Chemical Composition of PM2.5 in Wood Fire and LPG Cookstove Homes of Nepali Brick Workers

Household air pollution is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, largely due to particles ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5). The toxicity of PM2.5, however, depends on its physical properties and chemical composition. In this cross-sectional study, we compared the chemical composition of PM2.5 in brick...

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Published in:	Atmosphere Vol. 12; no. 7; p. 911
Main Authors:	Johnston, James D., Beard, John D., Montague, Emma J., Sanjel, Seshananda, Lu, James H., McBride, Haley, Weber, Frank X., Chartier, Ryan T.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Basel MDPI AG 01.07.2021
Subjects:	Air pollution Air quality Aluminium Aluminum Birth weight brick worker Calcium Carbon Cardiovascular disease Chemical composition Chlorine Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Cooking cookstove fine particulate matter Fires Fluorescence household air pollution Indoor air pollution international environmental health Light penetration Liquefied petroleum gas LPG Morbidity Mortality Particulate emissions Particulate matter Particulate matter monitoring Physical properties Pollutants Potassium respiratory disease Suspended particulate matter Titanium Toxicity Trace elements Wood Workers X ray fluorescence analysis X-ray fluorescence United States > US Nepal
ISSN:	2073-4433, 2073-4433
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Abstract	Household air pollution is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, largely due to particles ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5). The toxicity of PM2.5, however, depends on its physical properties and chemical composition. In this cross-sectional study, we compared the chemical composition of PM2.5 in brick workers’ homes (n = 16) based on use of wood cooking fire or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cookstoves. We collected samples using RTI International particulate matter (PM) exposure monitors (MicroPEMs). We analyzed filters for 33 elements using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence and, for black (BC) and brown carbon (BrC), integrating sphere optical transmittance. Wood fire homes had significantly higher concentrations of BC (349 µg/m3) than LPG homes (6.27 µg/m3, p < 0.0001) or outdoor air (5.36 µg/m3, p = 0.002). Indoor chlorine in wood fire homes averaged 5.86 µg/m3, which was approximately 34 times the average level in LPG homes (0.17 µg/m3, p = 0.0006). Similarly, potassium in wood fire homes (4.17 µg/m3) was approximately four times the level in LPG homes (0.98 µg/m3, p = 0.001). In all locations, we found aluminum, calcium, copper, iron, silicon, and titanium in concentrations exceeding those shown to cause respiratory effects in other studies. Our findings suggest the need for multi-faceted interventions to improve air quality for brick workers in Nepal.
AbstractList	Household air pollution is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, largely due to particles ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5). The toxicity of PM2.5, however, depends on its physical properties and chemical composition. In this cross-sectional study, we compared the chemical composition of PM2.5 in brick workers’ homes (n = 16) based on use of wood cooking fire or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cookstoves. We collected samples using RTI International particulate matter (PM) exposure monitors (MicroPEMs). We analyzed filters for 33 elements using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence and, for black (BC) and brown carbon (BrC), integrating sphere optical transmittance. Wood fire homes had significantly higher concentrations of BC (349 µg/m3) than LPG homes (6.27 µg/m3, p < 0.0001) or outdoor air (5.36 µg/m3, p = 0.002). Indoor chlorine in wood fire homes averaged 5.86 µg/m3, which was approximately 34 times the average level in LPG homes (0.17 µg/m3, p = 0.0006). Similarly, potassium in wood fire homes (4.17 µg/m3) was approximately four times the level in LPG homes (0.98 µg/m3, p = 0.001). In all locations, we found aluminum, calcium, copper, iron, silicon, and titanium in concentrations exceeding those shown to cause respiratory effects in other studies. Our findings suggest the need for multi-faceted interventions to improve air quality for brick workers in Nepal.
Author	Sanjel, Seshananda McBride, Haley Johnston, James D. Lu, James H. Beard, John D. Montague, Emma J. Weber, Frank X. Chartier, Ryan T.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: James D. orcidid: 0000-0002-6009-7241 surname: Johnston fullname: Johnston, James D. – sequence: 2 givenname: John D. orcidid: 0000-0002-7156-0887 surname: Beard fullname: Beard, John D. – sequence: 3 givenname: Emma J. surname: Montague fullname: Montague, Emma J. – sequence: 4 givenname: Seshananda surname: Sanjel fullname: Sanjel, Seshananda – sequence: 5 givenname: James H. surname: Lu fullname: Lu, James H. – sequence: 6 givenname: Haley surname: McBride fullname: McBride, Haley – sequence: 7 givenname: Frank X. surname: Weber fullname: Weber, Frank X. – sequence: 8 givenname: Ryan T. surname: Chartier fullname: Chartier, Ryan T.
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Snippet	Household air pollution is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, largely due to particles ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5). The toxicity of PM2.5, however,...
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SubjectTerms	Air pollution Air quality Aluminium Aluminum Birth weight brick worker Calcium Carbon Cardiovascular disease Chemical composition Chlorine Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Cooking cookstove fine particulate matter Fires Fluorescence household air pollution Indoor air pollution international environmental health Light penetration Liquefied petroleum gas LPG Morbidity Mortality Particulate emissions Particulate matter Particulate matter monitoring Physical properties Pollutants Potassium respiratory disease Suspended particulate matter Titanium Toxicity Trace elements Wood Workers X ray fluorescence analysis X-ray fluorescence
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Title	Chemical Composition of PM2.5 in Wood Fire and LPG Cookstove Homes of Nepali Brick Workers
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