Removal of perennial herbaceous species affects response of Cold Desert shrublands to fire

Questions: Two of the primary global change factors that threaten shrublands worldwide are loss of native perennial herbaceous species due to inappropriate livestock grazing and loss of native shrubs due to altered fire regimes. We asked: (1) how do the separate and interacting effects of removal of...

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Published in:	Journal of vegetation science Vol. 28; no. 5; pp. 975 - 984
Main Authors:	Chambers, Jeanne C., Board, David I., Roundy, Bruce A., Weisberg, Peter J.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Hoboken John Wiley & Sons Ltd 01.09.2017 Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Subjects:	Abundance altitude Annual invasive grasses annuals Artemisia tridentata Bromus tectorum Burning Canopies canopy Competition Density Deserts Disturbances ecological resilience Ecosystem resilience Ecosystem services Ecosystems Elevation Environmental gradient fire regime Forbs Functional groups global change Grasses Grazing Indigenous species Introduced species invasive species Livestock Livestock grazing moieties mountains Nevada Perennial native grasses perennials Plant functional groups Recruitment Relative abundance Resilience Resilience to disturbance Seedlings Shrublands Shrubs species recruitment Species removals Utah Watersheds Wildfires United States > US Utah Nevada
ISSN:	1100-9233, 1654-1103
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Abstract	Questions: Two of the primary global change factors that threaten shrublands worldwide are loss of native perennial herbaceous species due to inappropriate livestock grazing and loss of native shrubs due to altered fire regimes. We asked: (1) how do the separate and interacting effects of removal of perennial herbaceous species and burning influence relative abundance of plant functional groups over longer time frames; and (2) how do interactions between perennial herbaceous species removal and burning differ along environmental gradients? We discuss implications of our findings for ecosystem resilience to these disturbances. Location: Shoshone Mountain Range, Nevada and East Tintic Range, Utah, USA. Methods: We used a factorial experiment to test effects of perennial herbaceous species removal (0%, 50% and 100%) and burning (burned and not burned) on plant functional group cover along elevation gradients within watersheds characterized by Artemisia tridentata Nutt. vegetation types. The experiment was conducted in two locations (Nevada and Utah) with sites located at low (1960 and 1710 m), mid (2190 and 2085 m) and high (2380 and 2274 m) elevations and was repeated in 2 yr. Percentage cover of native and exotic species and canopy area, density and size of the shrub A. tridentata were evaluated 12 and 13 yrafter study implementation. Results: Over a decade later, removal treatments resulted in highly significant decreases (40–62%) in perennial native grass and forb cover across site elevations. Burning decreased overall shrub and A. tridentata cover, but effects on perennial native grass cover differed among elevations. Removal had strong positive effects on A. tridentata seedling recruitment and resulted in progressive increases in density and canopy area following burning. A. tridentata canopy areas on burned plots with 0%, 50% and 100% removal were 0.19, 0.40 and 0.84 m2, respectively. Annual invasive grass density also increased with degree of removal, and both density and cover decreased with elevation. Conclusions: Our results show that loss of perennial herbaceous species, which can result from inappropriate livestock grazing, and loss of shrubs, which often results from fire, interact to affect key functional groups. The implications are that ecosystem resilience to disturbance in Cold Desert shrublands decreases when competition from perennial native grasses and forbs for available resources no longer prevents dominance by A. tridentata and other shrubs and/or annual invasive grasses. Managing livestock grazing to maintain or increase perennial herbaceous species, especially deep-rooted grasses, which contribute to resilience along elevation gradients, can help prevent threshold crossings to undesirable states and retain critical ecosystem services following disturbances such as wildfire.
AbstractList	Questions: Two of the primary global change factors that threaten shrublands worldwide are loss of native perennial herbaceous species due to inappropriate livestock grazing and loss of native shrubs due to altered fire regimes. We asked: (1) how do the separate and interacting effects of removal of perennial herbaceous species and burning influence relative abundance of plant functional groups over longer time frames; and (2) how do interactions between perennial herbaceous species removal and burning differ along environmental gradients? We discuss implications of our findings for ecosystem resilience to these disturbances. Location: Shoshone Mountain Range, Nevada and East Tintic Range, Utah, USA. Methods: We used a factorial experiment to test effects of perennial herbaceous species removal (0%, 50% and 100%) and burning (burned and not burned) on plant functional group cover along elevation gradients within watersheds characterized by Artemisia tridentata Nutt. vegetation types. The experiment was conducted in two locations (Nevada and Utah) with sites located at low (1960 and 1710 m), mid (2190 and 2085 m) and high (2380 and 2274 m) elevations and was repeated in 2 yr. Percentage cover of native and exotic species and canopy area, density and size of the shrub A. tridentata were evaluated 12 and 13 yrafter study implementation. Results: Over a decade later, removal treatments resulted in highly significant decreases (40–62%) in perennial native grass and forb cover across site elevations. Burning decreased overall shrub and A. tridentata cover, but effects on perennial native grass cover differed among elevations. Removal had strong positive effects on A. tridentata seedling recruitment and resulted in progressive increases in density and canopy area following burning. A. tridentata canopy areas on burned plots with 0%, 50% and 100% removal were 0.19, 0.40 and 0.84 m2, respectively. Annual invasive grass density also increased with degree of removal, and both density and cover decreased with elevation. Conclusions: Our results show that loss of perennial herbaceous species, which can result from inappropriate livestock grazing, and loss of shrubs, which often results from fire, interact to affect key functional groups. The implications are that ecosystem resilience to disturbance in Cold Desert shrublands decreases when competition from perennial native grasses and forbs for available resources no longer prevents dominance by A. tridentata and other shrubs and/or annual invasive grasses. Managing livestock grazing to maintain or increase perennial herbaceous species, especially deep-rooted grasses, which contribute to resilience along elevation gradients, can help prevent threshold crossings to undesirable states and retain critical ecosystem services following disturbances such as wildfire. Questions Two of the primary global change factors that threaten shrublands worldwide are loss of native perennial herbaceous species due to inappropriate livestock grazing and loss of native shrubs due to altered fire regimes. We asked: (1) how do the separate and interacting effects of removal of perennial herbaceous species and burning influence relative abundance of plant functional groups over longer time frames; and (2) how do interactions between perennial herbaceous species removal and burning differ along environmental gradients? We discuss implications of our findings for ecosystem resilience to these disturbances. Location Shoshone Mountain Range, Nevada and East Tintic Range, Utah, USA. Methods We used a factorial experiment to test effects of perennial herbaceous species removal (0%, 50% and 100%) and burning (burned and not burned) on plant functional group cover along elevation gradients within watersheds characterized by Artemisia tridentata Nutt. vegetation types. The experiment was conducted in two locations (Nevada and Utah) with sites located at low (1960 and 1710 m), mid (2190 and 2085 m) and high (2380 and 2274 m) elevations and was repeated in 2 yr. Percentage cover of native and exotic species and canopy area, density and size of the shrub A. tridentata were evaluated 12 and 13 yr after study implementation. Results Over a decade later, removal treatments resulted in highly significant decreases (40–62%) in perennial native grass and forb cover across site elevations. Burning decreased overall shrub and A. tridentata cover, but effects on perennial native grass cover differed among elevations. Removal had strong positive effects on A. tridentata seedling recruitment and resulted in progressive increases in density and canopy area following burning. A. tridentata canopy areas on burned plots with 0%, 50% and 100% removal were 0.19, 0.40 and 0.84 m2, respectively. Annual invasive grass density also increased with degree of removal, and both density and cover decreased with elevation. Conclusions Our results show that loss of perennial herbaceous species, which can result from inappropriate livestock grazing, and loss of shrubs, which often results from fire, interact to affect key functional groups. The implications are that ecosystem resilience to disturbance in Cold Desert shrublands decreases when competition from perennial native grasses and forbs for available resources no longer prevents dominance by A. tridentata and other shrubs and/or annual invasive grasses. Managing livestock grazing to maintain or increase perennial herbaceous species, especially deep‐rooted grasses, which contribute to resilience along elevation gradients, can help prevent threshold crossings to undesirable states and retain critical ecosystem services following disturbances such as wildfire. Plant functional groups interact with disturbance to influence community composition and structure. We examined effects of herbaceous species removal and burning 12–13 yr after treatment. Removal significantly reduced perennial herbs, increased annual invasive grasses, and when coupled with burning increased shrubs. We found resilience to disturbance decreases when competition from perennial herbs no longer prevents dominance by shrubs or invasives. QUESTIONS: Two of the primary global change factors that threaten shrublands worldwide are loss of native perennial herbaceous species due to inappropriate livestock grazing and loss of native shrubs due to altered fire regimes. We asked: (1) how do the separate and interacting effects of removal of perennial herbaceous species and burning influence relative abundance of plant functional groups over longer time frames; and (2) how do interactions between perennial herbaceous species removal and burning differ along environmental gradients? We discuss implications of our findings for ecosystem resilience to these disturbances. LOCATION: Shoshone Mountain Range, Nevada and East Tintic Range, Utah, USA. METHODS: We used a factorial experiment to test effects of perennial herbaceous species removal (0%, 50% and 100%) and burning (burned and not burned) on plant functional group cover along elevation gradients within watersheds characterized by Artemisia tridentata Nutt. vegetation types. The experiment was conducted in two locations (Nevada and Utah) with sites located at low (1960 and 1710 m), mid (2190 and 2085 m) and high (2380 and 2274 m) elevations and was repeated in 2 yr. Percentage cover of native and exotic species and canopy area, density and size of the shrub A. tridentata were evaluated 12 and 13 yr after study implementation. RESULTS: Over a decade later, removal treatments resulted in highly significant decreases (40–62%) in perennial native grass and forb cover across site elevations. Burning decreased overall shrub and A. tridentata cover, but effects on perennial native grass cover differed among elevations. Removal had strong positive effects on A. tridentata seedling recruitment and resulted in progressive increases in density and canopy area following burning. A. tridentata canopy areas on burned plots with 0%, 50% and 100% removal were 0.19, 0.40 and 0.84 m², respectively. Annual invasive grass density also increased with degree of removal, and both density and cover decreased with elevation. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that loss of perennial herbaceous species, which can result from inappropriate livestock grazing, and loss of shrubs, which often results from fire, interact to affect key functional groups. The implications are that ecosystem resilience to disturbance in Cold Desert shrublands decreases when competition from perennial native grasses and forbs for available resources no longer prevents dominance by A. tridentata and other shrubs and/or annual invasive grasses. Managing livestock grazing to maintain or increase perennial herbaceous species, especially deep‐rooted grasses, which contribute to resilience along elevation gradients, can help prevent threshold crossings to undesirable states and retain critical ecosystem services following disturbances such as wildfire. Questions Two of the primary global change factors that threaten shrublands worldwide are loss of native perennial herbaceous species due to inappropriate livestock grazing and loss of native shrubs due to altered fire regimes. We asked: (1) how do the separate and interacting effects of removal of perennial herbaceous species and burning influence relative abundance of plant functional groups over longer time frames; and (2) how do interactions between perennial herbaceous species removal and burning differ along environmental gradients? We discuss implications of our findings for ecosystem resilience to these disturbances. Location Shoshone Mountain Range, Nevada and East Tintic Range, Utah, USA. Methods We used a factorial experiment to test effects of perennial herbaceous species removal (0%, 50% and 100%) and burning (burned and not burned) on plant functional group cover along elevation gradients within watersheds characterized by Artemisia tridentata Nutt. vegetation types. The experiment was conducted in two locations (Nevada and Utah) with sites located at low (1960 and 1710 m), mid (2190 and 2085 m) and high (2380 and 2274 m) elevations and was repeated in 2 yr. Percentage cover of native and exotic species and canopy area, density and size of the shrub A. tridentata were evaluated 12 and 13 yr after study implementation. Results Over a decade later, removal treatments resulted in highly significant decreases (40-62%) in perennial native grass and forb cover across site elevations. Burning decreased overall shrub and A. tridentata cover, but effects on perennial native grass cover differed among elevations. Removal had strong positive effects on A. tridentata seedling recruitment and resulted in progressive increases in density and canopy area following burning. A. tridentata canopy areas on burned plots with 0%, 50% and 100% removal were 0.19, 0.40 and 0.84 m2, respectively. Annual invasive grass density also increased with degree of removal, and both density and cover decreased with elevation. Conclusions Our results show that loss of perennial herbaceous species, which can result from inappropriate livestock grazing, and loss of shrubs, which often results from fire, interact to affect key functional groups. The implications are that ecosystem resilience to disturbance in Cold Desert shrublands decreases when competition from perennial native grasses and forbs for available resources no longer prevents dominance by A. tridentata and other shrubs and/or annual invasive grasses. Managing livestock grazing to maintain or increase perennial herbaceous species, especially deep-rooted grasses, which contribute to resilience along elevation gradients, can help prevent threshold crossings to undesirable states and retain critical ecosystem services following disturbances such as wildfire.
Author	Chambers, Jeanne C. Roundy, Bruce A. Board, David I. Weisberg, Peter J.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Jeanne C. surname: Chambers fullname: Chambers, Jeanne C. – sequence: 2 givenname: David I. surname: Board fullname: Board, David I. – sequence: 3 givenname: Bruce A. surname: Roundy fullname: Roundy, Bruce A. – sequence: 4 givenname: Peter J. surname: Weisberg fullname: Weisberg, Peter J.
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Snippet	Questions: Two of the primary global change factors that threaten shrublands worldwide are loss of native perennial herbaceous species due to inappropriate... Questions Two of the primary global change factors that threaten shrublands worldwide are loss of native perennial herbaceous species due to inappropriate... Questions Two of the primary global change factors that threaten shrublands worldwide are loss of native perennial herbaceous species due to inappropriate... QUESTIONS: Two of the primary global change factors that threaten shrublands worldwide are loss of native perennial herbaceous species due to inappropriate...
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SubjectTerms	Abundance altitude Annual invasive grasses annuals Artemisia tridentata Bromus tectorum Burning Canopies canopy Competition Density Deserts Disturbances ecological resilience Ecosystem resilience Ecosystem services Ecosystems Elevation Environmental gradient fire regime Forbs Functional groups global change Grasses Grazing Indigenous species Introduced species invasive species Livestock Livestock grazing moieties mountains Nevada Perennial native grasses perennials Plant functional groups Recruitment Relative abundance Resilience Resilience to disturbance Seedlings Shrublands Shrubs species recruitment Species removals Utah Watersheds Wildfires
Title	Removal of perennial herbaceous species affects response of Cold Desert shrublands to fire
URI	https://www.jstor.org/stable/26630204 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2Fjvs.12548 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1933920668 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2020901375
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