A Novel ECG Noise Reduction Technique Employing the Chaotic Adaptive Fish Migration Optimization Algorithm

Optimization problems are ubiquitous, and obtaining ideal solutions to optimization problems is a challenging task. In terms of denoising the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal, the weight parameters of the adaptive filtering algorithm determine the quality of the output ECG signal to a large extent. Ho...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:	IEEE access Jg. 11; S. 1
Hauptverfasser:	Chai, Qing-Wei, Zheng, Wei-Min, Xu, Lili, Liao, Lyuchao
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Piscataway IEEE 01.01.2023 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Schlagworte:	Adaptive algorithms Adaptive filters Algorithms Discrete wavelet transforms ECG Signal Processing Electrocardiography Evolutionary computation evolutionary computing Evulutionary Computing Fish migration Fish Migration Algorithm Fish schools Heuristic Heuristic algorithms Heuristic methods Intelligence Computing Mate-Heuristic Algorithm Noise reduction Optimization Parameters Signal processing Signal processing algorithms Synthetic data
ISSN:	2169-3536, 2169-3536
Online-Zugang:	Volltext
Tags:	Tag hinzufügen Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!

Abstract	Optimization problems are ubiquitous, and obtaining ideal solutions to optimization problems is a challenging task. In terms of denoising the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal, the weight parameters of the adaptive filtering algorithm determine the quality of the output ECG signal to a large extent. However, adaptive filters need to adjust too many parameters, which is a challenging problem. Heuristic algorithm is a powerful tool for solving various optimization problems, and it is very suitable for solving such complex problems. In this paper, a novel ECG denoising method is proposed, which combines a heuristic algorithm with an adaptive filtering algorithm to adjust the weight parameters of the filter. In addition, a new heuristic algorithm, Chaotic Adaptive Fish Migration Optimization (CAFMO), is proposed to introduce the chaotic strategy into the Adaptive Fish Migration Optimization (AFMO) algorithm. The efficiency of a novel denoising method is validated through the use of synthetic data generated by the FECGSYN toolbox. The CAFMO algorithm exhibits superior performance in noise mitigation in ECG data, outperforming other algorithms such as PSO, ABC, BH, GWO, SO and AFMO. The combination of CAFMO algorithm and adaptive filter produces a significant 28% improvement over traditional LMS adaptive filter, with another 20% improvement over other heuristic algorithms combined with adaptive filter.
AbstractList	Optimization problems are ubiquitous, and obtaining ideal solutions to optimization problems is a challenging task. In terms of denoising the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal, the weight parameters of the adaptive filtering algorithm determine the quality of the output ECG signal to a large extent. However, adaptive filters need to adjust too many parameters, which is a challenging problem. Heuristic algorithm is a powerful tool for solving various optimization problems, and it is very suitable for solving such complex problems. In this paper, a novel ECG denoising method is proposed, which combines a heuristic algorithm with an adaptive filtering algorithm to adjust the weight parameters of the filter. In addition, a new heuristic algorithm, Chaotic Adaptive Fish Migration Optimization (CAFMO), is proposed to introduce the chaotic strategy into the Adaptive Fish Migration Optimization (AFMO) algorithm. The efficiency of a novel denoising method is validated through the use of synthetic data generated by the FECGSYN toolbox. The CAFMO algorithm exhibits superior performance in noise mitigation in ECG data, outperforming other algorithms such as PSO, ABC, BH, GWO, SO and AFMO. The combination of CAFMO algorithm and adaptive filter produces a significant 28% improvement over traditional LMS adaptive filter, with another 20% improvement over other heuristic algorithms combined with adaptive filter.
Author	Liao, Lyuchao Chai, Qing-Wei Zheng, Wei-Min Xu, Lili
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Qing-Wei orcidid: 0000-0001-5587-0589 surname: Chai fullname: Chai, Qing-Wei organization: Fujian Provincial Universities Key Laboratory of Industrial Control and Data Analysis (Fujian University of Technology), Fuzhou, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Wei-Min surname: Zheng fullname: Zheng, Wei-Min organization: Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China – sequence: 3 givenname: Lili surname: Xu fullname: Xu, Lili organization: The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China – sequence: 4 givenname: Lyuchao surname: Liao fullname: Liao, Lyuchao organization: Fujian Provincial Universities Key Laboratory of Industrial Control and Data Analysis (Fujian University of Technology), Fuzhou, China
BookMark	eNpNUU1P4zAQtVYgwQK_gD1Y2nOL7Ymd-BhFpYvEhwS9W44_Gldp3HVSJPj1awhaMZd5fpr3ZuT3E50McXAIXVOypJTIm7ppVi8vS0YYLAFYUQjyA50zKuQCOIiTb_gMXY3jjuSqMsXLc7Sr8WN8dT1eNeuMwujws7NHM4U44I0z3RD-Hh1e7Q99fAvDFk-dw02n4xQMrq0-TOHV4dswdvghbJP-1D1ldh_e50fdb2MKU7e_RKde96O7-uoXaHO72jR_FvdP67umvl8Y4HJa2LLgmgpNufe2ZN6SltPWtUa0lFsmgfnSlFzoDATxjlqhSVmYCloNlYYLdDfb2qh36pDCXqc3FXVQn0RMW6VTvr53ygL4snCEe0kL7Y001EpNqGEFWAFt9vo9ex1SzN8wTmoXj2nI1ytWVUUloRKQp2CeMimOY3L-_1ZK1EdEao5IfUSkviLKql-zKjjnvilYxYnk8A90Co8_
CODEN	IAECCG
Cites_doi	10.1109/CIC.1998.731887 10.1016/j.bspc.2018.03.003 10.3390/rs14194875 10.1109/10.161335 10.1016/j.neucom.2013.02.010 10.1007/s00521-005-0013-y 10.1155/2021/7260806 10.1109/10.83591 10.1109/CIC.1999.826026 10.1109/CICT.2013.6558234 10.1109/ICNN.1995.488968 10.1088/0967-3334/37/5/627 10.2478/v10175-012-0052-3 10.1109/4235.797971 10.1109/18.382009 10.1016/j.ins.2016.09.033 10.1016/j.isatra.2020.12.029 10.1109/ICACCI.2013.6637433 10.1016/j.knosys.2020.105746 10.1155/2021/9255810 10.1016/j.ins.2012.08.023 10.1016/j.eswa.2011.05.027 10.1007/s10916-017-0886-1 10.1109/TBME.2007.897817 10.1016/S0925-2312(98)00056-3 10.1016/j.advengsoft.2016.01.008 10.1016/j.knosys.2022.108320 10.1109/TEVC.2017.2675628 10.1109/RBME.2018.2840336 10.1109/TBCAS.2022.3204993 10.1016/S0010-4825(03)00090-8 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2009.04.009 10.1007/s11235-010-9286-2 10.1109/ICENCO.2015.7416358 10.1109/CIC.1998.731776 10.1109/NAFIPS.1996.534790
ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2023
Copyright_xml	– notice: Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2023
DBID	97E ESBDL RIA RIE AAYXX CITATION 7SC 7SP 7SR 8BQ 8FD JG9 JQ2 L7M L~C L~D DOA
DOI	10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3324460
DatabaseName	IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 2005–Present IEEE Xplore Open Access Journals IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 1998–Present IEEE CrossRef Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Electronics & Communications Abstracts Engineered Materials Abstracts METADEX Technology Research Database Materials Research Database ProQuest Computer Science Collection Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Academic Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
DatabaseTitle	CrossRef Materials Research Database Engineered Materials Abstracts Technology Research Database Computer and Information Systems Abstracts – Academic Electronics & Communications Abstracts ProQuest Computer Science Collection Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace METADEX Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional
DatabaseTitleList	Materials Research Database
Database_xml	– sequence: 1 dbid: DOA name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals url: https://www.doaj.org/ sourceTypes: Open Website – sequence: 2 dbid: RIE name: IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ sourceTypes: Publisher
DeliveryMethod	fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline	Engineering
EISSN	2169-3536
EndPage	1
ExternalDocumentID	oai_doaj_org_article_d33f74e05f914afc9c1d9a01c243d63b 10_1109_ACCESS_2023_3324460 10285095
Genre	orig-research
GrantInformation_xml	– fundername: Fujian Provincial Universities Key Laboratory of Industrial Control and Data Analysis (Fujian University of Technology) grantid: KF-J21011
GroupedDBID	0R~ 5VS 6IK 97E AAJGR ABAZT ABVLG ACGFS ADBBV ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS BCNDV BEFXN BFFAM BGNUA BKEBE BPEOZ EBS ESBDL GROUPED_DOAJ IPLJI JAVBF KQ8 M43 M~E O9- OCL OK1 RIA RIE RNS 4.4 AAYXX AGSQL CITATION EJD 7SC 7SP 7SR 8BQ 8FD JG9 JQ2 L7M L~C L~D
ID	FETCH-LOGICAL-c359t-d745a16a15ffd72fd0b51bebc6b15d2932f7c756a32f60fe1d6a074c83ba38a3
IEDL.DBID	DOA
ISICitedReferencesCount	0
ISICitedReferencesURI	http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=001097516500001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN	2169-3536
IngestDate	Fri Oct 03 12:52:27 EDT 2025 Mon Jun 30 18:03:15 EDT 2025 Sat Nov 29 06:25:10 EST 2025 Wed Aug 27 02:24:51 EDT 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess	true
IsOpenAccess	true
IsPeerReviewed	true
IsScholarly	true
Language	English
License	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
LinkModel	DirectLink
MergedId	FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c359t-d745a16a15ffd72fd0b51bebc6b15d2932f7c756a32f60fe1d6a074c83ba38a3
Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14
ORCID	0000-0001-5587-0589
OpenAccessLink	https://doaj.org/article/d33f74e05f914afc9c1d9a01c243d63b
PQID	2884893863
PQPubID	4845423
PageCount	1
ParticipantIDs	doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_d33f74e05f914afc9c1d9a01c243d63b crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2023_3324460 proquest_journals_2884893863 ieee_primary_10285095
PublicationCentury	2000
PublicationDate	2023-01-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD	2023-01-01
PublicationDate_xml	– month: 01 year: 2023 text: 2023-01-01 day: 01
PublicationDecade	2020
PublicationPlace	Piscataway
PublicationPlace_xml	– name: Piscataway
PublicationTitle	IEEE access
PublicationTitleAbbrev	Access
PublicationYear	2023
Publisher	IEEE The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher_xml	– name: IEEE – name: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
References	ref13 ref35 ref12 ref34 ref15 ref37 ref14 ref31 ref30 ref11 dhas (ref39) 2022; 16 ref10 ref32 ref2 ref1 ref17 ref16 ref38 ref19 ref18 chu (ref33) 2005; 21 chai (ref36) 2020; 11 ref23 ref26 ref25 ref20 ref41 deng (ref21) 2022 ref28 ref27 ref29 ref8 ref7 ref9 ref4 ref3 pan (ref22) 2022; 56 ref6 ref5 ref40 karaboga (ref24) 2005
References_xml	– ident: ref14 doi: 10.1109/CIC.1998.731887 – ident: ref2 doi: 10.1016/j.bspc.2018.03.003 – volume: 56 start-page: 1 year: 2022 ident: ref22 article-title: A survey on binary metaheuristic algorithms and their engineering applications publication-title: Artif Intell Rev – ident: ref34 doi: 10.3390/rs14194875 – ident: ref5 doi: 10.1109/10.161335 – ident: ref6 doi: 10.1016/j.neucom.2013.02.010 – volume: 11 start-page: 90 year: 2020 ident: ref36 article-title: Applying adaptive and self assessment fish migration optimization on localization of wireless sensor network on 3-D terrain publication-title: J Inf Hiding Multimedia Signal Process – ident: ref17 doi: 10.1007/s00521-005-0013-y – ident: ref32 doi: 10.1155/2021/7260806 – ident: ref4 doi: 10.1109/10.83591 – ident: ref11 doi: 10.1109/CIC.1999.826026 – ident: ref7 doi: 10.1109/CICT.2013.6558234 – ident: ref23 doi: 10.1109/ICNN.1995.488968 – ident: ref38 doi: 10.1088/0967-3334/37/5/627 – volume: 21 start-page: 9 year: 2005 ident: ref33 article-title: A parallel particle swarm optimization algorithm with communication strategies publication-title: J Inf Sci Eng – ident: ref16 doi: 10.2478/v10175-012-0052-3 – ident: ref31 doi: 10.1109/4235.797971 – ident: ref9 doi: 10.1109/18.382009 – ident: ref20 doi: 10.1016/j.ins.2016.09.033 – ident: ref10 doi: 10.1016/j.isatra.2020.12.029 – ident: ref18 doi: 10.1109/ICACCI.2013.6637433 – start-page: 1 year: 2022 ident: ref21 article-title: An ECG signal de-noising method combining the improved threshold function and ABC algorithm publication-title: Proc 3rd Int Conf Comput Inf Big Data Appl – ident: ref27 doi: 10.1016/j.knosys.2020.105746 – ident: ref30 doi: 10.1155/2021/9255810 – ident: ref29 doi: 10.1016/j.ins.2012.08.023 – year: 2005 ident: ref24 article-title: An idea based on honey bee swarm for numerical optimization – ident: ref37 doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2011.05.027 – ident: ref41 doi: 10.1007/s10916-017-0886-1 – ident: ref3 doi: 10.1109/TBME.2007.897817 – ident: ref15 doi: 10.1016/S0925-2312(98)00056-3 – ident: ref28 doi: 10.1016/j.advengsoft.2016.01.008 – ident: ref40 doi: 10.1016/j.knosys.2022.108320 – ident: ref35 doi: 10.1109/TEVC.2017.2675628 – ident: ref1 doi: 10.1109/RBME.2018.2840336 – volume: 16 start-page: 981 year: 2022 ident: ref39 article-title: Extraction of fetal ECG from abdominal and thorax ECG using a non-causal adaptive filter architecture publication-title: IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst doi: 10.1109/TBCAS.2022.3204993 – ident: ref8 doi: 10.1016/S0010-4825(03)00090-8 – ident: ref12 doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2009.04.009 – ident: ref19 doi: 10.1007/s11235-010-9286-2 – ident: ref26 doi: 10.1109/ICENCO.2015.7416358 – ident: ref13 doi: 10.1109/CIC.1998.731776 – ident: ref25 doi: 10.1109/NAFIPS.1996.534790
SSID	ssj0000816957
Score	2.2713583
Snippet	Optimization problems are ubiquitous, and obtaining ideal solutions to optimization problems is a challenging task. In terms of denoising the electrocardiogram...
SourceID	doaj proquest crossref ieee
SourceType	Open Website Aggregation Database Index Database Publisher
StartPage	1
SubjectTerms	Adaptive algorithms Adaptive filters Algorithms Discrete wavelet transforms ECG Signal Processing Electrocardiography Evolutionary computation evolutionary computing Evulutionary Computing Fish migration Fish Migration Algorithm Fish schools Heuristic Heuristic algorithms Heuristic methods Intelligence Computing Mate-Heuristic Algorithm Noise reduction Optimization Parameters Signal processing Signal processing algorithms Synthetic data
SummonAdditionalLinks	– databaseName: IEEE dbid: RIE link: http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV3LbtQwFLVoxQIWUKCo0wfygiWZxnH8WoaoLRsGhGbRneXHdTuonVQz034_tuMplRCL7iwrjh_H9r12cs9B6LNgVkFcCRXhLh5QONjKNkpWzPpWkhBaRk0WmxCzmby8VD9LsHqOhQGA_PMZTFMyf8v3g7tPV2WnyRhGA8d20I4QfAzWerxQSQoSionCLERqddr1fezENAmET2l0HNrMQ_nX-mSS_qKq8s9WnO3L-dtntmwPvSmOJO5G5N-hF7B8j14_oRf8gH53eDY8wA0-6y9iarEG_CsxtSYs8HxL3opH0d9YAkdnEPfXZoivxJ03d2krxEkcHX9fXI1TBf-IubcleBN3N1fDarG5vt1H8_Ozef-tKtoKlaNMbSovWmYIN4SF4EUTfG0ZsWAdt4T56AM0QTjBuIkJXgcgnpvobThJraHS0I9odzks4QBhoDVIYRsPIjNPqrj3WuDeBAGiqd0EfdkOub4bGTR0PnnUSo8I6YSQLghN0NcEy-Ojif46Z8Tx1mU1aU9pEC3ULMTaTHDKEa9MTVzTUs-pnaD9hNGT-kZ4Juh4i7Iua3WtGykTA4_k9PA_xY7Qq9TE8eblGO1uVvdwgl66h81ivfqUp-Efjm_cPw priority: 102 providerName: IEEE
Title	A Novel ECG Noise Reduction Technique Employing the Chaotic Adaptive Fish Migration Optimization Algorithm
URI	https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10285095 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2884893863 https://doaj.org/article/d33f74e05f914afc9c1d9a01c243d63b
Volume	11
WOSCitedRecordID	wos001097516500001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText	1
inHoldings	1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights	– providerCode: PRVAON databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals customDbUrl: eissn: 2169-3536 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000816957 issn: 2169-3536 databaseCode: DOA dateStart: 20130101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.doaj.org/ providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals – providerCode: PRVHPJ databaseName: ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources customDbUrl: eissn: 2169-3536 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000816957 issn: 2169-3536 databaseCode: M~E dateStart: 20130101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://road.issn.org providerName: ISSN International Centre
link	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV07T-swFLYQYuAOVzx1y0seGAnYcfwaQ1RgoSDUgc3yE4qgRW1h5LdjOylUYmC5S2RZSWx_xz4-J4q_D4BjTo30cSUUmNmYoDBvClNKUVDjKoFDqCjRWWyCDwbi_l7eLkl9pX_CWnrgFrgzR0jglUc0SFzpYKXFTmqEbVkRx4hJ3hdxuZRMZR8sMJOUdzRDGMmzumniiE6TWvgpiVFElUkpv7eizNjfSaz88Mt5s7nYAH-7KBHWbe82wYofb4E_S9yB2-CphoPJu3-G_eYylkYzD-8SDWsCGg4XzKywVfSNT8AY6cHmUU_iK2Ht9GvyczApn8Pr0UM7D-BNrH3pTmbC-vlhMh3NH192wPCiP2yuik44obCEynnheEU1ZhrTEBwvg0OGYuONZQZTFzf4MnDLKdOxwFDw2DEdQwkriNFEaLILVseTsf8HoCfIC25K53mmlYw2YMYzpwP3vES2B04WEKrXlh5D5bQCSdUirhLiqkO8B84TzF-3Jm7rXBEtrjqLq98s3gM7yUhL7ZUihj20Bw4WVlPdQpypUohEryMY2fsfbe-D9TSe9hvMAVidT9_8IViz7_PRbHqU52C8Xn_0j_JJwk-bpuE4
linkProvider	Directory of Open Access Journals
linkToHtml	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV3LTtwwFLVaWqntgr6oOpS2XnTZDHYc2_EyjaBUhWlVzYKd5cc1DIIJmhn4fmwnA0iIRXeWFcePY_teO7nnIPRNcqsgroSCChcPKAJsYUtVF9z6qqYhVJyZLDYhJ5P6-Fj9HYLVcywMAOSfz2Cckvlbvu_cVboq203GMBo4_hQ949GQkj5c6_ZKJWlIKC4HbiFK1G7TtrEb4yQRPmbRdagyE-Wd_ck0_YOuyoPNOFuY_df_2bY3aHNwJXHTY_8WPYH5O_TqHsHge3TW4El3Ded4r_0ZU7Ml4H-JqzWhgadr-lbcy_7GEji6g7g9NV18JW68uUybIU7y6PhodtJPFvwn5l4M4Zu4OT_pFrPV6cUWmu7vTduDYlBXKBzjalV4WXFDhaE8BC_L4Inl1IJ1wlLuoxdQBukkFyYmBAlAvTDR33A1s4bVhn1AG_NuDh8RBkaglrb0IDP3pIq7rwXhTZAgS-JG6Pt6yPVlz6Gh89mDKN0jpBNCekBohH4kWG4fTQTYOSOOtx7Wk_aMBVkB4SHWZoJTjnplCHVlxbxgdoS2Ekb36uvhGaGdNcp6WK1LXdZ14uCpBdt-pNhX9OJgenSoD39Nfn9CL1Nz-3uYHbSxWlzBZ_TcXa9my8WXPCVvADdD34w
openUrl	ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Novel+ECG+Noise+Reduction+Technique+Employing+the+Chaotic+Adaptive+Fish+Migration+Optimization+Algorithm&rft.jtitle=IEEE+access&rft.au=Chai%2C+Qing-Wei&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Wei-Min&rft.au=Xu%2C+Lili&rft.au=Liao%2C+Lyuchao&rft.date=2023-01-01&rft.issn=2169-3536&rft.eissn=2169-3536&rft.volume=11&rft.spage=118037&rft.epage=118047&rft_id=info:doi/10.1109%2FACCESS.2023.3324460&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_1109_ACCESS_2023_3324460
thumbnail_l	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2169-3536&client=summon
thumbnail_m	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2169-3536&client=summon
thumbnail_s	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2169-3536&client=summon