In vitro permeation of platinum and rhodium through Caucasian skin
•Platinum and rhodium are able to permeate through intact Caucasian skin.•Platinum permeation through the skin is significantly higher than rhodium permeation.•High concentrations of both metals are retained inside the skin after 24h exposure.•Dermal exposure to these metal salts could contribute to...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Toxicology in vitro Jg. 28; H. 8; S. 1396 - 1401 |
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01.12.2014
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| Abstract | •Platinum and rhodium are able to permeate through intact Caucasian skin.•Platinum permeation through the skin is significantly higher than rhodium permeation.•High concentrations of both metals are retained inside the skin after 24h exposure.•Dermal exposure to these metal salts could contribute to sensitisation of workers.•Good personal hygiene after a work shift is imperative to prevent ‘take-home’ effect.
During platinum group metals (PGMs) refining the possibility exists for dermal exposure to PGM salts. The dermal route has been questioned as an alternative route of exposure that could contribute to employee sensitisation, even though literature has been focused on respiratory exposure. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro permeation of platinum and rhodium through intact Caucasian skin. A donor solution of 0.3mg/ml of metal, K2PtCl4 and RhCl3 respectively, was applied to the vertical Franz diffusion cells with full thickness abdominal skin. The receptor solution was removed at various intervals during the 24h experiment, and analysed with high resolution ICP-MS. Skin was digested and analysed by ICP-OES. Results indicated cumulative permeation with prolonged exposure, with a significantly higher mass of platinum permeating after 24h when compared to rhodium. The mass of platinum retained inside the skin and the flux of platinum across the skin was significantly higher than that of rhodium. Permeated and skin retained platinum and rhodium may therefore contribute to sensitisation and indicates a health risk associated with dermal exposure in the workplace. |
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| AbstractList | •Platinum and rhodium are able to permeate through intact Caucasian skin.•Platinum permeation through the skin is significantly higher than rhodium permeation.•High concentrations of both metals are retained inside the skin after 24h exposure.•Dermal exposure to these metal salts could contribute to sensitisation of workers.•Good personal hygiene after a work shift is imperative to prevent ‘take-home’ effect.
During platinum group metals (PGMs) refining the possibility exists for dermal exposure to PGM salts. The dermal route has been questioned as an alternative route of exposure that could contribute to employee sensitisation, even though literature has been focused on respiratory exposure. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro permeation of platinum and rhodium through intact Caucasian skin. A donor solution of 0.3mg/ml of metal, K2PtCl4 and RhCl3 respectively, was applied to the vertical Franz diffusion cells with full thickness abdominal skin. The receptor solution was removed at various intervals during the 24h experiment, and analysed with high resolution ICP-MS. Skin was digested and analysed by ICP-OES. Results indicated cumulative permeation with prolonged exposure, with a significantly higher mass of platinum permeating after 24h when compared to rhodium. The mass of platinum retained inside the skin and the flux of platinum across the skin was significantly higher than that of rhodium. Permeated and skin retained platinum and rhodium may therefore contribute to sensitisation and indicates a health risk associated with dermal exposure in the workplace. During platinum group metals (PGMs) refining the possibility exists for dermal exposure to PGM salts. The dermal route has been questioned as an alternative route of exposure that could contribute to employee sensitisation, even though literature has been focused on respiratory exposure. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro permeation of platinum and rhodium through intact Caucasian skin. A donor solution of 0.3mg/ml of metal, K2PtCl4 and RhCl3 respectively, was applied to the vertical Franz diffusion cells with full thickness abdominal skin. The receptor solution was removed at various intervals during the 24h experiment, and analysed with high resolution ICP-MS. Skin was digested and analysed by ICP-OES. Results indicated cumulative permeation with prolonged exposure, with a significantly higher mass of platinum permeating after 24h when compared to rhodium. The mass of platinum retained inside the skin and the flux of platinum across the skin was significantly higher than that of rhodium. Permeated and skin retained platinum and rhodium may therefore contribute to sensitisation and indicates a health risk associated with dermal exposure in the workplace. During platinum group metals (PGMs) refining the possibility exists for dermal exposure to PGM salts. The dermal route has been questioned as an alternative route of exposure that could contribute to employee sensitisation, even though literature has been focused on respiratory exposure. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro permeation of platinum and rhodium through intact Caucasian skin. A donor solution of 0.3mg/ml of metal, K2PtCl4 and RhCl3 respectively, was applied to the vertical Franz diffusion cells with full thickness abdominal skin. The receptor solution was removed at various intervals during the 24h experiment, and analysed with high resolution ICP-MS. Skin was digested and analysed by ICP-OES. Results indicated cumulative permeation with prolonged exposure, with a significantly higher mass of platinum permeating after 24h when compared to rhodium. The mass of platinum retained inside the skin and the flux of platinum across the skin was significantly higher than that of rhodium. Permeated and skin retained platinum and rhodium may therefore contribute to sensitisation and indicates a health risk associated with dermal exposure in the workplace.During platinum group metals (PGMs) refining the possibility exists for dermal exposure to PGM salts. The dermal route has been questioned as an alternative route of exposure that could contribute to employee sensitisation, even though literature has been focused on respiratory exposure. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro permeation of platinum and rhodium through intact Caucasian skin. A donor solution of 0.3mg/ml of metal, K2PtCl4 and RhCl3 respectively, was applied to the vertical Franz diffusion cells with full thickness abdominal skin. The receptor solution was removed at various intervals during the 24h experiment, and analysed with high resolution ICP-MS. Skin was digested and analysed by ICP-OES. Results indicated cumulative permeation with prolonged exposure, with a significantly higher mass of platinum permeating after 24h when compared to rhodium. The mass of platinum retained inside the skin and the flux of platinum across the skin was significantly higher than that of rhodium. Permeated and skin retained platinum and rhodium may therefore contribute to sensitisation and indicates a health risk associated with dermal exposure in the workplace. |
| Author | Du Plessis, J. Badenhorst, C.J. Du Plessis, J.L. Eloff, F.C. Franken, A. Jordaan, A. |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1007_s12011_025_04590_5 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tiv_2022_105381 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_toxlet_2022_04_001 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_toxlet_2014_12_010 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11051_015_3052_z crossref_primary_10_1177_0748233716675218 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_envpol_2021_118353 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00420_021_01666_2 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_yrtph_2020_104752 crossref_primary_10_1097_ACI_0000000000000963 crossref_primary_10_1093_annweh_wxaa105 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11696_022_02351_5 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijheh_2018_05_016 crossref_primary_10_1136_oemed_2017_104820 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_toxlet_2018_02_009 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_toxlet_2023_04_007 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1016/0378-5173(91)90295-Y 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1984.tb04363.x 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.01.015 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.11.001 10.1093/annhyg/41.1.77 10.1111/j.2517-6161.1964.tb00553.x 10.1016/S0378-5173(01)00826-2 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1976.tb01897.x 10.1136/oem.56.3.191 10.1016/S0091-6749(00)90089-7 10.1080/20024091064255 10.1136/oem.52.10.661 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1987.tb02674.x 10.1034/j.1600-0625.2000.009003165.x 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1991.tb01825.x 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12533356 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00521.x 10.1078/1438-4639-00180 10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00372-3 10.1034/j.1600-0536.2000.043006333.x 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2010.01808.x 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.02.009 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.03.014 10.1093/annhyg/mep080 10.1016/j.tiv.2004.01.003 10.1007/BF00378283 |
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| Keywords | Franz diffusion cells Platinum group metals (PGMs) Skin sensitisation Skin permeation Caucasian skin |
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| Snippet | •Platinum and rhodium are able to permeate through intact Caucasian skin.•Platinum permeation through the skin is significantly higher than rhodium... During platinum group metals (PGMs) refining the possibility exists for dermal exposure to PGM salts. The dermal route has been questioned as an alternative... |
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| SubjectTerms | Caucasian skin Franz diffusion cells Humans Occupational Exposure - adverse effects Permeability Platinum - pharmacokinetics Platinum - toxicity Platinum group metals (PGMs) Rhodium - pharmacokinetics Rhodium - toxicity Skin - metabolism Skin permeation Skin sensitisation |
| Title | In vitro permeation of platinum and rhodium through Caucasian skin |
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