Analysis of high structural class coupling in object-oriented software systems

Understanding coupling between classes in object-oriented (OO) software systems is useful for a variety of software development and maintenance activities. In this paper we propose a novel, network-based methodology to analyze high structural class coupling in OO software systems. The proposed metho...

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Published in:	Computing Vol. 99; no. 11; pp. 1055 - 1079
Main Authors:	Savić, Miloš, Ivanović, Mirjana, Radovanović, Miloš
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Vienna Springer Vienna 01.11.2017 Springer Nature B.V
Subjects:	Artificial Intelligence Code reuse Computer Appl. in Administrative Data Processing Computer Communication Networks Computer Science Coupling Hierarchies Information Systems Applications (incl.Internet) Methodology Object oriented programming Software Engineering Source code Structural analysis High coupling Software metrics Class reuse Network analysis Class aggregation Class collaboration networks Power-law 05C82 Small world graphs, complex networks 68N30 Mathematical aspects of software engineering (specification, verification, metrics, requirements, etc.)
ISSN:	0010-485X, 1436-5057
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Abstract	Understanding coupling between classes in object-oriented (OO) software systems is useful for a variety of software development and maintenance activities. In this paper we propose a novel, network-based methodology to analyze high structural class coupling in OO software systems. The proposed methodology is based on statistically robust structural analysis of class collaboration networks whose nodes are enriched with both software metrics and domain-independent metrics used in analysis of complex networks. To demonstrate the usefulness of the methodology we analyze five open-source, large-scale software systems written in Java. Contrary to frequently reported findings, the obtained results indicate that high structural class coupling in real software systems cannot be accurately modeled by power-law distributions. Our analysis also shows that highly-coupled classes tend to be significantly more voluminous and functionally important compared to loosely coupled classes, and do not tend to be localized in class inheritance hierarchies. Finally, in four out of five analyzed systems highly coupled classes tend to have drastically higher afferent than efferent coupling. This implies that the existence of high class coupling in an OO software system would rather indicate negative aspects of extensive internal class reuse than negative aspects of extensive internal class aggregation.
AbstractList	Understanding coupling between classes in object-oriented (OO) software systems is useful for a variety of software development and maintenance activities. In this paper we propose a novel, network-based methodology to analyze high structural class coupling in OO software systems. The proposed methodology is based on statistically robust structural analysis of class collaboration networks whose nodes are enriched with both software metrics and domain-independent metrics used in analysis of complex networks. To demonstrate the usefulness of the methodology we analyze five open-source, large-scale software systems written in Java. Contrary to frequently reported findings, the obtained results indicate that high structural class coupling in real software systems cannot be accurately modeled by power-law distributions. Our analysis also shows that highly-coupled classes tend to be significantly more voluminous and functionally important compared to loosely coupled classes, and do not tend to be localized in class inheritance hierarchies. Finally, in four out of five analyzed systems highly coupled classes tend to have drastically higher afferent than efferent coupling. This implies that the existence of high class coupling in an OO software system would rather indicate negative aspects of extensive internal class reuse than negative aspects of extensive internal class aggregation.
Author	Radovanović, Miloš Savić, Miloš Ivanović, Mirjana
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Miloš surname: Savić fullname: Savić, Miloš email: svc@dmi.uns.ac.rs organization: Department of Mathematics and Informatics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad – sequence: 2 givenname: Mirjana surname: Ivanović fullname: Ivanović, Mirjana organization: Department of Mathematics and Informatics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad – sequence: 3 givenname: Miloš surname: Radovanović fullname: Radovanović, Miloš organization: Department of Mathematics and Informatics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad
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StartPage	1055
SubjectTerms	Artificial Intelligence Code reuse Computer Appl. in Administrative Data Processing Computer Communication Networks Computer Science Coupling Hierarchies Information Systems Applications (incl.Internet) Methodology Object oriented programming Software Engineering Source code Structural analysis
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Title	Analysis of high structural class coupling in object-oriented software systems
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