Design space exploration of hardware task superscalar architecture
For current high performance computing systems, exploiting concurrency is a serious and important challenge. Recently, several dynamic software task management mechanisms have been proposed. In particular, task-based dataflow programming models which benefit from dataflow principles to improve task-...
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| Vydáno v: | The Journal of supercomputing Ročník 71; číslo 9; s. 3567 - 3592 |
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| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
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01.09.2015
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| ISSN: | 0920-8542, 1573-0484 |
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| Abstract | For current high performance computing systems, exploiting concurrency is a serious and important challenge. Recently, several dynamic software task management mechanisms have been proposed. In particular, task-based dataflow programming models which benefit from dataflow principles to improve task-level parallelism and overcome the limitations of static task management systems. However, these programming models rely on software-based dependency analysis, which are performed inherently slowly; and this limits their scalability specially when there is fine-grained task granularity and a large amount of tasks. Moreover, task scheduling in software introduces overheads, and so becomes increasingly inefficient with the number of cores. In contrast, a hardware scheduling solution, like Task SuperScalar (TSS), can achieve greater values of speed-up because a hardware task scheduler requires fewer cycles than the software version to dispatch a task. TSS combines the effectiveness of Out-of-Order processors together with the task abstraction. It has been implemented in software with limited parallelism and high memory consumption due to the nature of the software implementation. Hardware Task Superscalar (HTSS) is proposed to solve these drawbacks. HTSS is designed to be integrated in a future high performance computer with the ability to exploit fine-grained task parallelism. In this article, a deep latency and design space exploration of HTSS is described. For design space exploration, we have designed a full cycle-accurate simulator of HTSS, called SimTSS. The simulator has been tuned based on latency exploration of HTSS components resulted from VHDL description of each component. As the result of this exploration, we have found the number of components and memory capacity of HTSS for HPC systems. |
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| AbstractList | For current high performance computing systems, exploiting concurrency is a serious and important challenge. Recently, several dynamic software task management mechanisms have been proposed. In particular, task-based dataflow programming models which benefit from dataflow principles to improve task-level parallelism and overcome the limitations of static task management systems. However, these programming models rely on software-based dependency analysis, which are performed inherently slowly; and this limits their scalability specially when there is fine-grained task granularity and a large amount of tasks. Moreover, task scheduling in software introduces overheads, and so becomes increasingly inefficient with the number of cores. In contrast, a hardware scheduling solution, like Task SuperScalar (TSS), can achieve greater values of speed-up because a hardware task scheduler requires fewer cycles than the software version to dispatch a task. TSS combines the effectiveness of Out-of-Order processors together with the task abstraction. It has been implemented in software with limited parallelism and high memory consumption due to the nature of the software implementation. Hardware Task Superscalar (HTSS) is proposed to solve these drawbacks. HTSS is designed to be integrated in a future high performance computer with the ability to exploit fine-grained task parallelism. In this article, a deep latency and design space exploration of HTSS is described. For design space exploration, we have designed a full cycle-accurate simulator of HTSS, called SimTSS. The simulator has been tuned based on latency exploration of HTSS components resulted from VHDL description of each component. As the result of this exploration, we have found the number of components and memory capacity of HTSS for HPC systems. |
| Author | Alaei, Mohammad Yazdanpanah, Fahimeh |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Fahimeh surname: Yazdanpanah fullname: Yazdanpanah, Fahimeh email: yazdanpanah@uk.ac.ir organization: Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman – sequence: 2 givenname: Mohammad surname: Alaei fullname: Alaei, Mohammad organization: Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1145/993396.993404 10.1109/2.214440 10.1016/j.procs.2013.05.197 10.1049/ip-cds:20040434 10.1145/109625.109636 10.1007/978-3-642-19448-1_9 10.1016/S0375-9601(02)01365-8 10.1109/MM.2008.31 10.1016/j.future.2014.12.010 10.1145/2133173.2133182 10.1109/TVLSI.2009.2014068 10.1109/DSD.2008.45 10.1109/DATE.2007.364666 10.1109/ISIE.1999.801754 10.1587/elex.5.296 10.1109/CLUSTR.2008.4663765 10.1145/951710.951722 10.1145/78973.78978 10.1109/SUPERC.1992.236678 10.1109/DSD.2011.62 10.1142/S0129626411000151 10.1109/MICRO.2010.13 10.1007/978-3-642-23400-2_52 10.1145/291889.291893 10.1007/978-3-540-92990-1_12 10.1145/1687399.1687508 10.1109/DSD.2010.63 10.1109/SC.2006.17 10.1145/1941553.1941563 10.1145/1250662.1250683 10.1109/TPDS.2013.125 |
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| Keywords | Task scheduling Task parallelism Task superscalar OmpSs |
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| References | KishLBEnd of Moore’s law: thermal (noise) death of integration in micro and nano electronicsPhys Lett A200230514414910.1016/S0375-9601(02)01365-8 Yazdanpanah F, Jimenez-Gonzalez D, Alvarez-Martinez C, Etsion Y, Badia RM (2013) FPGA-based prototype of the task superscalar architecture. In: Proceedings of the 7th HiPEAC workshop of reconfigurable computing (WRC) DuranAAyguadeEBadiaRMLabartaJMartinellLMartorellXPlanasJOmpss: a proposal for programming heterogeneous multi-core architecturesParallel Process Lett2011212173193281200010.1142/S0129626411000151 Bsc application repository, bar (2014). In: Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC). https://pm.bsc.es/projects/bar. Accessed 06 Feb 2014 NogueraJBadiaRMMultitasking on reconfigurable architectures: microarchitecture support and dynamic schedulingACM Trans Embedded Comput Syst20043238540610.1145/993396.993404 Bueno J, Martinell L, Duran A, Farreras M, Martorell X, Badia RM, Ayguade E, Labarta J (2011) Productive cluster programming with OmpSs. In: Proceedings of the International conference on parallel processing (Euro-Par), pp 555–566 Jenista JC, Eom YH, Demsky BC (2011) OoOJava: software out-of-order execution. In: Proceedings of the ACM symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming (PPoPP), pp 57–68 Yazdanpanah F, Jimenez-Gonzalez D, Alvarez-Martinez C, Etsion Y (2013) Hybrid dataflow/von-Neumann architectures. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst (TPDS) 25(6):1489–1509 Perez, Badia RM, Labarta J (2008) A dependency-aware task-based programming environment for multi-core architectures. In: Proceedings of the international conference on cluster computing (CC), pp 142–151 ParkSA hardware operating system kernel for multi processorsIEICE Electron Express20085929630210.1587/elex.5.296 Sjalander M, Terechko A, Duranton M (2008) A look-ahead task management unit for embedded multi-core architectures. In: Proceedings of the conference on digital system design (DSD), pp 149–157 Noguera J, Badia RM (2003) System-level power-performance trade-offs in task scheduling for dynamically reconfigurable architectures. In: Proceedings of the international conference on compilers, architectures and synthesis for embedded systems (CASES), pp 73–83 Al-Kadi G, Terechko AS (2009) A hardware task scheduler for embedded video processing. In: Proceedings of the international conference on high performance and embedded architectures and compilers (HiPEAC), pp 140–152 Lam MS, Rinard MC (1991) Coarse-grain parallel programming in Jade. In: Proceedings of the ACM symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming (PPoPP). ACM, New York, pp 94–105 KalraRLyseckyRConfiguration locking and schedulability estimation for reduced reconfiguration overheads of reconfigurable systemsIEEE Trans Very Large Scale Integr Sys201018467167410.1109/TVLSI.2009.2014068 Rinard MC, Scales DJ, Lam MS (1992) Heterogeneous parallel programming in Jade. In: Proceedings of the conference on supercomputing, pp 245–256 Kumar S, Hughes CJ, Nguyen A (2007) Carbon: Architectural support for fine-grained parallelism on chip multiprocessors. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on computer architecture (ISCA), pp 162–173 LindholmENickollsJObermanSMontrymJNVIDIA Tesla: a unified graphics and computing architectureIEEE Micro2008282395510.1109/MM.2008.31 RinardMCScalesDJLamMSJade: a high-level, machine-independent language for parallel programmingComputer1993266283810.1109/2.214440 Nacul AC, Regazzoni F, Lajolo M (2007) Hardware scheduling support in SMP architectures. In: Proceedings of the conference on design, automation and test in Europe (DATE), pp 642–647 Meenderinck C, Juurlink B (2010) A case for hardware task management support for the StarSs programming model. In: Proceedings of the conference on digital system design (DSD), pp 347–354 Hoogerbrugge J, Terechko A (2011) A multithreaded multicore system for embedded media processing. Trans High-Perform Embedded Archit Compil (THEA) 3(2):154–173 (2011) Bellens P, Perez J, Badia R, Labarta J (2006) CellSs: a programming model for the cell BE architecture. In: Proceedings of the supercomputing (SC). ACM, New York KishLBMoore’s law and the energy requirement of computing versus performanceIEE Proc Circuits Dev Syst20041512190194195509310.1049/ip-cds:20040434 Etsion Y, Cabarcas F, Rico A, Ramirez A, Badia RM, Ayguade E, Labarta J, Valero M (2010) Task superscalar: an out-of-order task pipeline. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on microarchitecture (MICRO), pp 89–100 Yazdanpanah F, Alvarez C, Jimenez-Gonalez D, Badia RM, Valero M (2015) Picos: a hardware runtime architecture support for ompss. Future Gener Comput Syst BellensPPerezJMCabarcasFRamirezABadiaRMLabartaJCellSs: scheduling techniques to better exploit memory hierarchySci Program2009171–27795 Castrillon J, Zhang D, Kempf T, Vanthournout B, Leupers R, Ascheid G (2009) Task management in MPSoCs: an ASIP approach. In: Proceedings of the international conference on computer-aided design (ICCAD), pp 587–594 Yazdanpanah F, Jimenez-Gonzalez D, Alvarez-Martinez C, Etsion Y, Badia RM (2013) Analysis of the task superscalar architecture hardware design. In: Proceedings of the international conference on computational science (ICCS) Jenista JC, Eom YH, Demsky B (2010) OoOJava: an out-of-order approach to parallel programming. In: Proceedings of the USENIX conference on hot topic in parallelism (HotPar), pp 11–11 Openmp application program interface, version 4.0 (2013). www.openmp.org/. Accessed 06 Feb 2014 Saez S, Vila J, Crespo A, Garcia A (1999) A hardware scheduler for complex real time system. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international symposium industrial electronics (ISIE). IEEE, pp 43–48 PearsonPKFast hashing of variable-length text stringsCommun ACM199033667768010.1145/78973.78978 Meenderinck C, Juurlink B (2011) Nexus: hardware support for task-based programming. In: Proceedings of the conference on digital system design (DSD), pp 442–445 Etsion Y, Ramirez A, Badia RM, Ayguade E, Labarta J, Valero M (2010) Task superscalar: using processors as functional units. In: Proceedings of the hot topics in parallelism (HOTPAR) Badia RM (2011) Top down programming methodology and tools with StarSs, enabling scalable programming paradigms: extended abstract. In: Proceedings of the workshop on scalable algorithms for large-scale systems (ScalA), pp 19–20 RinardMCLamMSThe design, implementation, and evaluation of JadeACM Trans Program Lang Syst (TPLS)199820348354510.1145/291889.291893 S Park (1449_CR26) 2008; 5 P Bellens (1449_CR3) 2009; 17 LB Kish (1449_CR15) 2002; 305 MC Rinard (1449_CR31) 1993; 26 1449_CR25 MC Rinard (1449_CR29) 1998; 20 1449_CR28 1449_CR21 1449_CR20 1449_CR23 1449_CR22 E Lindholm (1449_CR19) 2008; 28 1449_CR1 1449_CR2 1449_CR5 1449_CR4 PK Pearson (1449_CR27) 1990; 33 1449_CR36 1449_CR13 1449_CR35 A Duran (1449_CR8) 2011; 21 LB Kish (1449_CR16) 2004; 151 1449_CR37 1449_CR18 1449_CR17 J Noguera (1449_CR24) 2004; 3 1449_CR7 1449_CR6 1449_CR9 1449_CR30 1449_CR10 1449_CR32 1449_CR12 R Kalra (1449_CR14) 2010; 18 1449_CR34 1449_CR11 1449_CR33 |
| References_xml | – reference: PearsonPKFast hashing of variable-length text stringsCommun ACM199033667768010.1145/78973.78978 – reference: Yazdanpanah F, Jimenez-Gonzalez D, Alvarez-Martinez C, Etsion Y (2013) Hybrid dataflow/von-Neumann architectures. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst (TPDS) 25(6):1489–1509 – reference: Sjalander M, Terechko A, Duranton M (2008) A look-ahead task management unit for embedded multi-core architectures. In: Proceedings of the conference on digital system design (DSD), pp 149–157 – reference: Yazdanpanah F, Alvarez C, Jimenez-Gonalez D, Badia RM, Valero M (2015) Picos: a hardware runtime architecture support for ompss. Future Gener Comput Syst – reference: KishLBMoore’s law and the energy requirement of computing versus performanceIEE Proc Circuits Dev Syst20041512190194195509310.1049/ip-cds:20040434 – reference: Lam MS, Rinard MC (1991) Coarse-grain parallel programming in Jade. In: Proceedings of the ACM symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming (PPoPP). ACM, New York, pp 94–105 – reference: BellensPPerezJMCabarcasFRamirezABadiaRMLabartaJCellSs: scheduling techniques to better exploit memory hierarchySci Program2009171–27795 – reference: Meenderinck C, Juurlink B (2010) A case for hardware task management support for the StarSs programming model. In: Proceedings of the conference on digital system design (DSD), pp 347–354 – reference: Kumar S, Hughes CJ, Nguyen A (2007) Carbon: Architectural support for fine-grained parallelism on chip multiprocessors. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on computer architecture (ISCA), pp 162–173 – reference: RinardMCLamMSThe design, implementation, and evaluation of JadeACM Trans Program Lang Syst (TPLS)199820348354510.1145/291889.291893 – reference: Noguera J, Badia RM (2003) System-level power-performance trade-offs in task scheduling for dynamically reconfigurable architectures. In: Proceedings of the international conference on compilers, architectures and synthesis for embedded systems (CASES), pp 73–83 – reference: Bellens P, Perez J, Badia R, Labarta J (2006) CellSs: a programming model for the cell BE architecture. In: Proceedings of the supercomputing (SC). ACM, New York – reference: DuranAAyguadeEBadiaRMLabartaJMartinellLMartorellXPlanasJOmpss: a proposal for programming heterogeneous multi-core architecturesParallel Process Lett2011212173193281200010.1142/S0129626411000151 – reference: Yazdanpanah F, Jimenez-Gonzalez D, Alvarez-Martinez C, Etsion Y, Badia RM (2013) Analysis of the task superscalar architecture hardware design. In: Proceedings of the international conference on computational science (ICCS) – reference: Jenista JC, Eom YH, Demsky B (2010) OoOJava: an out-of-order approach to parallel programming. In: Proceedings of the USENIX conference on hot topic in parallelism (HotPar), pp 11–11 – reference: NogueraJBadiaRMMultitasking on reconfigurable architectures: microarchitecture support and dynamic schedulingACM Trans Embedded Comput Syst20043238540610.1145/993396.993404 – reference: Hoogerbrugge J, Terechko A (2011) A multithreaded multicore system for embedded media processing. Trans High-Perform Embedded Archit Compil (THEA) 3(2):154–173 (2011) – reference: Meenderinck C, Juurlink B (2011) Nexus: hardware support for task-based programming. In: Proceedings of the conference on digital system design (DSD), pp 442–445 – reference: Etsion Y, Cabarcas F, Rico A, Ramirez A, Badia RM, Ayguade E, Labarta J, Valero M (2010) Task superscalar: an out-of-order task pipeline. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on microarchitecture (MICRO), pp 89–100 – reference: Badia RM (2011) Top down programming methodology and tools with StarSs, enabling scalable programming paradigms: extended abstract. In: Proceedings of the workshop on scalable algorithms for large-scale systems (ScalA), pp 19–20 – reference: RinardMCScalesDJLamMSJade: a high-level, machine-independent language for parallel programmingComputer1993266283810.1109/2.214440 – reference: Perez, Badia RM, Labarta J (2008) A dependency-aware task-based programming environment for multi-core architectures. In: Proceedings of the international conference on cluster computing (CC), pp 142–151 – reference: Castrillon J, Zhang D, Kempf T, Vanthournout B, Leupers R, Ascheid G (2009) Task management in MPSoCs: an ASIP approach. In: Proceedings of the international conference on computer-aided design (ICCAD), pp 587–594 – reference: KalraRLyseckyRConfiguration locking and schedulability estimation for reduced reconfiguration overheads of reconfigurable systemsIEEE Trans Very Large Scale Integr Sys201018467167410.1109/TVLSI.2009.2014068 – reference: Bueno J, Martinell L, Duran A, Farreras M, Martorell X, Badia RM, Ayguade E, Labarta J (2011) Productive cluster programming with OmpSs. In: Proceedings of the International conference on parallel processing (Euro-Par), pp 555–566 – reference: Etsion Y, Ramirez A, Badia RM, Ayguade E, Labarta J, Valero M (2010) Task superscalar: using processors as functional units. In: Proceedings of the hot topics in parallelism (HOTPAR) – reference: ParkSA hardware operating system kernel for multi processorsIEICE Electron Express20085929630210.1587/elex.5.296 – reference: Bsc application repository, bar (2014). 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In: Proceedings of the 7th HiPEAC workshop of reconfigurable computing (WRC) – reference: Jenista JC, Eom YH, Demsky BC (2011) OoOJava: software out-of-order execution. In: Proceedings of the ACM symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming (PPoPP), pp 57–68 – reference: Rinard MC, Scales DJ, Lam MS (1992) Heterogeneous parallel programming in Jade. In: Proceedings of the conference on supercomputing, pp 245–256 – reference: Saez S, Vila J, Crespo A, Garcia A (1999) A hardware scheduler for complex real time system. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international symposium industrial electronics (ISIE). 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