What Would It Take to Change an Inference? Using Rubin's Causal Model to Interpret the Robustness of Causal Inferences

We contribute to debate about causal inferences in educational research in two ways. First, we quantify how much bias there must be in an estimate to invalidate an inference. Second, we utilize Rubins causal model to interpret the bias necessary to invalidate an inference in terms of sample replacem...

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