Automated requirements engineering framework for agile model-driven development

IntroductionAdvances in requirements engineering, driven by various paradigms and methodologies, have significantly influenced software development practices. The integration of agile methodologies and model-driven development (MDE) has become increasingly critical in modern software engineering. MD...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:Frontiers in computer science (Lausanne) Jg. 7
Hauptverfasser: Umar, Muhammad Aminu, Lano, Kevin, Abubakar, Abdullahi Kutiriko
Format: Journal Article
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: Frontiers Media S.A 26.02.2025
Schlagworte:
ISSN:2624-9898, 2624-9898
Online-Zugang:Volltext
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
Abstract IntroductionAdvances in requirements engineering, driven by various paradigms and methodologies, have significantly influenced software development practices. The integration of agile methodologies and model-driven development (MDE) has become increasingly critical in modern software engineering. MDE emphasizes the use of models throughout the development process, necessitating structured approaches for handling requirements written in natural language.MethodsThis paper proposes an automated requirements engineering framework for agile model-driven development to enhance the formalization and analysis of textual requirements. The framework employs machine learning models to extract essential components from requirements specifications, focusing specifically on class diagrams. A comprehensive dataset of requirements specification problems was developed to train and validate the framework's effectiveness.ResultsThe framework was evaluated using comparative evaluation and two real-world experimental studies in the medical and information systems domains. The results demonstrated its applicability in diverse and complex software development environments, highlighting its ability to enhance requirements formalization.DiscussionThe findings contribute to the advancement of automated requirements engineering and agile model-driven development, reinforcing the role of machine learning in improving software requirements analysis. The framework's success underscores its potential for widespread adoption in software development practices.
AbstractList IntroductionAdvances in requirements engineering, driven by various paradigms and methodologies, have significantly influenced software development practices. The integration of agile methodologies and model-driven development (MDE) has become increasingly critical in modern software engineering. MDE emphasizes the use of models throughout the development process, necessitating structured approaches for handling requirements written in natural language.MethodsThis paper proposes an automated requirements engineering framework for agile model-driven development to enhance the formalization and analysis of textual requirements. The framework employs machine learning models to extract essential components from requirements specifications, focusing specifically on class diagrams. A comprehensive dataset of requirements specification problems was developed to train and validate the framework's effectiveness.ResultsThe framework was evaluated using comparative evaluation and two real-world experimental studies in the medical and information systems domains. The results demonstrated its applicability in diverse and complex software development environments, highlighting its ability to enhance requirements formalization.DiscussionThe findings contribute to the advancement of automated requirements engineering and agile model-driven development, reinforcing the role of machine learning in improving software requirements analysis. The framework's success underscores its potential for widespread adoption in software development practices.
Author Umar, Muhammad Aminu
Abubakar, Abdullahi Kutiriko
Lano, Kevin
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Muhammad Aminu
  surname: Umar
  fullname: Umar, Muhammad Aminu
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Kevin
  surname: Lano
  fullname: Lano, Kevin
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Abdullahi Kutiriko
  surname: Abubakar
  fullname: Abubakar, Abdullahi Kutiriko
BookMark eNp9kMtOwzAQRS1UJErpD7DKD6T4mTjLquJRqVI3sLYcexy5JHFx3CL-nr6QEAtWMxrNuTM6t2jUhx4Quid4xpisHpwJ3XZGMRUzIlhJML5CY1pQnleykqNf_Q2aDsMG48MqIUKWY7Se71LodAKbRfjY-Qgd9GnIoG98DxB932Qu6g4-Q3zPXIiZbnwLWRcstLmNfg99ZmEPbdgeyTt07XQ7wPRSJ-jt6fF18ZKv1s_LxXyVGybKlIMUmNsCGBOOWsDCYikoEF4x4srSGFcwra0EsIWTlhhiakYs5zUFqBxjE7Q859qgN2obfafjlwraq9MgxEbpmLxpQfGSWMIB6xIcJ8JqWrNamxokZbU7XJwgec4yMQxDBKeMTzr50KeofasIVkfP6uRZHT2ri-cDSv-gP6_8A30DRaiGuw
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_3390_info16070565
Cites_doi 10.1109/ASE.2013.6693146
10.1007/s10270-021-00942-6
10.1007/s00766-023-00411-0
10.1145/2068783.2068786
10.1007/978-3-540-76292-8_28
10.1145/2590748.2590768
10.1109/CCECE.2017.7946792
10.1109/ASE.2009.48
10.1109/ICCRD.2010.71
10.1109/IACS.2015.7103200
10.1109/SERA.2008.34
10.1109/ICTER.2016.7829928
10.1016/j.patter.2021.100336
10.1007/s00766-017-0270-1
10.1109/WCCAIS.2014.6916558
10.1109/ICSE.2003.1201189
10.1007/s00766-009-0079-7
10.1145/1953355.1953378
10.1016/j.procs.2018.04.010
10.1016/j.infsof.2018.04.010
10.1007/s10270-023-01105-5
10.1109/ICIMT.2009.47
10.1016/j.comcom.2023.11.002
10.18417/emisa.18.3
10.1109/ICECCME57830.2023.10253030
10.1016/j.infsof.2013.03.008
10.1016/j.procs.2020.03.148
10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.046
10.1109/SERA.2016.7516136
10.1007/978-981-10-4154-9_56
10.1145/2699697
10.1109/AIRE.2015.7337625
10.1145/3550356.3561592
10.1145/3444689
10.1109/PIC.2016.7949577
10.1023/A:1022916028950
10.1016/j.jss.2013.08.036
10.1109/FormaliSE.2017.21
ContentType Journal Article
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
DOA
DOI 10.3389/fcomp.2025.1537100
DatabaseName CrossRef
DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
DatabaseTitleList
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: DOA
  name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  url: https://www.doaj.org/
  sourceTypes: Open Website
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Computer Science
EISSN 2624-9898
ExternalDocumentID oai_doaj_org_article_471d14e0a7ef415da2b3bacbe823bf49
10_3389_fcomp_2025_1537100
GroupedDBID 9T4
AAFWJ
AAYXX
ADMLS
AFPKN
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
CITATION
GROUPED_DOAJ
M~E
OK1
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c357t-e8504d6e335f2de05d0852e14931f77ccf63aad8eed6f8d1c1cb31d44b2ee9f33
IEDL.DBID DOA
ISICitedReferencesCount 1
ISICitedReferencesURI http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=001444002100001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN 2624-9898
IngestDate Fri Oct 03 12:45:04 EDT 2025
Sat Nov 29 08:15:49 EST 2025
Tue Nov 18 19:49:10 EST 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Language English
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c357t-e8504d6e335f2de05d0852e14931f77ccf63aad8eed6f8d1c1cb31d44b2ee9f33
OpenAccessLink https://doaj.org/article/471d14e0a7ef415da2b3bacbe823bf49
ParticipantIDs doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_471d14e0a7ef415da2b3bacbe823bf49
crossref_citationtrail_10_3389_fcomp_2025_1537100
crossref_primary_10_3389_fcomp_2025_1537100
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2025-02-26
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2025-02-26
PublicationDate_xml – month: 02
  year: 2025
  text: 2025-02-26
  day: 26
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationTitle Frontiers in computer science (Lausanne)
PublicationYear 2025
Publisher Frontiers Media S.A
Publisher_xml – name: Frontiers Media S.A
References Zhao (B49) 2021; 54
Abukhalaf (B2) 2023
Bjarnason (B8) 2011
Deeptimahanti (B12) 2011
B24
Duan (B13) 2009; 14
Elallaoui (B14) 2018; 130
Shibaoka (B38) 2007
Sim (B39) 2003
Saini (B35) 2022; 21
Fill (B15) 2023; 18
Paullada (B33) 2021; 2
Camara (B10) 2023; 22
Ibrahim (B18) 2010
Lucassen (B25) 2017; 22
Bozyigit (B9) 2023
Abukhalaf (B3) 2024
Seresht (B36) 2008
Nasiri (B29) 2020; 170
(B46) 2016
Nazir (B31) 2017
Thakur (B40) 2014
Alessio (B6) 2017
Al-Hroob (B7) 2018; 101
Vemuri (B43) 2017
Meth (B26) 2013; 55
Neto (B32) 2024; 213
Yang (B47) 2022
Aguirre (B4) 2017
Wang (B45) 2024
Mu (B27) 2009
Narawita (B28) 2016
Inayat (B19) 2015; 51
Letsholo (B23) 2013
Akayama (B5) 2013
Saini (B34) 2020
Umar (B42) 2024; 29
Fowler (B16) 1996
Yue (B48) 2015; 24
Larman (B21) 2004
Umar (B41) 2023
Abdouli (B1) 2016
Jabbarin (B20) 2014
Nassar (B30) 2015
Sharma (B37) 2015
Lee (B22) 2002
Vidya Sagar (B44) 2014; 88
Deeptimahanti (B11) 2009
Harmain (B17) 2003; 10
References_xml – start-page: 738
  volume-title: 2013 28th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE)
  year: 2013
  ident: B23
  article-title: “TRAM: a tool for transforming textual requirements into analysis models,”
  doi: 10.1109/ASE.2013.6693146
– year: 2023
  ident: B9
  publication-title: Dataset for: Text Requirements to Models
– volume: 21
  start-page: 1015
  year: 2022
  ident: B35
  article-title: Automated, interactive, and traceable domain modelling empowered by artificial intelligence
  publication-title: Softw. Syst. Model
  doi: 10.1007/s10270-021-00942-6
– volume-title: EduSymp@ MoDELS 2013
  year: 2013
  ident: B5
  article-title: “Using model-driven development tools for object-oriented modeling education,”
– volume: 29
  start-page: 177
  year: 2024
  ident: B42
  article-title: Advances in automated support for requirements engineering: a systematic literature review
  publication-title: Requir. Eng
  doi: 10.1007/s00766-023-00411-0
– volume-title: Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Agile Requirements Engineering, AREW '11, New York, NY, USA
  year: 2011
  ident: B8
  article-title: “A case study on benefits and side-effects of agile practices in large-scale requirements engineering,”
  doi: 10.1145/2068783.2068786
– start-page: 225
  year: 2007
  ident: B38
  article-title: “GOORE: goal-oriented and ontology driven requirements elicitation method,”
  publication-title: Advances in Conceptual Modeling
  doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-76292-8_28
– start-page: 1
  volume-title: Proceedings of the 7th India Software Engineering Conference on
  year: 2014
  ident: B40
  article-title: “Automatic generation of sequence diagram from use case specification,”
  doi: 10.1145/2590748.2590768
– start-page: 1
  volume-title: 2017 IEEE 30th Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE)
  year: 2017
  ident: B43
  article-title: “Automated use case diagram generation from textual user requirement documents,”
  doi: 10.1109/CCECE.2017.7946792
– start-page: 680
  volume-title: 2009 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering
  year: 2009
  ident: B11
  article-title: “An automated tool for generating UML models from natural language requirements,”
  doi: 10.1109/ASE.2009.48
– year: 2023
  ident: B2
  article-title: On Codex prompt engineering for OCL generation: an empirical study
  publication-title: arXiv:2303.16244v161
– start-page: 502
  volume-title: 2017 IEEE 25th International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE)
  year: 2017
  ident: B6
  article-title: “PURE: a dataset of public requirements documents,”
– start-page: 200
  volume-title: 2010 Second International Conference on Computer Research and Development
  year: 2010
  ident: B18
  article-title: “Class diagram extraction from textual requirements using natural language processing (NLP) techniques,”
  doi: 10.1109/ICCRD.2010.71
– ident: B24
– start-page: 50
  volume-title: 2015 6th International Conference on Information and Communication Systems (ICICS)
  year: 2015
  ident: B30
  article-title: “Constructing activity diagrams from Arabic user requirements using Natural Language Processing tool,”
  doi: 10.1109/IACS.2015.7103200
– start-page: 133
  volume-title: 2008 Sixth International Conference on Software Engineering Research, Management and Applications
  year: 2008
  ident: B36
  article-title: “Automatic conceptual analysis of user requirements with the requirements engineering assistance diagnostic (READ) tool,”
  doi: 10.1109/SERA.2008.34
– start-page: 250
  volume-title: 2016 Sixteenth International Conference on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions (ICTer)
  year: 2016
  ident: B28
  article-title: “UML generator - an automated system for model driven development,”
  doi: 10.1109/ICTER.2016.7829928
– volume: 2
  start-page: 100336
  year: 2021
  ident: B33
  article-title: Data and its (dis)contents: a survey of dataset development and use in machine learning research
  publication-title: Patterns
  doi: 10.1016/j.patter.2021.100336
– volume: 22
  start-page: 339
  year: 2017
  ident: B25
  article-title: Extracting conceptual models from user stories with Visual Narrator
  publication-title: Requir. Eng
  doi: 10.1007/s00766-017-0270-1
– start-page: 1
  volume-title: 2014 World Congress on Computer Applications and Information Systems (WCCAIS)
  year: 2014
  ident: B20
  article-title: “Constructing use case models from Arabic user requirements in a semi-automated approach,”
  doi: 10.1109/WCCAIS.2014.6916558
– start-page: 74
  volume-title: 25th International Conference on Software Engineering, 2003. Proceedings
  year: 2003
  ident: B39
  article-title: “Using benchmarking to advance research: a challenge to software engineering,”
  doi: 10.1109/ICSE.2003.1201189
– volume: 14
  start-page: 73
  year: 2009
  ident: B13
  article-title: Towards automated requirements prioritization and triage
  publication-title: Requir. Eng
  doi: 10.1007/s00766-009-0079-7
– start-page: 165
  year: 2011
  ident: B12
  article-title: “Semi-automatic generation of UML models from natural language requirements,”
  publication-title: Proceedings of the 4th India Software Engineering Conference on
  doi: 10.1145/1953355.1953378
– volume: 130
  start-page: 42
  year: 2018
  ident: B14
  article-title: Automatic transformation of user stories into UML use case diagrams using NLP techniques
  publication-title: Procedia Comput. Sci
  doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2018.04.010
– year: 1996
  ident: B16
  publication-title: Analysis Patterns: Reusable Objects Models
– start-page: 1
  volume-title: Proceedings of the 23rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems: Companion Proceedings
  year: 2020
  ident: B34
  article-title: “DoMoBOT: a bot for automated and interactive domain modelling,”
– volume: 101
  start-page: 1
  year: 2018
  ident: B7
  article-title: The use of artificial neural networks for extracting actions and actors from requirements document
  publication-title: Inf. Softw. Technol
  doi: 10.1016/j.infsof.2018.04.010
– volume: 22
  start-page: 781
  year: 2023
  ident: B10
  article-title: On the assessment of generative AI in modeling tasks
  publication-title: Softw. Syst. Model
  doi: 10.1007/s10270-023-01105-5
– year: 2024
  ident: B3
  article-title: PathOCL: path-based prompt augmentation for OCL generation with GPT-4
  publication-title: arXiv:2405.12450v121
– start-page: 194
  volume-title: 2009 International Conference on Information and Multimedia Technology
  year: 2009
  ident: B27
  article-title: “Extracting software functional requirements from free text documents,”
  doi: 10.1109/ICIMT.2009.47
– volume: 213
  start-page: 61
  year: 2024
  ident: B32
  article-title: A review of Machine Learning (ML)-based IoT security in healthcare: a dataset perspective
  publication-title: Comput. Commun
  doi: 10.1016/j.comcom.2023.11.002
– volume: 18
  start-page: 318
  year: 2023
  ident: B15
  article-title: Conceptual modeling and large language models: Impressions from first experiments with ChatGPT
  publication-title: Enterpr. Model. Inf. Syst. Archit
  doi: 10.18417/emisa.18.3
– year: 2023
  ident: B41
  publication-title: 2023 3rd International Conference on Electrical, Computer, Communications and Mechatronics Engineering (ICECCME)
  doi: 10.1109/ICECCME57830.2023.10253030
– volume: 55
  start-page: 1695
  year: 2013
  ident: B26
  article-title: The state of the art in automated requirements elicitation
  publication-title: Inf. Softw. Technol
  doi: 10.1016/j.infsof.2013.03.008
– year: 2024
  ident: B45
  article-title: How LLMs aid in UML modeling: an exploratory study with novice analysts
  publication-title: arXiv:2404.17739
– volume: 170
  start-page: 831
  year: 2020
  ident: B29
  article-title: Towards a generation of class diagram from user stories in agile methods
  publication-title: Procedia Comput. Sci
  doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2020.03.148
– volume: 51
  start-page: 915
  year: 2015
  ident: B19
  article-title: A systematic literature review on agile requirements engineering practices and challenges
  publication-title: Comput. Hum. Behav
  doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.046
– start-page: 117
  volume-title: 2016 IEEE 14th International Conference on Software Engineering Research, Management and Applications (SERA)
  year: 2016
  ident: B1
  article-title: “Survey of works that transform requirements into UML diagrams,”
  doi: 10.1109/SERA.2016.7516136
– year: 2017
  ident: B31
  article-title: “The applications of natural language processing (NLP) for software requirement engineering: a systematic literature review,”
  publication-title: International Conference on Information Science and Applications
  doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-4154-9_56
– volume-title: Applying UML and Patterns: An Introduction to Object-Oriented Analysis and Design and Unified Process
  year: 2004
  ident: B21
– volume: 24
  start-page: 1
  year: 2015
  ident: B48
  article-title: aToucan: an automated framework to derive UML analysis models from use case models
  publication-title: ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol
  doi: 10.1145/2699697
– start-page: 1
  volume-title: 2015 IEEE Second International Workshop on Artificial Intelligence for Requirements Engineering (AIRE)
  year: 2015
  ident: B37
  article-title: “From natural language requirements to UML class diagrams,”
  doi: 10.1109/AIRE.2015.7337625
– start-page: 396
  volume-title: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems: Companion Proceedings, MODELS '22
  year: 2022
  ident: B47
  article-title: “Towards automatically extracting UML class diagrams from natural language specifications,”
  doi: 10.1145/3550356.3561592
– volume: 54
  start-page: 75
  year: 2021
  ident: B49
  article-title: Natural language processing for requirements engineering: a systematic mapping study
  publication-title: ACM Comput. Surv
  doi: 10.1145/3444689
– start-page: 219
  volume-title: Radical Innovations of Software and Systems Engineering in the Future. RISSEF 2002
  year: 2002
  ident: B22
  article-title: “Automation of software system development using natural language processing and two-level grammar,”
– year: 2016
  ident: B46
  article-title: “Experiment on automatic functional requirements analysis with the efrf's semantic cases,”
  publication-title: 2016 International Conference on Progress in Informatics and Computing (PIC)
  doi: 10.1109/PIC.2016.7949577
– volume: 10
  start-page: 157
  year: 2003
  ident: B17
  article-title: CM-builder: a natural language-based CASE tool for object-oriented analysis
  publication-title: Autom. Softw. Eng
  doi: 10.1023/A:1022916028950
– volume: 88
  start-page: 25
  year: 2014
  ident: B44
  article-title: Conceptual modeling of natural language functional requirements
  publication-title: J. Syst. Softw
  doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.08.036
– volume-title: 2017 IEEE/ACM 5th International FME Workshop on Formal Methods in Software Engineering (FormaliSE)
  year: 2017
  ident: B4
  article-title: “Efficient SAT-based software analysis: from automated testing to automated verification and repair,”
  doi: 10.1109/FormaliSE.2017.21
SSID ssj0002511587
Score 2.2982097
Snippet IntroductionAdvances in requirements engineering, driven by various paradigms and methodologies, have significantly influenced software development practices....
SourceID doaj
crossref
SourceType Open Website
Enrichment Source
Index Database
SubjectTerms agile development
machine learning
model-driven development
model-driven engineering
NLP
requirements engineering
Title Automated requirements engineering framework for agile model-driven development
URI https://doaj.org/article/471d14e0a7ef415da2b3bacbe823bf49
Volume 7
WOSCitedRecordID wos001444002100001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights – providerCode: PRVAON
  databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 2624-9898
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0002511587
  issn: 2624-9898
  databaseCode: DOA
  dateStart: 20190101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.doaj.org/
  providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals
– providerCode: PRVHPJ
  databaseName: ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 2624-9898
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0002511587
  issn: 2624-9898
  databaseCode: M~E
  dateStart: 20190101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://road.issn.org
  providerName: ISSN International Centre
link http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV07T8MwELZQxcDCG1Fe8sCGTJM4juOxoFYMUBhA6hbF9hkhoRalKSO_nbOTPlhgYckQOZb1Xez7Lrn7jpBLBTLTUWqZtGAY8lvHlOOccZ0IrbRwzoRC4Xs5GuXjsXpaa_Xlc8IaeeAGuB4enjZOISolOHQ2tkw016XRkCdcuzSU7kVSrQVT_gz2xFnksqmSwShM9ZxP0cZ4MBHXuMm9ps0PT7Qm2B88y3CXbLeUkPabpeyRDZjsk51FuwXa7r4D8tif11MkmGBpBT6BN3zZm1FYSQpSt8i1okhGafmKe56GZjfMVv5co3aVJHRIXoaD59s71vZDYIYLWTPIBaKaAefCJRYiYZEvJYAxDo-dlMa4jJelzdHtZS63sYmN5rFNU50AeAsckc5kOoFjQtPYWiR6CKv_uWtUGKG4lSlOJ0rokniBTWFasXDfs-K9wKDB41kEPAuPZ9Hi2SVXy2c-GqmMX0ffeMiXI73MdbiBxi9a4xd_Gf_kPyY5JVt-YaFOPTsjnbqawznZNJ_126y6CO8VXh--Bt8HUtdc
linkProvider Directory of Open Access Journals
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Automated+requirements+engineering+framework+for+agile+model-driven+development&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+computer+science+%28Lausanne%29&rft.au=Umar%2C+Muhammad+Aminu&rft.au=Lano%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Abubakar%2C+Abdullahi+Kutiriko&rft.date=2025-02-26&rft.issn=2624-9898&rft.eissn=2624-9898&rft.volume=7&rft_id=info:doi/10.3389%2Ffcomp.2025.1537100&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_3389_fcomp_2025_1537100
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2624-9898&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2624-9898&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2624-9898&client=summon