Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm for Transient Response, Robustness, and Stability Enhancement of an Automatic Voltage Regulator System
The proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is one of the most robust and simplest configuration controllers used for industrial applications. However, its performance purely depends on the tuning of its proportional (KP), integral (KI) and derivative (KD) gains. Therefore, a proper combin...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | Energies (Basel) Jg. 15; H. 14; S. 5037 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Basel
MDPI AG
01.07.2022
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| ISSN: | 1996-1073, 1996-1073 |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| Abstract | The proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is one of the most robust and simplest configuration controllers used for industrial applications. However, its performance purely depends on the tuning of its proportional (KP), integral (KI) and derivative (KD) gains. Therefore, a proper combination of these gains is primarily required to achieve an optimal performance of the PID controllers. The conventional methods of PID tuning such as Cohen-Coon (CC) and Ziegler–Nichols (ZN) generate unwanted overshoots and long-lasting oscillations in the system. Owing to the mentioned problems, this paper attempts to achieve an optimized combination of PID controller gains by exploiting the intelligence of the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) and one of its recently introduced modified versions called improved whale optimization algorithm (IWOA) in an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) system. The stability of the IWOA-AVR system was studied by assessing its root-locus, bode maps, and pole/zero plots. The performance superiority of the presented IWOA-AVR design over eight of the recently explored AI-based approaches was validated through a comprehensive comparative analysis based on the most important transient response and stability metrics. Finally, to assess the robustness of the optimized AVR system, robustness analysis was conducted by analyzing the system response during the variation in the time constants of the generator, exciter, and amplifier from −50% to 50% range. The results of the study prove the superiority of the proposed IWOA-based AVR system in terms of transient response and stability metrics. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | The proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is one of the most robust and simplest configuration controllers used for industrial applications. However, its performance purely depends on the tuning of its proportional (KP), integral (KI) and derivative (KD) gains. Therefore, a proper combination of these gains is primarily required to achieve an optimal performance of the PID controllers. The conventional methods of PID tuning such as Cohen-Coon (CC) and Ziegler–Nichols (ZN) generate unwanted overshoots and long-lasting oscillations in the system. Owing to the mentioned problems, this paper attempts to achieve an optimized combination of PID controller gains by exploiting the intelligence of the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) and one of its recently introduced modified versions called improved whale optimization algorithm (IWOA) in an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) system. The stability of the IWOA-AVR system was studied by assessing its root-locus, bode maps, and pole/zero plots. The performance superiority of the presented IWOA-AVR design over eight of the recently explored AI-based approaches was validated through a comprehensive comparative analysis based on the most important transient response and stability metrics. Finally, to assess the robustness of the optimized AVR system, robustness analysis was conducted by analyzing the system response during the variation in the time constants of the generator, exciter, and amplifier from −50% to 50% range. The results of the study prove the superiority of the proposed IWOA-based AVR system in terms of transient response and stability metrics. |
| Author | Jumani, Touqeer A. Ahmed, Emad M. Habib, Salman Abbas, Ghulam Bhutto, Aqeel Ahmed Mirsaeidi, Sohrab |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Salman orcidid: 0000-0003-2632-2895 surname: Habib fullname: Habib, Salman – sequence: 2 givenname: Ghulam orcidid: 0000-0001-7383-6798 surname: Abbas fullname: Abbas, Ghulam – sequence: 3 givenname: Touqeer A. orcidid: 0000-0002-5201-5111 surname: Jumani fullname: Jumani, Touqeer A. – sequence: 4 givenname: Aqeel Ahmed surname: Bhutto fullname: Bhutto, Aqeel Ahmed – sequence: 5 givenname: Sohrab surname: Mirsaeidi fullname: Mirsaeidi, Sohrab – sequence: 6 givenname: Emad M. orcidid: 0000-0001-7828-7556 surname: Ahmed fullname: Ahmed, Emad M. |
| BookMark | eNptkcFqGzEQhkVJoGmSS59A0FuJW2lHXmWPJqStIRBI0vYoZrWztsyu5EragPsMfejKcUtLiA7SIP3z8eufN-zIB0-MvZXiA0AjPpKXc6nmAvQrdiKbpp5JoeHov_o1O09pI8oCkABwwn4tx20Mj9Tx72sciN9usxvdT8wueL4YViG6vB55HyJ_iOiTI5_5HaVt8Iku-F1op5Q9pXTB0Xf8PmPrBpd3_Nqv0Vsa9_rQl0e-mHIYC9jyb2HIuKLCWU0D5sK-36VM4xk77nFIdP7nPGVfP10_XH2Z3dx-Xl4tbmYWaplnffmPbK0UUGuqpUCiti57Vak5ta3SbaP1ZWP7usEOpKwr0kopgSUkqQDhlC0P3C7gxmyjGzHuTEBnni5CXBmMxehAhrQUYs-DDku0CqG10Iuqu9RkKy0L692BVWL8MVHKZhOm6It9U9WNEkKB2KvEQWVjSClSb6zLTyHniG4wUpj9CM2_EZaW989a_hp9Qfwb5JGejA |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2023_3331987 crossref_primary_10_3390_fractalfract8050300 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2024_3351710 crossref_primary_10_3390_en16010348 crossref_primary_10_3390_fractalfract8110654 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_egyr_2022_12_048 crossref_primary_10_32604_ee_2023_029024 crossref_primary_10_3390_math12050656 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_prime_2023_100380 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_56590_5 crossref_primary_10_3390_en15176129 crossref_primary_10_3390_en18061337 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00521_023_08740_5 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2025_3573900 crossref_primary_10_3390_en16134896 crossref_primary_10_3390_fractalfract7090690 crossref_primary_10_3390_fractalfract9010021 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jestch_2024_101697 crossref_primary_10_3390_su142013211 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_56167_2 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2023_3304333 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_prime_2022_100071 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2022_3215261 crossref_primary_10_3389_fenrg_2024_1356978 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00521_023_08917_y crossref_primary_10_1080_02286203_2023_2274254 crossref_primary_10_3389_fenrg_2023_1145888 crossref_primary_10_3389_fenrg_2023_1288486 crossref_primary_10_1002_ese3_70062 crossref_primary_10_3390_sym16101400 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_025_91699_1 crossref_primary_10_3390_su151511640 crossref_primary_10_1007_s42835_023_01507_x crossref_primary_10_1016_j_rser_2025_116184 crossref_primary_10_3390_en15238973 crossref_primary_10_3389_fenrg_2023_1293870 crossref_primary_10_3389_fenrg_2023_1295476 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2024_3453755 crossref_primary_10_3389_fenrg_2023_1287413 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2024_3410386 |
| Cites_doi | 10.3390/electronics8121472 10.3233/IFS-130816 10.1016/0278-4343(94)00053-P 10.3390/en13051283 10.3390/en11071808 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2989133 10.3390/en11113191 10.1525/bio.2013.63.2.5 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09399 10.1002/2050-7038.13157 10.12911/22998993/125458 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2993628 10.1109/ICEEE2.2018.8391320 10.1177/0142331218811453 10.1371/journal.pone.0265611 10.3390/pr7110840 10.1016/j.asej.2019.07.004 10.1016/j.enconman.2018.08.053 10.1177/01423312211066758 10.1016/j.advengsoft.2016.01.008 10.3390/electronics8080860 10.3390/en13164063 10.3390/electronics8010111 10.3390/s21093196 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION ABUWG AFKRA AZQEC BENPR CCPQU DWQXO PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PKEHL PQEST PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS DOA |
| DOI | 10.3390/en15145037 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest Central UK/Ireland ProQuest Central Essentials AUTh Library subscriptions: ProQuest Central ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Central ProQuest Databases ProQuest One Academic Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Academic (retired) ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central China Open Access: DOAJ - Directory of Open Access Journals |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Central China ProQuest Central ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central Korea ProQuest Central (New) ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic (New) |
| DatabaseTitleList | Publicly Available Content Database CrossRef |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: DOA name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals url: https://www.doaj.org/ sourceTypes: Open Website – sequence: 2 dbid: PIMPY name: Publicly Available Content Database url: http://search.proquest.com/publiccontent sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Engineering |
| EISSN | 1996-1073 |
| ExternalDocumentID | oai_doaj_org_article_e7100b9773da4504a3bc3f02d87ec271 10_3390_en15145037 |
| GroupedDBID | 29G 2WC 2XV 5GY 5VS 7XC 8FE 8FG 8FH AADQD AAHBH AAYXX ABDBF ACUHS ADBBV ADMLS AENEX AFFHD AFKRA AFZYC ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS BCNDV BENPR CCPQU CITATION CS3 DU5 EBS ESX FRP GROUPED_DOAJ GX1 I-F IAO ITC KQ8 L6V L8X MODMG M~E OK1 OVT P2P PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PROAC TR2 TUS ABUWG AZQEC DWQXO PKEHL PQEST PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS PUEGO |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c361t-f1991bc10367e610aeeb60ae2245ebb47b97789cf69ad31162e74440a390143a3 |
| IEDL.DBID | DOA |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 39 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000831469500001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 1996-1073 |
| IngestDate | Fri Oct 03 12:51:30 EDT 2025 Sat Sep 06 16:35:14 EDT 2025 Tue Nov 18 21:24:02 EST 2025 Sat Nov 29 07:15:04 EST 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 14 |
| Language | English |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c361t-f1991bc10367e610aeeb60ae2245ebb47b97789cf69ad31162e74440a390143a3 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7383-6798 0000-0003-2632-2895 0000-0001-7828-7556 0000-0002-5201-5111 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://doaj.org/article/e7100b9773da4504a3bc3f02d87ec271 |
| PQID | 2694004301 |
| PQPubID | 2032402 |
| ParticipantIDs | doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_e7100b9773da4504a3bc3f02d87ec271 proquest_journals_2694004301 crossref_citationtrail_10_3390_en15145037 crossref_primary_10_3390_en15145037 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2022-07-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2022-07-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 07 year: 2022 text: 2022-07-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | Basel |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Basel |
| PublicationTitle | Energies (Basel) |
| PublicationYear | 2022 |
| Publisher | MDPI AG |
| Publisher_xml | – name: MDPI AG |
| References | ref_14 ref_12 Mirjalili (ref_23) 2016; 95 Kose (ref_18) 2020; 8 Zeybekoglu (ref_15) 2020; 21 ref_17 Xiong (ref_20) 2018; 174 Sahib (ref_9) 2015; 18 Jumani (ref_13) 2020; 8 Mosaad (ref_19) 2019; 10 Memon (ref_25) 2021; 31 Dogruer (ref_11) 2022; 44 Laghari (ref_7) 2014; 26 (ref_16) 2019; 41 ref_24 Ngaleu (ref_4) 2020; 15 ref_1 Joseph (ref_10) 2022; 8 ref_3 ref_2 ref_28 ref_27 Kenney (ref_21) 1995; 15 ref_26 ref_8 Goldbogen (ref_22) 2013; 63 ref_5 ref_6 |
| References_xml | – ident: ref_28 doi: 10.3390/electronics8121472 – volume: 26 start-page: 1301 year: 2014 ident: ref_7 article-title: A Fuzzy Based Load Frequency Control for Distribution Network Connected with Mini Hydro Power Plant publication-title: J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst. doi: 10.3233/IFS-130816 – ident: ref_3 – ident: ref_26 – volume: 15 start-page: 385 year: 1995 ident: ref_21 article-title: Cetaceans in the Great South Channel, 1979–1989: Right Whale (Eubalaena glacialis) publication-title: Cont. Shelf Res. doi: 10.1016/0278-4343(94)00053-P – ident: ref_12 doi: 10.3390/en13051283 – ident: ref_1 doi: 10.3390/en11071808 – volume: 8 start-page: 75986 year: 2020 ident: ref_13 article-title: Swarm Intelligence-Based Optimization Techniques for Dynamic Response and Power Quality Enhancement of AC Microgrids: A Comprehensive Review publication-title: IEEE Access doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2989133 – ident: ref_6 doi: 10.3390/en11113191 – volume: 63 start-page: 90 year: 2013 ident: ref_22 article-title: Integrative Approaches to the Study of Baleen Whale Diving Behavior, Feeding Performance, and Foraging Ecology publication-title: Bioscience doi: 10.1525/bio.2013.63.2.5 – volume: 8 start-page: e09399 year: 2022 ident: ref_10 article-title: Metaheuristic Algorithms for PID Controller Parameters Tuning: Review, Approaches and Open Problems publication-title: Heliyon doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09399 – volume: 31 start-page: e13157 year: 2021 ident: ref_25 article-title: Salp Swarm Algorithm–Based Optimal Vector Control Scheme for Dynamic Response Enhancement of Brushless Double-fed Induction Generator in a Wind Energy Conversion System publication-title: Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst. doi: 10.1002/2050-7038.13157 – volume: 21 start-page: 27 year: 2020 ident: ref_15 article-title: Investigation of Applicability of Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm on Rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency Equations publication-title: J. Ecol. Eng. doi: 10.12911/22998993/125458 – volume: 8 start-page: 89457 year: 2020 ident: ref_18 article-title: Optimal Control of AVR System with Tree Seed Algorithm-Based PID Controller publication-title: IEEE Access doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2993628 – ident: ref_17 doi: 10.1109/ICEEE2.2018.8391320 – volume: 41 start-page: 1761 year: 2019 ident: ref_16 article-title: Sine-Cosine Algorithm-Based Optimization for Automatic Voltage Regulator System publication-title: Trans. Inst. Meas. Control doi: 10.1177/0142331218811453 – ident: ref_27 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265611 – ident: ref_24 doi: 10.3390/pr7110840 – volume: 10 start-page: 755 year: 2019 ident: ref_19 article-title: Whale Optimization Algorithm to Tune PID and PIDA Controllers on AVR System publication-title: Ain Shams Eng. J. doi: 10.1016/j.asej.2019.07.004 – volume: 174 start-page: 388 year: 2018 ident: ref_20 article-title: Parameter Extraction of Solar Photovoltaic Models Using an Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm publication-title: Energy Convers. Manag. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2018.08.053 – volume: 44 start-page: 1862 year: 2022 ident: ref_11 article-title: Design and Robustness Analysis of Fuzzy PID Controller for Automatic Voltage Regulator System Using Genetic Algorithm publication-title: Trans. Inst. Meas. Control doi: 10.1177/01423312211066758 – volume: 95 start-page: 51 year: 2016 ident: ref_23 article-title: The Whale Optimization Algorithm publication-title: Adv. Eng. Softw. doi: 10.1016/j.advengsoft.2016.01.008 – ident: ref_2 doi: 10.3390/electronics8080860 – ident: ref_8 doi: 10.3390/en13164063 – volume: 15 start-page: 474 year: 2020 ident: ref_4 article-title: Design and Robust Analysis of Internal Model Controllers for an Automatic Voltage Regulation System publication-title: Int. Rev. Electr. Eng. – ident: ref_5 doi: 10.3390/electronics8010111 – ident: ref_14 doi: 10.3390/s21093196 – volume: 18 start-page: 194 year: 2015 ident: ref_9 article-title: A Novel Optimal PID plus Second Order Derivative Controller for AVR System publication-title: Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J. |
| SSID | ssj0000331333 |
| Score | 2.4924953 |
| Snippet | The proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is one of the most robust and simplest configuration controllers used for industrial applications.... |
| SourceID | doaj proquest crossref |
| SourceType | Open Website Aggregation Database Enrichment Source Index Database |
| StartPage | 5037 |
| SubjectTerms | automatic voltage regulator Cognition & reasoning Controllers Design optimization dynamic response enhancement improved whale optimization algorithm Life expectancy Optimization algorithms Optimization techniques stability whale optimization algorithm |
| SummonAdditionalLinks | – databaseName: AUTh Library subscriptions: ProQuest Central dbid: BENPR link: http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1LT9tAEF61oYf2UPpChEK1UrlUwsL2brz2qQooiFOKopZys_YxTpCCTROnUv8DP7oz601AKuqFiw_e9crWzM7Mjme-j7HDAlxFDZORTFMTSZtAlFudRZrgudLCxFrnnmxCjcf51VVxERJuy1BWubaJ3lC7xlKO_Jg6Lj1AVfL19ldErFH0dzVQaDxnW4RUJnts62Q0vphssiyxEHgIEx0uqcDz_THU6OPkICbi8weeyAP2_2OPvZM5237q671hr0N4yYedPrxlz6B-x149AB18z-66PAI4_nOG3oF_Q6NxE7ox-XA-xVXb2Q3HYJZ7R0YNk3zSldLCEZ80ZrVsyUAecV07jtGqr6_9w0f1jFSI0o28qXCQD1dt4yFh-WUzb9Fy4TpT4gvDtTuo9A_sx9no--l5FDgZIiuypI0qKpUyNkHHpwBDLw1gMrxiJDAAY6QyGFDmha2yQjuRJFkKSkoZa8qtSKHFDuvVTQ27jMcVKCVMDhgmSFM4rcANwGap0Uqo3PXZl7V8ShsAy4k3Y17iwYVkWd7Lss8-b-bedjAdj846ITFvZhC0tr_RLKZl2KklEN4RfYVwGp-SWhgrqjh1uQKbqqTP9tcaUIb9vizvxb_3_-GP7GVKDRS-4Hef9drFCg7YC_u7vV4uPgX1_QtDFPwO priority: 102 providerName: ProQuest |
| Title | Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm for Transient Response, Robustness, and Stability Enhancement of an Automatic Voltage Regulator System |
| URI | https://www.proquest.com/docview/2694004301 https://doaj.org/article/e7100b9773da4504a3bc3f02d87ec271 |
| Volume | 15 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos000831469500001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVAON databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals customDbUrl: eissn: 1996-1073 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000331333 issn: 1996-1073 databaseCode: DOA dateStart: 20080101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.doaj.org/ providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals – providerCode: PRVHPJ databaseName: ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources customDbUrl: eissn: 1996-1073 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000331333 issn: 1996-1073 databaseCode: M~E dateStart: 20080101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://road.issn.org providerName: ISSN International Centre – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: ProQuest Central customDbUrl: eissn: 1996-1073 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000331333 issn: 1996-1073 databaseCode: BENPR dateStart: 20080301 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/central providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Publicly Available Content Database customDbUrl: eissn: 1996-1073 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000331333 issn: 1996-1073 databaseCode: PIMPY dateStart: 20080301 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://search.proquest.com/publiccontent providerName: ProQuest |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1LT-MwELYQ7GE5IPYlyqOyBJeViEhsN49jQa2WA6Wq2F32FPkxoUglQTRF4sIv4Ecz4wS20iLthUsOjuVEnvF8M9bMN4wdZOAKKpgMlBAmUDaCILU6DjTRc4nMhFqnvtlEMhqll5fZeKnVF-WENfTAzcYdAdHPGPRSpNOqFyotjZVFKFyagBW-elyg17MUTHkbLCUGX7LhI5UY1x9BidiGC1DD8yUE8kT9_9hhDy7DTbbReoW83_zNJ7YC5We2vsQV-IU9NeE_OP57ikadn-NZv2mLKHl_dlVhlD-94eiDco8_VOfIJ00GLBzySWUW85rs2iHXpePoZPq02Ac-KKckebol5FWBL3l_UVeeyZX_qmY1Ghxcx3esx7UbhvOv7OdwcHHyI2hbKQRWxlEdFJThZGyEeJUAekwawMT4RADvgTEqoR1OM1vEmXYyimIBiVIq1HQloqSW39hqWZWwxXhYAArDpIDorkzmdAKuBzYWRicySV2HfX_Z3ty2POPU7mKWY7xBosj_iqLD9l_n3jbsGm_OOiYpvc4gRmw_gHqSt3qS_09POmz3RcZ5e0znOZXxetazaPs9vrHDPgqqjvDZvLtstb5bwB77YO_r6_ldl60dD0bjSddrKj7PHgc4Nj49G_95BkHi8OY |
| linkProvider | Directory of Open Access Journals |
| linkToHtml | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1Lb9NAEF6VFIly4I0aKLAScECqVXt347UPCAVo1ahtiKpCy8nsywlSapfEAfU_8Fv4jcys7bQSiFsPXHzwPqRdfzszO575hpAXqbM5JkwGgjEdCBO5IDEqDhTSc7FUh0olvtiEHA6Tk5N0tEJ-tbkwGFbZykQvqG1p0Ee-hRmXnqAqenP2LcCqUfh3tS2hUcNiz53_gCvb_PXgPXzfl4ztbB-92w2aqgKB4XFUBTkG-2gTgeiWDowH5ZyO4Qm6rOe0FlKDSZSkJo9TZXkUxcxJIUSo0DsguOIw7zWyCivpJR2yOhocjD4vvToh53Dp4zUPKocRW64AnSp6IRZav6T5fIGAP-S_V2o7t_-37bhDbjXmM-3XeL9LVlxxj9y8RKp4n_ys_STO0uMJaD_6AYTiaZNtSvvTMayimpxSMNapV9SYEEoP61Bht0kPS72YV6gANqkqLAVr3McPn9PtYoJHBN2ptMyhkfYXVekpb-mnclqBZIZ5xlgPDeauqeAfkI9Xsh0PSacoC7dOaJg7KblOHJhBQqdWSWd7zsRMK8llYrvkVYuHzDSE7FgXZJrBxQyxk11gp0ueL_ue1TQkf-31FmG17IHU4f5FORtnjSTKHPI54Sq4VTBKKK4Nz0NmE-kMk1GXbLSIyxp5Ns8u4Pbo383PyI3do4P9bH8w3HtM1hgmi_jg5g3SqWYL94RcN9-rr_PZ0-boUPLlquH5G5j6Vw8 |
| linkToPdf | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1Lb9NAEF6VFiE48EYECqwEHJBqxd7deO0DQoE2IiqEqOJRTmYf4wQptUvigPof-EX8OmZsJ60E4tYDFx-8D2nX387Mjme-YexJCj6nhMlACWED5SIIEmfiwBA9l0htaExSF5vQo1FyeJiON9ivVS4MhVWuZGItqH3pyEfepYzLmqAq6uZtWMR4d_Di-FtAFaToT-uqnEYDkX04-YHXt8Xz4S5-66dCDPbev3odtBUGAifjqApyCvyxLkIxrgENCQNgY3yiXuuBtUpbNI-S1OVxaryMoliAVkqFhjwFShqJ815gW2iSKzxjW-Ph2_HntYcnlBIvgLLhRJU4ogsF6lfVC6no-hktWBcL-EMX1ApucO1_3prr7GprVvN-cw5usA0obrIrZ8gWb7Gfjf8EPP80Ra3I36GwPGqzUHl_NsFVVNMjjkY8rxU4JYrygyaEGHb4QWmXi4oUww43hedopddxxSd8r5jS0SE3Ky9zbOT9ZVXWVLj8YzmrUGLjPBOqk4ZzNxTxt9mHc9mOO2yzKAu4y3iYg9bSJoDmkbKpNxp8D1wsrNFSJ77Dnq2wkbmWqJ3qhcwyvLARjrJTHHXY43Xf44ae5K-9XhLE1j2IUrx-Uc4nWSuhMiCeJ1qF9AZHKSOtk3kofKLBCR112PYKfVkr5xbZKfTu_bv5EbuEmMzeDEf799llQTkkdczzNtus5kt4wC6679XXxfxhe4o4-3Le6PwNC8xfzw |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Improved+Whale+Optimization+Algorithm+for+Transient+Response%2C+Robustness%2C+and+Stability+Enhancement+of+an+Automatic+Voltage+Regulator+System&rft.jtitle=Energies+%28Basel%29&rft.au=Salman+Habib&rft.au=Ghulam+Abbas&rft.au=Touqeer+A.+Jumani&rft.au=Aqeel+Ahmed+Bhutto&rft.date=2022-07-01&rft.pub=MDPI+AG&rft.eissn=1996-1073&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=14&rft.spage=5037&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fen15145037&rft.externalDBID=DOA&rft.externalDocID=oai_doaj_org_article_e7100b9773da4504a3bc3f02d87ec271 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1996-1073&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1996-1073&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1996-1073&client=summon |