The impact of inter-annual weather variations on energy storage and flexible generation – a UK case study

Traditionally, energy systems modeling has relied on a single ‘representative’ meteorological year as basis for modeling of future energy systems. However, with growing shares of weather-dependent electricity generation, accounting for inter-annual variability has become increasingly important. This...

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Vydáno v:Energy (Oxford) Ročník 335; s. 137780
Hlavní autoři: Öberg, Simon, Johnsson, Filip, Odenberger, Mikael
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:angličtina
Vydáno: Elsevier Ltd 30.10.2025
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ISSN:0360-5442, 1873-6785
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Abstract Traditionally, energy systems modeling has relied on a single ‘representative’ meteorological year as basis for modeling of future energy systems. However, with growing shares of weather-dependent electricity generation, accounting for inter-annual variability has become increasingly important. This study applies a three-step modeling framework to examine how inter-annual weather variations affect investment and operation of electricity generation and storage technologies, with a particular focus on the interplay between batteries and flexible generation, as well as associated revenue streams in a future electricity system. The results show that while the annual capacity factor for wind power influences overall investment levels – where a lower capacity factor leads to greater wind power deployment – this metric has limited relevance for the investment and use of batteries and flexible generation. Instead, short-term variability more strongly affects the optimal deployment of storage and dispatchable generation across different meteorological years. These findings highlight the necessity of high temporal resolution in capacity expansion modeling to accurately assess system adequacy under high shares of variable electricity generation. Regarding revenue streams, open-cycle gas turbines face the greatest difficulty in recovering costs via the energy-only market, underscoring the need for complementary revenue streams or market mechanisms to support their role in covering infrequent but critical energy shortfalls. •Wind capacity factors impact mainly investments in bulk electricity generation.•No correlation between VRE capacity factors and investments in flexible generation.•Individual years with biomass demand up to three times the 10-year average.•Also the Year 2018 could be considered as a representative year.•Annual electricity cost ranges from 97 €/MWh to 29 €/MWh.
AbstractList Traditionally, energy systems modeling has relied on a single ‘representative’ meteorological year as basis for modeling of future energy systems. However, with growing shares of weather-dependent electricity generation, accounting for inter-annual variability has become increasingly important. This study applies a three-step modeling framework to examine how inter-annual weather variations affect investment and operation of electricity generation and storage technologies, with a particular focus on the interplay between batteries and flexible generation, as well as associated revenue streams in a future electricity system. The results show that while the annual capacity factor for wind power influences overall investment levels – where a lower capacity factor leads to greater wind power deployment – this metric has limited relevance for the investment and use of batteries and flexible generation. Instead, short-term variability more strongly affects the optimal deployment of storage and dispatchable generation across different meteorological years. These findings highlight the necessity of high temporal resolution in capacity expansion modeling to accurately assess system adequacy under high shares of variable electricity generation. Regarding revenue streams, open-cycle gas turbines face the greatest difficulty in recovering costs via the energy-only market, underscoring the need for complementary revenue streams or market mechanisms to support their role in covering infrequent but critical energy shortfalls.
Traditionally, energy systems modeling has relied on a single ‘representative’ meteorological year as basis for modeling of future energy systems. However, with growing shares of weather-dependent electricity generation, accounting for inter-annual variability has become increasingly important. This study applies a three-step modeling framework to examine how inter-annual weather variations affect investment and operation of electricity generation and storage technologies, with a particular focus on the interplay between batteries and flexible generation, as well as associated revenue streams in a future electricity system. The results show that while the annual capacity factor for wind power influences overall investment levels – where a lower capacity factor leads to greater wind power deployment – this metric has limited relevance for the investment and use of batteries and flexible generation. Instead, short-term variability more strongly affects the optimal deployment of storage and dispatchable generation across different meteorological years. These findings highlight the necessity of high temporal resolution in capacity expansion modeling to accurately assess system adequacy under high shares of variable electricity generation. Regarding revenue streams, open-cycle gas turbines face the greatest difficulty in recovering costs via the energy-only market, underscoring the need for complementary revenue streams or market mechanisms to support their role in covering infrequent but critical energy shortfalls. •Wind capacity factors impact mainly investments in bulk electricity generation.•No correlation between VRE capacity factors and investments in flexible generation.•Individual years with biomass demand up to three times the 10-year average.•Also the Year 2018 could be considered as a representative year.•Annual electricity cost ranges from 97 €/MWh to 29 €/MWh.
ArticleNumber 137780
Author Johnsson, Filip
Odenberger, Mikael
Öberg, Simon
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  organization: Division of Energy Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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  givenname: Filip
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  organization: Division of Energy Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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  givenname: Mikael
  surname: Odenberger
  fullname: Odenberger, Mikael
  organization: Profu, Götaforsliden 13, 431 34, Mölndal, Sweden
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Keywords Energy systems modeling
Hydrogen storage
Gas turbines
Inter-annual variations
Battery storage
Language English
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SubjectTerms Battery storage
case studies
electricity
electricity generation
Energy systems modeling
Gas turbines
Hydrogen storage
Inter-annual variations
markets
weather
wind power
Title The impact of inter-annual weather variations on energy storage and flexible generation – a UK case study
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2025.137780
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