Motion Detectors as Additional Monitoring Devices in the Intensive Care Unit—A Proof-of-Concept Study

Background: Monitoring the vital signs of delirious patients in an intensive care unit (ICU) is challenging, as they might (un-)intentionally remove devices attached to their bodies. In mock-up scenarios, we systematically assessed whether a motion detector (MD) attached to the bed may help in ident...

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Published in:	Applied sciences Vol. 13; no. 16; p. 9319
Main Authors:	Güder, Gülmisal, von Rein, Eva, Flohr, Thomas, Weismann, Dirk, Schmitt, Dominik, Störk, Stefan, Frantz, Stefan, Kratzer, Vincent, Kendi, Christian
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Basel MDPI AG 01.08.2023
Subjects:	Blood pressure Cellular telephones Intensive care Internet of Things Internet of Things devices Monitoring systems motion detector Motion detectors noncontact monitoring Oxygen saturation Patients Germany
ISSN:	2076-3417, 2076-3417
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Abstract	Background: Monitoring the vital signs of delirious patients in an intensive care unit (ICU) is challenging, as they might (un-)intentionally remove devices attached to their bodies. In mock-up scenarios, we systematically assessed whether a motion detector (MD) attached to the bed may help in identifying emergencies. Methods: We recruited 15 employees of the ICU and equipped an ICU bed with an MD (IRON Software GmbH, Grünwald, Germany). Participants were asked to replay 22 mock-up scenes of one-minute duration each: 12 scenes with movements and 10 without movements, of which 5 were emergency scenes (“lying dead-still, with no or very shallow breathing”). Blinded recordings were presented to an evaluation panel consisting of an experienced ICU nurse and a physician, who was asked to assess and rate the presence of motions. Results: Fifteen participants (nine women; 173 ± 7.0 cm; 78 ± 19 kg) joined the study. In total, 286 out of 330 scenes (86.7%) were rated correctly. Ratings were false negative (FN: “no movements detected, but recorded”) in 7 out of 180 motion scenes (3.9%). Ratings were false positive (FP: “movements detected, but not recorded”) in 37 out of 150 scenes (24.7%), more often in men than women (26 out of 60 vs. 11 out of 90, respectively; p < 0.001). Of note, in 16 of these 37 FP-rated scenes, a vibrating mobile phone was identified as a potential confounder. The emergency scenes were correctly rated in 64 of the 75 runs (85.3%); 10 of the 11 FP-rated scenes occurred in male subjects. Conclusions: The MD allowed for identifying motions of test subjects with high sensitivity (96%) and acceptable specificity (75%). Accuracy might increase further if activities are recorded continuously under real-world conditions.
AbstractList	Background: Monitoring the vital signs of delirious patients in an intensive care unit (ICU) is challenging, as they might (un-)intentionally remove devices attached to their bodies. In mock-up scenarios, we systematically assessed whether a motion detector (MD) attached to the bed may help in identifying emergencies. Methods: We recruited 15 employees of the ICU and equipped an ICU bed with an MD (IRON Software GmbH, Grünwald, Germany). Participants were asked to replay 22 mock-up scenes of one-minute duration each: 12 scenes with movements and 10 without movements, of which 5 were emergency scenes (“lying dead-still, with no or very shallow breathing”). Blinded recordings were presented to an evaluation panel consisting of an experienced ICU nurse and a physician, who was asked to assess and rate the presence of motions. Results: Fifteen participants (nine women; 173 ± 7.0 cm; 78 ± 19 kg) joined the study. In total, 286 out of 330 scenes (86.7%) were rated correctly. Ratings were false negative (FN: “no movements detected, but recorded”) in 7 out of 180 motion scenes (3.9%). Ratings were false positive (FP: “movements detected, but not recorded”) in 37 out of 150 scenes (24.7%), more often in men than women (26 out of 60 vs. 11 out of 90, respectively; p < 0.001). Of note, in 16 of these 37 FP-rated scenes, a vibrating mobile phone was identified as a potential confounder. The emergency scenes were correctly rated in 64 of the 75 runs (85.3%); 10 of the 11 FP-rated scenes occurred in male subjects. Conclusions: The MD allowed for identifying motions of test subjects with high sensitivity (96%) and acceptable specificity (75%). Accuracy might increase further if activities are recorded continuously under real-world conditions.
Audience	Academic
Author	Güder, Gülmisal Frantz, Stefan Flohr, Thomas von Rein, Eva Schmitt, Dominik Kratzer, Vincent Weismann, Dirk Störk, Stefan Kendi, Christian
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Cites_doi	10.1186/cc12525 10.3390/ijerph17228409 10.3389/fdgth.2022.773387 10.1176/appi.psy.49.4.300 10.7861/clinmedicine.2-4-349 10.1088/1361-6579/ab0096 10.1002/jhm.2331 10.2345/0899-8205-46.4.268 10.1186/s12888-020-02573-5 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002265 10.1117/1.JBO.22.3.037001 10.3390/s21196469 10.2307/2529310 10.1055/s-0039-1677914 10.2345/0899-8205-50.5.329 10.1016/j.jcgg.2014.06.001 10.1371/journal.pone.0241276 10.1038/s41746-022-00575-z 10.1049/htl.2014.0077 10.1016/j.ccc.2017.03.005 10.1186/s12871-019-0757-z 10.4187/respcare.03677 10.4266/acc.2019.00451 10.1007/s12028-019-00711-w 10.1371/journal.pone.0110274 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019704 10.1503/cmaj.109-4696 10.1088/1361-6579/ab1f1d 10.1007/s10877-022-00945-8 10.3390/s23031736 10.1055/s-0040-1722614 10.1097/ACO.0000000000000260 10.1002/jhm.2141 10.1097/01.NAJ.0000383917.98063.bd 10.3390/s20216307 10.4037/NCI.0b013e3182a903f9 10.3389/fphys.2022.799621 10.1155/2015/570145 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01498.x
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SubjectTerms	Blood pressure Cellular telephones Intensive care Internet of Things Internet of Things devices Monitoring systems motion detector Motion detectors noncontact monitoring Oxygen saturation Patients
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Title	Motion Detectors as Additional Monitoring Devices in the Intensive Care Unit—A Proof-of-Concept Study
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