Exploring kartogenin: advances in therapeutics and signaling mechanisms for musculoskeletal regeneration

Kartogenin (KGN) is a small synthetic heterocyclic molecule with chondrogenic and chondroprotective effects. Since its discovery, there has been a focus on regenerating cartilage damage and treating Osteoarthritis) OA(. In the treatment of OA, it’s important to target both cartilage and subchondral...

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Vydáno v:	Molecular biology reports Ročník 52; číslo 1; s. 533
Hlavní autoři:	Kiani, Sareh, Fallahi, Jafar, Tanideh, Nader, Razban, Vahid, Khajeh, Sahar
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Dordrecht Springer Netherlands 01.12.2025 Springer Nature B.V
Témata:	aesthetics ambient temperature Anilides - pharmacology Anilides - therapeutic use Animal Anatomy Animal Biochemistry Animals Biomedical and Life Sciences Bone growth Bone healing Bone Regeneration - drug effects Cancellous bone Cartilage Cartilage diseases Cell differentiation Cell Differentiation - drug effects Cell signaling Chondrocytes Chondrocytes - drug effects Chondrocytes - metabolism Chondrogenesis Chondrogenesis - drug effects Clinical trials drugs heterocyclic compounds Histology Humans inflammation Life Sciences ligands Morphology musculoskeletal system Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis - drug therapy Osteoarthritis - metabolism pain Phthalic Acids - pharmacology Phthalic Acids - therapeutic use Regeneration Regeneration - drug effects Review Signal Transduction - drug effects Sox9 protein SOX9 Transcription Factor - metabolism Subchondral bone therapeutics Toxicity Wound healing Wound Healing - drug effects Kartogenin Regeneration Signaling SOX9 Chondrogenesis
ISSN:	0301-4851, 1573-4978, 1573-4978
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Popis
Shrnutí:	Kartogenin (KGN) is a small synthetic heterocyclic molecule with chondrogenic and chondroprotective effects. Since its discovery, there has been a focus on regenerating cartilage damage and treating Osteoarthritis) OA(. In the treatment of OA, it’s important to target both cartilage and subchondral bone. KGN appears to reduce cartilage degradation and changes in subchondral trabecular bone. It can also reduce inflammation and pain behavior in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, KGN promotes chondrocyte differentiation and proliferation. It has been applied in many regenerative research fields including aesthetic procedures, limb skeletal growth, wound healing, tendon and bone regeneration and disc regeneration. KGN is similar to the natural ligands involved in cell signaling and differentiation. The master regulator of cartilage genes, Sex‑determining region‑box 9 protein (SOX9), is upregulated by KGN, making it an ideal drug to promote cartilage repair. Advantages of KGN include demonstrated low toxicity across various cell types and no apparent adverse effects in animals. It is highly stable, easily stored at room temperature, and can be synthesized inexpensively and efficiently. Analogues of KGN have entered clinical trials.
Bibliografie:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 ObjectType-Review-3 content type line 23
ISSN:	0301-4851 1573-4978 1573-4978
DOI:	10.1007/s11033-025-10653-6