Pre-reduction of United Manganese of Kalahari Ore in CO/CO2, H2/H2O, and H2 Atmospheres

The incorporation of hydrogen, which is a relatively unexplored reductant used during ferromanganese (FeMn) production, is an attractive approach to lessen atmospheric gaseous carbon release. The influence of hydrogen on the pre-reduction of carbonate-rich United Manganese of Kalahari (UMK) ore from...

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Vydáno v:	Metallurgical and materials transactions. B, Process metallurgy and materials processing science Ročník 54; číslo 2; s. 515 - 535
Hlavní autoři:	Davies, J., Tangstad, M., Schanche, T. L., du Preez, S. P.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	New York Springer US 01.04.2023 Springer Nature B.V
Témata:	Atmospheres Carbon dioxide Carbonates Characterization and Evaluation of Materials Chemistry and Materials Science Decomposition Electron probe microanalysis Electron probes Ferromanganese Hydrogen Iron Magnesium Manganese ores Materials Science Mathematical analysis Metallic Materials Metallizing Nanotechnology Original Research Article Oxidation Oxides Phase stability Reduced ores Reducing agents Structural Materials Surfaces and Interfaces Thin Films Valence Weight loss
ISSN:	1073-5615, 1543-1916
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Abstract	The incorporation of hydrogen, which is a relatively unexplored reductant used during ferromanganese (FeMn) production, is an attractive approach to lessen atmospheric gaseous carbon release. The influence of hydrogen on the pre-reduction of carbonate-rich United Manganese of Kalahari (UMK) ore from South Africa was investigated. Experiments were performed in 70 pct CO 30 pct CO 2 (reference), 70 pct H 2 30 pct H 2 O, and 100 pct H 2 gas atmospheres at 700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C. Calculated phase stability diagrams and experimental results showed good correlation. The pre-reduction process involved two reactions proceeding in parallel, i.e ., the pre-reduction of higher oxides and the decomposition of carbonates present in the ore. A thermogravimetric (TG) furnace was employed for the pre-reduction of the ore in various atmospheres. The calculated weight loss percentage was used to determine the degree and rate of pre-reduction. It was found that the oxidation state of higher Fe- and Mn-oxides was lowered when treated in 70 pct H 2 30 pct H 2 O and 70 pct CO 30 pct CO 2 , whereas FeO was metalized when using 100 pct H 2 . As for the intrinsic carbonates, the majority thereof were decomposed in the CO/CO 2 atmosphere at 900 °C, and ≥ 700 °C in the H 2 /H 2 O and H 2 atmospheres. Additionally, the degree and rate of reduction were accelerated by increasing the pre-reduction temperature and by employing a hydrogen-containing gas atmosphere (70 pct H 2 30 pct H 2 O, and 100 pct H 2 ). Scanning electron microscopy and electron microprobe analysis revealed the presence of three phases in the pre-reduced ore: (i) Mn- and Fe-rich, (ii) Mg- and Ca-rich, and (iii) Mg-, Si-, K-, and Na-rich. It was also found that there were no appreciable differences in porosity and decrepitation of the ores treated in the CO/CO 2 and hydrogen-containing atmospheres. The use of a hydrogen atmosphere showed potential for the pre-reduction of carbonate-containing manganese ores as it accelerated the decomposition of the carbonates as well as facilitated the metallization of Fe-oxides present in the ore.
AbstractList	The incorporation of hydrogen, which is a relatively unexplored reductant used during ferromanganese (FeMn) production, is an attractive approach to lessen atmospheric gaseous carbon release. The influence of hydrogen on the pre-reduction of carbonate-rich United Manganese of Kalahari (UMK) ore from South Africa was investigated. Experiments were performed in 70 pct CO 30 pct CO2 (reference), 70 pct H2 30 pct H2O, and 100 pct H2 gas atmospheres at 700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C. Calculated phase stability diagrams and experimental results showed good correlation. The pre-reduction process involved two reactions proceeding in parallel, i.e., the pre-reduction of higher oxides and the decomposition of carbonates present in the ore. A thermogravimetric (TG) furnace was employed for the pre-reduction of the ore in various atmospheres. The calculated weight loss percentage was used to determine the degree and rate of pre-reduction. It was found that the oxidation state of higher Fe- and Mn-oxides was lowered when treated in 70 pct H2 30 pct H2O and 70 pct CO 30 pct CO2, whereas FeO was metalized when using 100 pct H2. As for the intrinsic carbonates, the majority thereof were decomposed in the CO/CO2 atmosphere at 900 °C, and ≥ 700 °C in the H2/H2O and H2 atmospheres. Additionally, the degree and rate of reduction were accelerated by increasing the pre-reduction temperature and by employing a hydrogen-containing gas atmosphere (70 pct H2 30 pct H2O, and 100 pct H2). Scanning electron microscopy and electron microprobe analysis revealed the presence of three phases in the pre-reduced ore: (i) Mn- and Fe-rich, (ii) Mg- and Ca-rich, and (iii) Mg-, Si-, K-, and Na-rich. It was also found that there were no appreciable differences in porosity and decrepitation of the ores treated in the CO/CO2 and hydrogen-containing atmospheres. The use of a hydrogen atmosphere showed potential for the pre-reduction of carbonate-containing manganese ores as it accelerated the decomposition of the carbonates as well as facilitated the metallization of Fe-oxides present in the ore. The incorporation of hydrogen, which is a relatively unexplored reductant used during ferromanganese (FeMn) production, is an attractive approach to lessen atmospheric gaseous carbon release. The influence of hydrogen on the pre-reduction of carbonate-rich United Manganese of Kalahari (UMK) ore from South Africa was investigated. Experiments were performed in 70 pct CO 30 pct CO 2 (reference), 70 pct H 2 30 pct H 2 O, and 100 pct H 2 gas atmospheres at 700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C. Calculated phase stability diagrams and experimental results showed good correlation. The pre-reduction process involved two reactions proceeding in parallel, i.e ., the pre-reduction of higher oxides and the decomposition of carbonates present in the ore. A thermogravimetric (TG) furnace was employed for the pre-reduction of the ore in various atmospheres. The calculated weight loss percentage was used to determine the degree and rate of pre-reduction. It was found that the oxidation state of higher Fe- and Mn-oxides was lowered when treated in 70 pct H 2 30 pct H 2 O and 70 pct CO 30 pct CO 2 , whereas FeO was metalized when using 100 pct H 2 . As for the intrinsic carbonates, the majority thereof were decomposed in the CO/CO 2 atmosphere at 900 °C, and ≥ 700 °C in the H 2 /H 2 O and H 2 atmospheres. Additionally, the degree and rate of reduction were accelerated by increasing the pre-reduction temperature and by employing a hydrogen-containing gas atmosphere (70 pct H 2 30 pct H 2 O, and 100 pct H 2 ). Scanning electron microscopy and electron microprobe analysis revealed the presence of three phases in the pre-reduced ore: (i) Mn- and Fe-rich, (ii) Mg- and Ca-rich, and (iii) Mg-, Si-, K-, and Na-rich. It was also found that there were no appreciable differences in porosity and decrepitation of the ores treated in the CO/CO 2 and hydrogen-containing atmospheres. The use of a hydrogen atmosphere showed potential for the pre-reduction of carbonate-containing manganese ores as it accelerated the decomposition of the carbonates as well as facilitated the metallization of Fe-oxides present in the ore.
Author	Tangstad, M. Davies, J. Schanche, T. L. du Preez, S. P.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: J. surname: Davies fullname: Davies, J. organization: Chemical Resource Beneficiation (CRB), North-West University, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) – sequence: 2 givenname: M. surname: Tangstad fullname: Tangstad, M. organization: Department of Material Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) – sequence: 3 givenname: T. L. surname: Schanche fullname: Schanche, T. L. organization: Department of Material Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) – sequence: 4 givenname: S. P. surname: du Preez fullname: du Preez, S. P. email: faan.dupreez@nwu.ac.za organization: Hydrogen South Africa (HySA) Infrastructure, Faculty of Engineering, North-West University
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SubjectTerms	Atmospheres Carbon dioxide Carbonates Characterization and Evaluation of Materials Chemistry and Materials Science Decomposition Electron probe microanalysis Electron probes Ferromanganese Hydrogen Iron Magnesium Manganese ores Materials Science Mathematical analysis Metallic Materials Metallizing Nanotechnology Original Research Article Oxidation Oxides Phase stability Reduced ores Reducing agents Structural Materials Surfaces and Interfaces Thin Films Valence Weight loss
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Title	Pre-reduction of United Manganese of Kalahari Ore in CO/CO2, H2/H2O, and H2 Atmospheres
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