Sustainable Valorization of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) by Product Through Recovering Protective Polysaccharides Against Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity in Rats

Pistacia vera by-products are discarded by the pistachio processing industries, notably leading to environmental problems. By-products such as external green hull represent a major part of the nut. Thus, there is an urgent need to find suitable applications for this by-product. In this context, this...

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Published in:	Waste and biomass valorization Vol. 13; no. 1; pp. 467 - 479
Main Authors:	Hamed, Mariem, Feriani, Anouar, Sila, Assaad, Sdayria, Jazia, Haddar, Anissa, Bougatef, Ali
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Dordrecht Springer Netherlands 01.01.2022 Springer Nature B.V
Subjects:	Alanine Alanine transaminase Antioxidants Aspartate transaminase Biological activity Biomarkers By products Byproducts Carbon tetrachloride Catalase Cholesterol Cisplatin Creatinine Density Engineering Environment Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology Hepatotoxicity High density lipoprotein Hulls Industrial Pollution Prevention Kidneys L-Lactate dehydrogenase Lactate dehydrogenase Lactic acid Lipid peroxidation Lipids Liver Monosaccharides Original Paper Oxidative stress Peroxidation Pharmaceutical industry Pistacia vera Polysaccharides Renewable and Green Energy Saccharides Transaminase Triglycerides Urea Uric acid Waste Management/Waste Technology Hepatoprotective activity Pistachio hull by-product Polysaccharides Valorization Nephroprotective activity
ISSN:	1877-2641, 1877-265X
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Abstract	Pistacia vera by-products are discarded by the pistachio processing industries, notably leading to environmental problems. By-products such as external green hull represent a major part of the nut. Thus, there is an urgent need to find suitable applications for this by-product. In this context, this study was designed to promote the management of these by-products rich of biologically active molecules. The present study reports the extraction method of pistachio external hull polysaccharides (PHP) and their protective effects against the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in vivo caused by CCl 4 and cisplatin in rats, respectively. Results showed that CCl 4 and cisplatin administration altered the hepatic and renal functions. Whereas PHP treatment restored the increased plasmatic biomarkers of hepatotoxicity through deacreasing the percentage of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) by 23.23, 98.97, and 81.39%, respectively. PHP reestablished also plasmatic biomarkers of nephrotoxicity (creatinine, urea, and uric acid) and their levels were reduced by 17.5, 14.59 and 14.81%, respectively. PHP normalized plasmatic lipid profile, in so far as total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), were altered by CCl 4 . In addition, PHP pre-co-treatment markedly improved the oxidative stress biomarkers, as evidenced by the reduction of lipid peroxidation by 50 and 67.56% in both liver and kidney tissues. It was also marked by the elevation of the superoxyde dismutase (SOD), glutathion peroxydase (GSH-Px), and catalase activities by 19.89, 31.15, and 27.57% compared with CCl 4 -treated rats and by 20.49, 40.55, and 61.82%, respectively, compared with cisplatin-treated group. The detected potential role of PHP in liver and kidney tissues were supported by histopathologic examination. Due to their antioxidant activity, PHP’s monosaccharides could be considered as powerful agents able to prevent the hepatic and renal tissue. The obtained results confirmed the medicinal benefits of pistachio external hull and highlighted the potential beneficial reuse of hulls as a source of bio-antioxidants for the pharmaceutical industries. Graphic Abstract
AbstractList	Pistacia vera by-products are discarded by the pistachio processing industries, notably leading to environmental problems. By-products such as external green hull represent a major part of the nut. Thus, there is an urgent need to find suitable applications for this by-product. In this context, this study was designed to promote the management of these by-products rich of biologically active molecules. The present study reports the extraction method of pistachio external hull polysaccharides (PHP) and their protective effects against the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in vivo caused by CCl4 and cisplatin in rats, respectively. Results showed that CCl4 and cisplatin administration altered the hepatic and renal functions. Whereas PHP treatment restored the increased plasmatic biomarkers of hepatotoxicity through deacreasing the percentage of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) by 23.23, 98.97, and 81.39%, respectively. PHP reestablished also plasmatic biomarkers of nephrotoxicity (creatinine, urea, and uric acid) and their levels were reduced by 17.5, 14.59 and 14.81%, respectively. PHP normalized plasmatic lipid profile, in so far as total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), were altered by CCl4. In addition, PHP pre-co-treatment markedly improved the oxidative stress biomarkers, as evidenced by the reduction of lipid peroxidation by 50 and 67.56% in both liver and kidney tissues. It was also marked by the elevation of the superoxyde dismutase (SOD), glutathion peroxydase (GSH-Px), and catalase activities by 19.89, 31.15, and 27.57% compared with CCl4-treated rats and by 20.49, 40.55, and 61.82%, respectively, compared with cisplatin-treated group. The detected potential role of PHP in liver and kidney tissues were supported by histopathologic examination. Due to their antioxidant activity, PHP’s monosaccharides could be considered as powerful agents able to prevent the hepatic and renal tissue. The obtained results confirmed the medicinal benefits of pistachio external hull and highlighted the potential beneficial reuse of hulls as a source of bio-antioxidants for the pharmaceutical industries.Graphic Abstract Pistacia vera by-products are discarded by the pistachio processing industries, notably leading to environmental problems. By-products such as external green hull represent a major part of the nut. Thus, there is an urgent need to find suitable applications for this by-product. In this context, this study was designed to promote the management of these by-products rich of biologically active molecules. The present study reports the extraction method of pistachio external hull polysaccharides (PHP) and their protective effects against the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in vivo caused by CCl 4 and cisplatin in rats, respectively. Results showed that CCl 4 and cisplatin administration altered the hepatic and renal functions. Whereas PHP treatment restored the increased plasmatic biomarkers of hepatotoxicity through deacreasing the percentage of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) by 23.23, 98.97, and 81.39%, respectively. PHP reestablished also plasmatic biomarkers of nephrotoxicity (creatinine, urea, and uric acid) and their levels were reduced by 17.5, 14.59 and 14.81%, respectively. PHP normalized plasmatic lipid profile, in so far as total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), were altered by CCl 4 . In addition, PHP pre-co-treatment markedly improved the oxidative stress biomarkers, as evidenced by the reduction of lipid peroxidation by 50 and 67.56% in both liver and kidney tissues. It was also marked by the elevation of the superoxyde dismutase (SOD), glutathion peroxydase (GSH-Px), and catalase activities by 19.89, 31.15, and 27.57% compared with CCl 4 -treated rats and by 20.49, 40.55, and 61.82%, respectively, compared with cisplatin-treated group. The detected potential role of PHP in liver and kidney tissues were supported by histopathologic examination. Due to their antioxidant activity, PHP’s monosaccharides could be considered as powerful agents able to prevent the hepatic and renal tissue. The obtained results confirmed the medicinal benefits of pistachio external hull and highlighted the potential beneficial reuse of hulls as a source of bio-antioxidants for the pharmaceutical industries. Graphic Abstract
Author	Haddar, Anissa Hamed, Mariem Bougatef, Ali Sila, Assaad Sdayria, Jazia Feriani, Anouar
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Mariem surname: Hamed fullname: Hamed, Mariem organization: Laboratory for the Improvement of Plants and Valorization of Agroressources, National School of Engineering of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar – sequence: 2 givenname: Anouar surname: Feriani fullname: Feriani, Anouar organization: Research Unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetic, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of Gafsa – sequence: 3 givenname: Assaad surname: Sila fullname: Sila, Assaad organization: Laboratory for the Improvement of Plants and Valorization of Agroressources, National School of Engineering of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Gafsa University – sequence: 4 givenname: Jazia surname: Sdayria fullname: Sdayria, Jazia organization: Research Unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetic, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of Gafsa – sequence: 5 givenname: Anissa surname: Haddar fullname: Haddar, Anissa organization: Laboratory for the Improvement of Plants and Valorization of Agroressources, National School of Engineering of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax – sequence: 6 givenname: Ali surname: Bougatef fullname: Bougatef, Ali email: ali.bougatef@isbs.usf.tn, ali.bougatef79@gmail.com organization: Laboratory for the Improvement of Plants and Valorization of Agroressources, National School of Engineering of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax
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Snippet	Pistacia vera by-products are discarded by the pistachio processing industries, notably leading to environmental problems. By-products such as external green... Pistacia vera by-products are discarded by the pistachio processing industries, notably leading to environmental problems. By-products such as external green...
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SubjectTerms	Alanine Alanine transaminase Antioxidants Aspartate transaminase Biological activity Biomarkers By products Byproducts Carbon tetrachloride Catalase Cholesterol Cisplatin Creatinine Density Engineering Environment Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology Hepatotoxicity High density lipoprotein Hulls Industrial Pollution Prevention Kidneys L-Lactate dehydrogenase Lactate dehydrogenase Lactic acid Lipid peroxidation Lipids Liver Monosaccharides Original Paper Oxidative stress Peroxidation Pharmaceutical industry Pistacia vera Polysaccharides Renewable and Green Energy Saccharides Transaminase Triglycerides Urea Uric acid Waste Management/Waste Technology
Title	Sustainable Valorization of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) by Product Through Recovering Protective Polysaccharides Against Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity in Rats
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