Neuropathological Characterisation of McLeod Syndrome With a Proposed New Grading System

ABSTRACT Aims X‐linked McLeod neuroacanthocytosis syndrome (MLS) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the presence of red blood cell acanthocytosis and a chorea syndrome. Analogous to Huntington's disease (HD), MLS displays cognitive and behavioural symptoms besides the progres...

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Veröffentlicht in:Neuropathology and applied neurobiology Jg. 51; H. 5; S. e70039 - n/a
Hauptverfasser: Reuss, Anna Maria, Renerts, Klavs, Hortobágyi, Tibor, Geser, Felix, Haybaeck, Johannes, Danek, Adrian, Fuhr, Peter, Udd, Bjarne, Zeman, Adam, Ross, Reichard R., Rushing, Elisabeth J., Jung, Hans H.
Format: Journal Article
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: England Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.10.2025
Schlagworte:
Adult
Aged
Atrophy
Atrophy - pathology
Basal ganglia
Basal Ganglia - pathology
Brain - pathology
Caudate nucleus
Chorea
Erythrocytes
Genetic Diseases, X-Linked - pathology
Gliosis
Gliosis - pathology
Globus pallidus
histology
Humans
Huntington's disease
Male
McLeod syndrome
Middle Aged
movement disorder
Neostriatum
Neuroacanthocytosis - pathology
Neurodegenerative diseases
neuronal loss
Neurons - pathology
Neuropathology
Putamen
rare disease
Vacuoles
movement disorder
rare disease
vacuoles
gliosis
histology
neuronal loss
ISSN:0305-1846, 1365-2990, 1365-2990
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Zusammenfassung:ABSTRACT Aims X‐linked McLeod neuroacanthocytosis syndrome (MLS) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the presence of red blood cell acanthocytosis and a chorea syndrome. Analogous to Huntington's disease (HD), MLS displays cognitive and behavioural symptoms besides the progressive movement disorder. This study aimed to describe the neuropathology of MLS in the largest case series to date. Methods Clinical data were collected, and neuropathological assessments were performed on eight male MLS patients originating from Finland, New Zealand, Switzerland, Scotland and the United States. Results Macroscopic data were available from six patients, with five showing atrophy of the basal ganglia, which was more pronounced in the caudate nucleus and to a lesser extent in the putamen and pallidum. Histology revealed neuronal loss and accompanying gliosis in the basal ganglia of all patients. The extent of these alterations varied widely, with a decreasing gradient of severity from the caudate nucleus to the putamen and the pallidum, mirroring the macroscopic findings. In addition, we detected intraneuronal vacuoles in the striatum in half of the patients. Conclusions MLS neuropathology is characterised macroscopically by atrophy and microscopically by neuronal loss and gliosis of the basal ganglia, with a decreasing gradient of severity from the caudate nucleus, the putamen to the pallidum. Analogous to the grading system for HD, we propose a neuropathological grading system for MLS based on the current observations in the largest MLS cohort examined to date. Standardised criteria are crucial for neuropathological assessment of this extremely rare disease. Summary The neuropathology of McLeod syndrome is characterised by neuronal loss, gliosis and atrophy of the basal ganglia. There is a severity gradient from the caudate nucleus to the putamen and pallidum, in decreasing order. Intraneuronal vacuoles in the basal ganglia of McLeod syndrome patients are a microstructural hallmark of advanced disease. Comprehensive investigation of the largest McLeod syndrome patient cohort to date allows for the proposal of a standardised grading system for the neuropathological assessment of McLeod syndrome. We report the neuropathological findings of the X‐linked McLeod neuroacanthocytosis syndrome (MLS), a very rare neurodegenerative disorder characterised by red blood cell acanthocytosis, chorea syndrome similar to Huntington’s disease, and additional neuromuscular and cardiological involvement. There was varying atrophy of basal ganglia, pronounced in the caudate nucleus. Histologically, we found neuronal loss and accompanying gliosis with additional striatal intraneuronal vacuoles in four of eight patients. Analogous to the HD grading system, we propose a neuropathological grading system for MLS.
Bibliographie:Anna Maria Reuss and Klavs Renerts have contributed equally to this work.
The authors received no specific funding for this work.
Funding
Correction added on 23 October 2025, after first online publication: The copyright line was changed.
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ISSN:0305-1846
1365-2990
1365-2990
DOI:10.1111/nan.70039