Measuring and Replicating the 1–20 μm Energy Distributions of the Coldest Brown Dwarfs: Rotating, Turbulent, and Nonadiabatic Atmospheres

Cold, low-mass, field brown dwarfs are important for constraining the terminus of the stellar mass function, and also for optimizing atmospheric studies of exoplanets. In 2020 new model grids for such objects were made available: Sonora-Bobcat and ATMO 2020. Also, new candidate cold brown dwarfs wer...

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Vydané v:The Astrophysical journal Ročník 918; číslo 1; s. 11 - 41
Hlavní autori: Leggett, S. K., Tremblin, Pascal, Phillips, Mark W., Dupuy, Trent J., Marley, Mark, Morley, Caroline, Schneider, Adam, Caselden, Dan, Guillaume, Colin, Logsdon, Sarah E.
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:English
Vydavateľské údaje: Philadelphia The American Astronomical Society 01.09.2021
IOP Publishing
Predmet:
Ammonia
Astrophysics
Atmosphere
Atmospheric models
Atmospheric pressure
Brown dwarf stars
Brown dwarfs
Energy distribution
Extrasolar planets
Infrared photometry
Infrared sources
Photometry
Photosphere
Rotation
Stellar atmospheres
Stellar convective zones
Stellar mass
Temperature gradients
Temperature profiles
Yttrium
ISSN:0004-637X, 1538-4357
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Abstract Cold, low-mass, field brown dwarfs are important for constraining the terminus of the stellar mass function, and also for optimizing atmospheric studies of exoplanets. In 2020 new model grids for such objects were made available: Sonora-Bobcat and ATMO 2020. Also, new candidate cold brown dwarfs were announced, and new spectroscopic observations at λ ≈ 4.8 μ m were published. In this paper we present new infrared photometry for some of the coldest brown dwarfs, and put the new data and models together to explore the properties of these objects. We reconfirm the importance of mixing in these atmospheres, which leads to CO and NH 3 abundances that differ by orders of magnitude from chemical equilibrium values. We also demonstrate that the new models retain the known factor ≳3 discrepancy with observations at 2 ≲ λ μ m ≲ 4, for brown dwarfs cooler than 600 K. We show that the entire 1 ≲ λ μ m ≲ 20 energy distribution of six brown dwarfs with 260 ≤ T eff K ≤ 475 can be well reproduced, for the first time, by model atmospheres which include disequilibrium chemistry as well as a photospheric temperature gradient which deviates from the standard radiative/convective equilibrium value. This change to the pressure–temperature profile is not unexpected for rotating and turbulent atmospheres that are subject to diabatic processes. A limited grid of modified-adiabat model colors is generated, and used to estimate temperatures and metallicities for the currently known Y dwarfs. A compilation of the photometric data used here is given in Appendix C.
AbstractList Cold, low-mass, field brown dwarfs are important for constraining the terminus of the stellar mass function, and also for optimizing atmospheric studies of exoplanets. In 2020 new model grids for such objects were made available: Sonora-Bobcat and ATMO 2020. Also, new candidate cold brown dwarfs were announced, and new spectroscopic observations at λ ≈ 4.8 μm were published. In this paper we present new infrared photometry for some of the coldest brown dwarfs, and put the new data and models together to explore the properties of these objects. We reconfirm the importance of mixing in these atmospheres, which leads to CO and NH3 abundances that differ by orders of magnitude from chemical equilibrium values. We also demonstrate that the new models retain the known factor ≳3 discrepancy with observations at 2 ≲ λ μm ≲ 4, for brown dwarfs cooler than 600 K. We show that the entire 1 ≲ λ μm ≲ 20 energy distribution of six brown dwarfs with 260 ≤ T eff K ≤ 475 can be well reproduced, for the first time, by model atmospheres which include disequilibrium chemistry as well as a photospheric temperature gradient which deviates from the standard radiative/convective equilibrium value. This change to the pressure–temperature profile is not unexpected for rotating and turbulent atmospheres that are subject to diabatic processes. A limited grid of modified-adiabat model colors is generated, and used to estimate temperatures and metallicities for the currently known Y dwarfs. A compilation of the photometric data used here is given in Appendix C.
Cold, low-mass, field brown dwarfs are important for constraining the terminus of the stellar mass function, and also for optimizing atmospheric studies of exoplanets. In 2020 new model grids for such objects were made available: Sonora-Bobcat and ATMO 2020. Also, new candidate cold brown dwarfs were announced, and new spectroscopic observations at λ ≈ 4.8 μ m were published. In this paper we present new infrared photometry for some of the coldest brown dwarfs, and put the new data and models together to explore the properties of these objects. We reconfirm the importance of mixing in these atmospheres, which leads to CO and NH 3 abundances that differ by orders of magnitude from chemical equilibrium values. We also demonstrate that the new models retain the known factor ≳3 discrepancy with observations at 2 ≲ λ μ m ≲ 4, for brown dwarfs cooler than 600 K. We show that the entire 1 ≲ λ μ m ≲ 20 energy distribution of six brown dwarfs with 260 ≤ T eff K ≤ 475 can be well reproduced, for the first time, by model atmospheres which include disequilibrium chemistry as well as a photospheric temperature gradient which deviates from the standard radiative/convective equilibrium value. This change to the pressure–temperature profile is not unexpected for rotating and turbulent atmospheres that are subject to diabatic processes. A limited grid of modified-adiabat model colors is generated, and used to estimate temperatures and metallicities for the currently known Y dwarfs. A compilation of the photometric data used here is given in Appendix C.
Author Caselden, Dan
Leggett, S. K.
Phillips, Mark W.
Morley, Caroline
Dupuy, Trent J.
Guillaume, Colin
Schneider, Adam
Marley, Mark
Logsdon, Sarah E.
Tremblin, Pascal
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  surname: Tremblin
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  organization: Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, CEA, Maison de la Simulation, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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  orcidid: 0000-0001-6041-7092
  surname: Phillips
  fullname: Phillips, Mark W.
  organization: University of Exeter , Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4PY, UK
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  orcidid: 0000-0001-9823-1445
  surname: Dupuy
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  organization: University of Edinburgh Institute for Astronomy, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh, EH9 3HJ, UK
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  surname: Marley
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  organization: NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
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  orcidid: 0000-0002-4404-0456
  surname: Morley
  fullname: Morley, Caroline
  organization: University of Texas Department of Astronomy, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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  givenname: Adam
  orcidid: 0000-0002-6294-5937
  surname: Schneider
  fullname: Schneider, Adam
  organization: George Mason University Department of Physics and Astronomy, MS3F3, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
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  surname: Caselden
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  organization: Backyard Worlds: Planet 9, USA
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  givenname: Sarah E.
  orcidid: 0000-0002-9632-9382
  surname: Logsdon
  fullname: Logsdon, Sarah E.
  organization: Kitt Peak National Observatory/NSF’s NOIRLab, 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
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Snippet Cold, low-mass, field brown dwarfs are important for constraining the terminus of the stellar mass function, and also for optimizing atmospheric studies of...
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StartPage 11
SubjectTerms Ammonia
Astrophysics
Atmosphere
Atmospheric models
Atmospheric pressure
Brown dwarf stars
Brown dwarfs
Energy distribution
Extrasolar planets
Infrared photometry
Infrared sources
Photometry
Photosphere
Rotation
Stellar atmospheres
Stellar convective zones
Stellar mass
Temperature gradients
Temperature profiles
Yttrium
Title Measuring and Replicating the 1–20 μm Energy Distributions of the Coldest Brown Dwarfs: Rotating, Turbulent, and Nonadiabatic Atmospheres
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