Rev. Sociol. – volume: 35 start-page: 840 year: 2016 end-page: 864 ident: bib25 article-title: Childhood racism experiences and postpartum depressive symptoms in african american mothers publication-title: J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. – volume: 24 start-page: 463 year: 2019 end-page: 483 ident: bib58 article-title: Prevalence and correlates of everyday discrimination among black Caribbeans in the United States: the impact of nativity and country of origin publication-title: Ethn. Health – volume: 12 year: 2017 ident: bib55 article-title: Fisher's exact approach for post hoc analysis of a chi-squared test publication-title: PLoS One – volume: 10 year: 2015 ident: bib48 article-title: Racism as a determinant of health: a systematic review and meta-analysis publication-title: PLoS One – year: 2022 ident: bib36 article-title: Vicarious discrimination, psychosocial resources, and mental health among black Americans publication-title: Soc. Psychol. Q. – volume: 27 start-page: 194 year: 2008 end-page: 203 ident: bib17 article-title: Racial differences in birth outcomes: the role of general, pregnancy, and racism stress publication-title: Health Psychol. – volume: 316 year: 2023 ident: bib45 article-title: Racism measurement and influences, variations on scientific racism, and a vision publication-title: Soc. Sci. Med. – volume: 57 start-page: 448 year: 2022 end-page: 457 ident: bib9 article-title: Multidimensional structural racism predicts birth outcomes for Black and White Minnesotans publication-title: Health Serv. Res. – volume: 70 start-page: 42 year: 2000 end-page: 57 ident: bib22 article-title: A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: implications for the well-being of people of color publication-title: Am. J. Orthopsychiatry – year: 2017 ident: bib44 article-title: Discrimination in America: Experiences and Views on Affects of Discrimination across Major Population Groups in the United States – volume: 38 start-page: 1 year: 2018 end-page: 22 ident: bib52 article-title: Intersectionality: connecting experiences of gender with race at work publication-title: Res. Organ. Behav. – volume: 44 start-page: 643 year: 2014 end-page: 710 ident: bib33 article-title: Discrimination and health inequities publication-title: Int. J. Health Serv.: Planning, Administration, Evaluation – volume: 238 year: 2019 ident: bib38 article-title: Police contact and health among urban adolescents: the role of perceived injustice publication-title: Soc. Sci. Med. – volume: 40 start-page: 208 year: 1999 end-page: 230 ident: bib32 article-title: The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States publication-title: J. Health Soc. Behav. – volume: 316 year: 2023 ident: bib28 article-title: Forms and frequency of vicarious racial discrimination and African American parents' health publication-title: Soc. Sci. Med. – year: 2022 ident: bib42 article-title: Vicarious Experiences of Major Discrimination and Psychological Distress Among Black Men and Women – volume: 102 start-page: 967 year: 2012 end-page: 974 ident: bib20 article-title: A life course perspective on how racism may be related to health inequities publication-title: Am. J. Publ. Health – volume: 5 year: 2019 ident: bib31 article-title: Mental health outcomes of discrimination among college students on a predominately white campus: a prospective study publication-title: Socius : Sociological Research for a Dynamic World – volume: 38 start-page: 454 year: 2012 end-page: 465 ident: bib61 article-title: The costs of racism for marriage: how racial discrimination hurts, and ethnic identity protects, newlywed marriages among Latinos publication-title: Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. – volume: 44 start-page: 319 year: 2018 end-page: 340 ident: bib21 article-title: Stress-related biosocial mechanisms of discrimination and african American health inequities publication-title: Annu. Rev. Sociol. – volume: 2 start-page: 335 year: 1997 end-page: 351 ident: bib65 article-title: Racial differences in physical and mental health: socio-economic status, stress and discrimination publication-title: J. Health Psychol. – year: 2019 ident: bib15 article-title: Reproductive Injustice: Racism, Pregnancy, and Premature Birth – volume: 136 start-page: 508 year: 2021 end-page: 517 ident: bib8 article-title: Vicarious racism and vigilance during the COVID-19 pandemic: mental health implications among asian and black Americans publication-title: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. – volume: 176 start-page: 572 year: 2021 end-page: 583 ident: bib5 article-title: Stressful social environment and financial strain drive depressive symptoms, and reveal the effects of a FKBP5 variant and male sex, in African Americans living in Tallahassee publication-title: American Journal of Physical Anthropology – volume: 37 start-page: 1043 year: 2021 end-page: 1050 ident: bib13 article-title: Tip of the iceberg: measuring racial discrimination in studies of health publication-title: Stress Health : Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress – volume: 40 start-page: 105 year: 2019 end-page: 125 ident: bib64 article-title: Racism and health: evidence and needed research publication-title: Annu. Rev. Publ. Health – volume: 87 start-page: 295 year: 2015 end-page: 305 ident: bib3 article-title: Interaction of Alu Polymorphisms and Novel Measures of Discrimination in Association with Blood Pressure in African Americans Living in Tallahassee, Florida publication-title: Human Biology – volume: 23 start-page: 425 year: 2017 end-page: 434 ident: bib29 article-title: Not just sticks and stones: indirect ethnic discrimination leads to greater physiological reactivity publication-title: Cult. Divers Ethnic Minor. Psychol. – year: 2012 ident: bib1 article-title: The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (Revised) – volume: 392 start-page: 302 year: 2018 end-page: 310 ident: bib6 article-title: Police killings and their spillover effects on the mental health of black Americans: a population-based, quasi-experimental study publication-title: Lancet – volume: 8 start-page: 154 year: 2018 end-page: 177 ident: bib59 article-title: Everyday discrimination among african American men: the impact of criminal justice contact publication-title: Race and Justice – volume: 199 start-page: 230 year: 2018 end-page: 240 ident: bib24 article-title: Transmitting Trauma: a systematic review of vicarious racism and child health publication-title: Soc. Sci. Med. – start-page: 1 year: 2020 end-page: 26 ident: bib54 article-title: Illness spillovers of lethal police violence: the significance of gendered marginalization publication-title: Ethn. Racial Stud. – volume: 19 year: 1995 ident: bib19 article-title: African American men's perceptions of Racial discrimination: a sociocultural analysis publication-title: Soc. Work. Res. – volume: 105 start-page: 138 year: 2015 end-page: 143 ident: bib23 article-title: The collateral damage of mass incarceration: risk of psychiatric morbidity among nonincarcerated residents of high-incarceration neighborhoods publication-title: Am. J. Publ. Health – volume: 12 start-page: 269 year: 2015 end-page: 282 ident: bib34 article-title: Racial inequalities in connectedness to imprisoned individuals in the United States publication-title: Du. Bois Rev.: Social Science Research on Race – volume: 5 start-page: 95 year: 2001 end-page: 107 ident: bib30 article-title: Examining the burdens of gendered racism: implications for pregnancy outcomes among college-educated African American women publication-title: Matern. Child Health J. – volume: 59 start-page: 585 year: 2018 end-page: 600 ident: bib39 article-title: Perceived unfair treatment by police, race, and telomere length: a Nashville community-based sample of black and white men publication-title: J. Health Soc. Behav. – volume: 29 start-page: 224 year: 2016 end-page: 247 ident: bib62 article-title: Vicarious racism: a qualitative analysis of experiences with secondhand racism in graduate education publication-title: Int. J. Qual. Stud. Educ. – volume: 116 start-page: 16793 year: 2019 end-page: 16798 ident: bib18 article-title: Risk of being killed by police use of force in the United States by age, race-ethnicity, and sex publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. – start-page: 1 year: 2022 end-page: 8 ident: bib41 article-title: Lifetime vicarious experiences of major discrimination and depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older black adults publication-title: Aging Ment. Health – year: 2022 ident: bib40 article-title: Vicarious experiences of major discrimination, anxiety symptoms, and mental health care utilization among Black Adults publication-title: Soc. Sci. Med. – volume: 47 start-page: 177 year: 2021 end-page: 196 ident: bib47 article-title: Negative social ties: prevalence and consequences publication-title: Annu. Rev. Sociol. – volume: 28 start-page: 489 year: 2018 end-page: 492 ident: bib60 article-title: High neighborhood incarceration rate is associated with cardiometabolic disease in nonincarcerated black individuals publication-title: Ann. Epidemiol. – volume: 32 start-page: 381 year: 2011 end-page: 398 ident: bib7 article-title: The social determinants of health: coming of age publication-title: Annu. Rev. Publ. Health – volume: 6 start-page: 1044 year: 2019 end-page: 1051 ident: bib37 article-title: Vicarious racism stress and disease activity: the black women's experiences living with lupus (BeWELL) study publication-title: Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities – volume: 33 start-page: 43 year: 2014 end-page: 51 ident: bib27 article-title: Lifetime racism and blood pressure changes during pregnancy: implications for fetal growth publication-title: Health Psychol. – volume: 238 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib38 article-title: Police contact and health among urban adolescents: the role of perceived injustice publication-title: Soc. Sci. Med. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112487 – volume: 36 start-page: 421 issue: 4 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib50 article-title: Prevalence and correlates of everyday discrimination among U.S. Latinos publication-title: J. Community Psychol. doi: 10.1002/jcop.20221 – volume: 37 start-page: 1043 issue: 5 year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib13 article-title: Tip of the iceberg: measuring racial discrimination in studies of health publication-title: Stress Health : Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress doi: 10.1002/smi.3047 – volume: 24 start-page: 1387 issue: 11 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib14 article-title: Direct and vicarious racial discrimination at three life stages and preterm labor: results from the african American women's Heart & health study publication-title: Matern. Child Health J. doi: 10.1007/s10995-020-03003-4 – volume: 32 start-page: 381 year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib7 article-title: The social determinants of health: coming of age publication-title: Annu. Rev. Publ. Health doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101218 – year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib40 article-title: Vicarious experiences of major discrimination, anxiety symptoms, and mental health care utilization among Black Adults publication-title: Soc. Sci. Med. – volume: 35 start-page: 840 issue: 10 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib25 article-title: Childhood racism experiences and postpartum depressive symptoms in african american mothers publication-title: J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. doi: 10.1521/jscp.2016.35.10.840 – volume: 40 start-page: 105 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib64 article-title: Racism and health: evidence and needed research publication-title: Annu. Rev. Publ. Health doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043750 – volume: 316 year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib28 article-title: Forms and frequency of vicarious racial discrimination and African American parents' health publication-title: Soc. Sci. Med. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114266 – volume: 102 start-page: 967 issue: 5 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib20 article-title: A life course perspective on how racism may be related to health inequities publication-title: Am. J. Publ. Health doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300666 – volume: 44 start-page: 643 issue: 4 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib33 article-title: Discrimination and health inequities publication-title: Int. J. Health Serv.: Planning, Administration, Evaluation doi: 10.2190/HS.44.4.b – volume: 14 issue: 1 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib35 article-title: On the prevalence of racial discrimination in the United States publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210698 – year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib36 article-title: Vicarious discrimination, psychosocial resources, and mental health among black Americans publication-title: Soc. Psychol. Q. doi: 10.1177/01902725221079279 – volume: 60 start-page: 474 issue: 4 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib11 article-title: The intergenerational transmission of discrimination: children's experiences of unfair treatment and their mothers' health at midlife publication-title: J. Health Soc. Behav. doi: 10.1177/0022146519887347 – volume: 57 start-page: 448 issue: 3 year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib9 article-title: Multidimensional structural racism predicts birth outcomes for Black and White Minnesotans publication-title: Health Serv. Res. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.13976 – volume: 199 start-page: 230 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib24 article-title: Transmitting Trauma: a systematic review of vicarious racism and child health publication-title: Soc. Sci. Med. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.018 – volume: 59 start-page: 585 issue: 4 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib39 article-title: Perceived unfair treatment by police, race, and telomere length: a Nashville community-based sample of black and white men publication-title: J. Health Soc. Behav. doi: 10.1177/0022146518811144 – volume: 114 start-page: 6521 issue: 25 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib63 article-title: Language from police body camera footage shows racial disparities in officer respect publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1702413114 – volume: 12 start-page: 269 issue: 2 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib34 article-title: Racial inequalities in connectedness to imprisoned individuals in the United States publication-title: Du. Bois Rev.: Social Science Research on Race doi: 10.1017/S1742058X15000065 – volume: 27 start-page: 194 issue: 2 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib17 article-title: Racial differences in birth outcomes: the role of general, pregnancy, and racism stress publication-title: Health Psychol. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.27.2.194 – volume: 38 start-page: 1 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib52 article-title: Intersectionality: connecting experiences of gender with race at work publication-title: Res. Organ. Behav. – volume: 11 issue: 12 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib4 article-title: Genetic Loci and Novel Discrimination Measures Associated with Blood Pressure Variation in African Americans Living in Tallahassee publication-title: Plos One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167700 – start-page: 1 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib54 article-title: Illness spillovers of lethal police violence: the significance of gendered marginalization publication-title: Ethn. Racial Stud. – volume: 40 start-page: 208 issue: 3 year: 1999 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib32 article-title: The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States publication-title: J. Health Soc. Behav. doi: 10.2307/2676349 – volume: 5 start-page: 95 issue: 2 year: 2001 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib30 article-title: Examining the burdens of gendered racism: implications for pregnancy outcomes among college-educated African American women publication-title: Matern. Child Health J. doi: 10.1023/A:1011349115711 – volume: 316 year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib45 article-title: Racism measurement and influences, variations on scientific racism, and a vision publication-title: Soc. Sci. Med. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115247 – start-page: 1 year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib41 article-title: Lifetime vicarious experiences of major discrimination and depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older black adults publication-title: Aging Ment. Health – volume: 13 start-page: 29 issue: 1 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib46 article-title: “It's the skin you’re in”: african-American women talk about their experiences of racism. an exploratory study to develop measures of racism for birth outcome studies publication-title: Matern. Child Health J. doi: 10.1007/s10995-008-0357-x – volume: 31 start-page: 36 issue: 1 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib16 article-title: Critical race life course perspective theory: a framework for understanding racism over the life course publication-title: Int. J. Qual. Stud. Educ. doi: 10.1080/09518398.2017.1379622 – volume: 28 start-page: 489 issue: 7 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib60 article-title: High neighborhood incarceration rate is associated with cardiometabolic disease in nonincarcerated black individuals publication-title: Ann. Epidemiol. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.01.011 – year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib1 – volume: 392 start-page: 302 issue: 10144 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib6 article-title: Police killings and their spillover effects on the mental health of black Americans: a population-based, quasi-experimental study publication-title: Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31130-9 – volume: 8 start-page: 154 issue: 2 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib59 article-title: Everyday discrimination among african American men: the impact of criminal justice contact publication-title: Race and Justice doi: 10.1177/2153368716661849 – volume: 38 start-page: 17 issue: 1 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib51 article-title: The race discrimination system publication-title: Annu. Rev. Sociol. doi: 10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145508 – volume: 176 start-page: 572 issue: 4 year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib5 article-title: Stressful social environment and financial strain drive depressive symptoms, and reveal the effects of a FKBP5 variant and male sex, in African Americans living in Tallahassee publication-title: American Journal of Physical Anthropology doi: 10.1002/ajpa.24362 – year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib42 – volume: 29 start-page: 224 issue: 2 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib62 article-title: Vicarious racism: a qualitative analysis of experiences with secondhand racism in graduate education publication-title: Int. J. Qual. Stud. Educ. doi: 10.1080/09518398.2015.1023234 – volume: 12 start-page: 477 issue: 3 year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib2 article-title: Asian Americans and racism: when bad things happen to “model minorities publication-title: Cult. Divers Ethnic Minor. Psychol. doi: 10.1037/1099-9809.12.3.477 – volume: 38 start-page: 454 issue: 4 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib61 article-title: The costs of racism for marriage: how racial discrimination hurts, and ethnic identity protects, newlywed marriages among Latinos publication-title: Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. doi: 10.1177/0146167211429450 – volume: 12 issue: 12 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib55 article-title: Fisher's exact approach for post hoc analysis of a chi-squared test publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188709 – year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib44 – volume: 44 start-page: 319 issue: 1 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib21 article-title: Stress-related biosocial mechanisms of discrimination and african American health inequities publication-title: Annu. Rev. Sociol. doi: 10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053403 – volume: 33 start-page: 43 issue: 1 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib27 article-title: Lifetime racism and blood pressure changes during pregnancy: implications for fetal growth publication-title: Health Psychol. doi: 10.1037/a0031160 – volume: 2 start-page: 335 issue: 3 year: 1997 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib65 article-title: Racial differences in physical and mental health: socio-economic status, stress and discrimination publication-title: J. Health Psychol. doi: 10.1177/135910539700200305 – volume: 97 start-page: 2253 issue: 12 year: 2007 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib57 article-title: Relationships between skin color, income, and blood pressure among African Americans in the CARDIA Study publication-title: Am. J. Publ. Health doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.088799 – year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib26 – volume: 24 start-page: 463 issue: 5 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib58 article-title: Prevalence and correlates of everyday discrimination among black Caribbeans in the United States: the impact of nativity and country of origin publication-title: Ethn. Health doi: 10.1080/13557858.2017.1346785 – volume: 23 start-page: 425 issue: 3 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib29 article-title: Not just sticks and stones: indirect ethnic discrimination leads to greater physiological reactivity publication-title: Cult. Divers Ethnic Minor. Psychol. doi: 10.1037/cdp0000138 – year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib15 – volume: 10 issue: 9 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib48 article-title: Racism as a determinant of health: a systematic review and meta-analysis publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138511 – year: 1989 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib12 article-title: Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory, and antiracist politics – volume: 136 start-page: 508 issue: 4 year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib8 article-title: Vicarious racism and vigilance during the COVID-19 pandemic: mental health implications among asian and black Americans publication-title: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. doi: 10.1177/00333549211018675 – volume: 70 start-page: 42 issue: 1 year: 2000 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib22 article-title: A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: implications for the well-being of people of color publication-title: Am. J. Orthopsychiatry doi: 10.1037/h0087722 – volume: 30 start-page: 241 issue: 3 year: 1989 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib49 article-title: The sociological study of stress publication-title: J. Health Soc. Behav. doi: 10.2307/2136956 – volume: 10 start-page: 121 issue: 1 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib66 article-title: The vicarious effects of discrimination: how partner experiences of discrimination affect individual health publication-title: Soc. Psychol. Personal. Sci. doi: 10.1177/1948550617746218 – volume: 47 start-page: 177 issue: 1 year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib47 article-title: Negative social ties: prevalence and consequences publication-title: Annu. Rev. Sociol. doi: 10.1146/annurev-soc-090820-025827 – volume: 19 issue: 4 year: 1995 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib19 article-title: African American men's perceptions of Racial discrimination: a sociocultural analysis publication-title: Soc. Work. Res. – volume: 116 start-page: 16793 issue: 34 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib18 article-title: Risk of being killed by police use of force in the United States by age, race-ethnicity, and sex publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1821204116 – year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib43 article-title: Vicarious experiences of major discrimination and the life satisfaction of black and white adults from a community sample publication-title: J. Happiness Stud. doi: 10.1007/s10902-022-00532-3 – volume: 6 start-page: 1044 issue: 5 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib37 article-title: Vicarious racism stress and disease activity: the black women's experiences living with lupus (BeWELL) study publication-title: Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities doi: 10.1007/s40615-019-00606-8 – volume: 5 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib31 article-title: Mental health outcomes of discrimination among college students on a predominately white campus: a prospective study publication-title: Socius : Sociological Research for a Dynamic World doi: 10.1177/2378023119842728 – volume: 117 start-page: 31053 issue: 49 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib10 article-title: Race and ethnic variation in college students' allostatic regulation of racism-related stress publication-title: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1922025117 – volume: 105 start-page: 138 issue: 1 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib23 article-title: The collateral damage of mass incarceration: risk of psychiatric morbidity among nonincarcerated residents of high-incarceration neighborhoods publication-title: Am. J. Publ. Health doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302184 – volume: 87 start-page: 295 issue: 4 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib3 article-title: Interaction of Alu Polymorphisms and Novel Measures of Discrimination in Association with Blood Pressure in African Americans Living in Tallahassee, Florida publication-title: Human Biology doi: 10.13110/humanbiology.87.4.0295 – year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib53 – volume: 102 start-page: S258 issue: Suppl. 2 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104_bib56 article-title: Perceived discrimination and hypertension among african Americans in the jackson Heart study publication-title: Am. J. Publ. Health doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300523 |
| SSID | ssj0001083 |
| Score | 2.5051787 |
| Snippet | Most research on discrimination and health operationalizes discrimination as direct individual experiences. Here, we examine the social patterning of vicarious... |
| SourceID | proquest pubmed crossref elsevier |
| SourceType | Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source Publisher |
| StartPage | 116104 |
| SubjectTerms | Discrimination Health equity Health inequalities Racism Vicarious discrimination |
| Title | The social patterning of vicarious discrimination: Implications for health equity |
| URI | https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116104 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37517313 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2844090023 |
| Volume | 332 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos001058510200001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVESC databaseName: Elsevier SD Freedom Collection Journals 2021 customDbUrl: eissn: 1873-5347 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0001083 issn: 0277-9536 databaseCode: AIEXJ dateStart: 19950101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.sciencedirect.com providerName: Elsevier |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1bb9MwFLa6DSEkhKDcymUyEg-gKlUcJ7G9twJFG4KJioL6FtmJI2UaWVnaaQ_8eI5j5zJgGgjxElVpHdf-vhwfH58LQs_zIMxh3ZKeVDT2wojknsh47vk01JqLIGV1mc4v79nhIV8uxcfB4HsTC3N2zMqSn5-L1X-FGu4B2CZ09i_gbh8KN-AzgA5XgB2ufwy8s4Sv6uSZpXNsBpkAG2Pj8mpCcW05r8a146DvWG48D2185Fh_2xTrCye_Lp63CQcyzGnO5-ukT4IHPevCfFNYBdkWhx6_mnQnPJULJasMUcZv2m9sro9avZ2M57IqvnY2axPPUsCgajPs_my6MG5qdTbFvvkioK1_lrOpNXE1nROTEX3NwXJfTlNrCP1F5lvzw9EEphbGDkOemH5gLYhdZeOfEmp_Mk83Dw9MtrGYxFtoJ2CRAJm4Mz2YLd-1KznxbRrX7pi75x_42-4u024u273UWsziNrrlth94amlzBw10OUTXPzgAh-imNeNiG502RCMLN3ZLQIVfuDzlL--iOTANW6bhjmn4JMct0_BFpu3hPs8w8AxbnmHLs3vo89vZ4vW-5yp0eCllZO1xyVKlIqII1ypIQxAHItOhCDJOZRCnIs9rJVIRFSkdK8YJS5lQGQvh91LS-2i7PCn1Q4SJloIJlsU57JGFFjwPpfRDqvJMglIZjlDczGySuvT1porKcdL4KR4lLSSJgSSxkIyQ3zZc2QwuVzfZa6BL3OtkFcwEOHd142cN2AmIanP-JksNU56AJhj6wmjJI_TAsqD9R5RFhFFCH_1L14_Rje4Ve4K216cb_RRdS8_WRXW6i7bYku86jv8A3x3Ggw |
| linkProvider | Elsevier |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+social+patterning+of+vicarious+discrimination%3A+Implications+for+health+equity&rft.jtitle=Social+science+%26+medicine+%281982%29&rft.au=Quinn%2C+Edward+B.&rft.au=Ross%2C+Jessica+D.&rft.au=Boston%2C+P.+Qasimah&rft.au=Committee%2C+HEAT+Steering&rft.date=2023-09-01&rft.pub=Elsevier+Ltd&rft.issn=0277-9536&rft.volume=332&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2023.116104&rft.externalDocID=S0277953623004616 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0277-9536&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0277-9536&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0277-9536&client=summon |