Unlocking the black box: Enhancing human-AI collaboration in high-stakes healthcare scenarios through explainable AI
Despite the advanced predictive capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI) systems, their inherent opacity often leaves users confused about the rationale behind their outputs. We investigate the challenge of AI opacity, which undermines user trust and the effectiveness of clinical judgment in hea...
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| Vydané v: | Technological forecasting & social change Ročník 219; s. 124265 |
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| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | English |
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Elsevier Inc
01.10.2025
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| ISSN: | 0040-1625 |
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| Abstract | Despite the advanced predictive capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI) systems, their inherent opacity often leaves users confused about the rationale behind their outputs. We investigate the challenge of AI opacity, which undermines user trust and the effectiveness of clinical judgment in healthcare. We demonstrate how human experts make judgment in high-stakes scenarios where their judgment diverges from AI predictions, emphasizing the need for explainability to enhance clinical judgment and trust in AI systems. We used a scenario-based methodology, conducting 28 semi-structured interviews and observations with clinicians from Norway and Egypt. Our analysis revealed that, during the process of forming judgments, human experts engage in AI interrogation practices when faced with opaque AI systems. Obtaining explainability from AI systems leads to increased interrogation practices aimed at gaining a deeper understanding of AI predictions. With the introduction of explainable AI (XAI), experts demonstrate greater trust in the AI system, show a readiness to learn from AI, and may reconsider or update their initial judgments when they contradict AI predictions.
•Experts reconsider/update initial judgments when provided with AI explainability•XAI aids in understanding AI predictions, enhancing clinical judgments•Scenario-based methodology, a novel approach from psychology and HCI•Overreliance on AI for evaluations may limit organizational learning capacity•Guidelines for designing human-AI interactions to support expert judgment |
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| AbstractList | Despite the advanced predictive capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI) systems, their inherent opacity often leaves users confused about the rationale behind their outputs. We investigate the challenge of AI opacity, which undermines user trust and the effectiveness of clinical judgment in healthcare. We demonstrate how human experts make judgment in high-stakes scenarios where their judgment diverges from AI predictions, emphasizing the need for explainability to enhance clinical judgment and trust in AI systems. We used a scenario-based methodology, conducting 28 semi-structured interviews and observations with clinicians from Norway and Egypt. Our analysis revealed that, during the process of forming judgments, human experts engage in AI interrogation practices when faced with opaque AI systems. Obtaining explainability from AI systems leads to increased interrogation practices aimed at gaining a deeper understanding of AI predictions. With the introduction of explainable AI (XAI), experts demonstrate greater trust in the AI system, show a readiness to learn from AI, and may reconsider or update their initial judgments when they contradict AI predictions.
•Experts reconsider/update initial judgments when provided with AI explainability•XAI aids in understanding AI predictions, enhancing clinical judgments•Scenario-based methodology, a novel approach from psychology and HCI•Overreliance on AI for evaluations may limit organizational learning capacity•Guidelines for designing human-AI interactions to support expert judgment |
| ArticleNumber | 124265 |
| Author | Strümke, Inga Hassan, Reda Nguyen, Nhien Finserås, Stine Rasdal Støen, Ragnhild Adde, Lars |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Reda surname: Hassan fullname: Hassan, Reda email: Reda.h.hassan@nord.no organization: Nord University Business School, Bodø, Norway – sequence: 2 givenname: Nhien surname: Nguyen fullname: Nguyen, Nhien email: nhien.nguyen@ntnu.no organization: Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway – sequence: 3 givenname: Stine Rasdal surname: Finserås fullname: Finserås, Stine Rasdal email: stine.r.finseras@ntnu.no organization: Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway – sequence: 4 givenname: Lars surname: Adde fullname: Adde, Lars email: lars.adde@ntnu.no organization: Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway – sequence: 5 givenname: Inga surname: Strümke fullname: Strümke, Inga email: inga.strumke@ntnu.no organization: Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway – sequence: 6 givenname: Ragnhild surname: Støen fullname: Støen, Ragnhild email: ragnhild.stoen@ntnu.no organization: Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway |
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| Keywords | Uncertainty Professional judgment Decision making Explainable AI (XAI) Opacity Medical diagnosis Trust in AI |
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| SubjectTerms | Decision making Explainable AI (XAI) Medical diagnosis Opacity Professional judgment Trust in AI Uncertainty |
| Title | Unlocking the black box: Enhancing human-AI collaboration in high-stakes healthcare scenarios through explainable AI |
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