A Scoping Review of Human Teratogens and Their Impact on the Developing Brain: A Contribution From the ConcePTION Project
ABSTRACT Certain medications, when used during pregnancy, are known to impact human prenatal development. Historically, little attention has been given to the impact of in utero exposure on the developing brain, despite the significance of known teratogen‐induced neurodevelopmental difficulties. Thi...
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| Published in: | Birth defects research Vol. 117; no. 9; pp. e2497 - n/a |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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Hoboken, USA
John Wiley & Sons, Inc
01.09.2025
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| ISSN: | 2472-1727, 2472-1727 |
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| Abstract | ABSTRACT
Certain medications, when used during pregnancy, are known to impact human prenatal development. Historically, little attention has been given to the impact of in utero exposure on the developing brain, despite the significance of known teratogen‐induced neurodevelopmental difficulties. This scoping review systematically identified and extracted neurodevelopmental outcome data for medications with established physical teratogenic effects and synthesized the key study characteristics. Medications with evidence of physical teratogenicity (n = 24) were defined by a panel of experts. Eligible studies reporting any neurodevelopmental outcomes following pregnancy exposure to the defined list of human structural teratogens were identified through electronic searches of MEDLINE and EMBASE. We identified 207 studies (254 publications) for inclusion, comprising 81 empirical cohorts and 126 case series. Concerningly, only 13 of 24 (54%) confirmed structural teratogens have been subject to any empirical investigation of neurodevelopmental outcomes. The mean time between authorization of known structural teratogens and the first empirical study investigating neurodevelopmental outcomes using a comparison group and formal data analysis is 33 years (Range: 11–64 years). When neurodevelopmental outcomes are investigated for medication exposures with physical teratogenic signatures, there are high levels of neurodevelopmental alterations (77%). These findings do not speak to a pharmacovigilance system that is functioning efficiently to identify and ameliorate neurodevelopmental risk, even for the medications with identified structural teratogenic risk. Given the high proportion of known physical teratogens exhibiting additional altered neurodevelopmental outcomes and the substantial lifetime burden of such alterations, to the individual and society, the timelines remain too long. |
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| AbstractList | Certain medications, when used during pregnancy, are known to impact human prenatal development. Historically, little attention has been given to the impact of in utero exposure on the developing brain, despite the significance of known teratogen‐induced neurodevelopmental difficulties. This scoping review systematically identified and extracted neurodevelopmental outcome data for medications with established physical teratogenic effects and synthesized the key study characteristics. Medications with evidence of physical teratogenicity ( n = 24) were defined by a panel of experts. Eligible studies reporting any neurodevelopmental outcomes following pregnancy exposure to the defined list of human structural teratogens were identified through electronic searches of MEDLINE and EMBASE. We identified 207 studies (254 publications) for inclusion, comprising 81 empirical cohorts and 126 case series. Concerningly, only 13 of 24 (54%) confirmed structural teratogens have been subject to any empirical investigation of neurodevelopmental outcomes. The mean time between authorization of known structural teratogens and the first empirical study investigating neurodevelopmental outcomes using a comparison group and formal data analysis is 33 years (Range: 11–64 years). When neurodevelopmental outcomes are investigated for medication exposures with physical teratogenic signatures, there are high levels of neurodevelopmental alterations (77%). These findings do not speak to a pharmacovigilance system that is functioning efficiently to identify and ameliorate neurodevelopmental risk, even for the medications with identified structural teratogenic risk. Given the high proportion of known physical teratogens exhibiting additional altered neurodevelopmental outcomes and the substantial lifetime burden of such alterations, to the individual and society, the timelines remain too long. Certain medications, when used during pregnancy, are known to impact human prenatal development. Historically, little attention has been given to the impact of in utero exposure on the developing brain, despite the significance of known teratogen-induced neurodevelopmental difficulties. This scoping review systematically identified and extracted neurodevelopmental outcome data for medications with established physical teratogenic effects and synthesized the key study characteristics. Medications with evidence of physical teratogenicity (n = 24) were defined by a panel of experts. Eligible studies reporting any neurodevelopmental outcomes following pregnancy exposure to the defined list of human structural teratogens were identified through electronic searches of MEDLINE and EMBASE. We identified 207 studies (254 publications) for inclusion, comprising 81 empirical cohorts and 126 case series. Concerningly, only 13 of 24 (54%) confirmed structural teratogens have been subject to any empirical investigation of neurodevelopmental outcomes. The mean time between authorization of known structural teratogens and the first empirical study investigating neurodevelopmental outcomes using a comparison group and formal data analysis is 33 years (Range: 11-64 years). When neurodevelopmental outcomes are investigated for medication exposures with physical teratogenic signatures, there are high levels of neurodevelopmental alterations (77%). These findings do not speak to a pharmacovigilance system that is functioning efficiently to identify and ameliorate neurodevelopmental risk, even for the medications with identified structural teratogenic risk. Given the high proportion of known physical teratogens exhibiting additional altered neurodevelopmental outcomes and the substantial lifetime burden of such alterations, to the individual and society, the timelines remain too long.Certain medications, when used during pregnancy, are known to impact human prenatal development. Historically, little attention has been given to the impact of in utero exposure on the developing brain, despite the significance of known teratogen-induced neurodevelopmental difficulties. This scoping review systematically identified and extracted neurodevelopmental outcome data for medications with established physical teratogenic effects and synthesized the key study characteristics. Medications with evidence of physical teratogenicity (n = 24) were defined by a panel of experts. Eligible studies reporting any neurodevelopmental outcomes following pregnancy exposure to the defined list of human structural teratogens were identified through electronic searches of MEDLINE and EMBASE. We identified 207 studies (254 publications) for inclusion, comprising 81 empirical cohorts and 126 case series. Concerningly, only 13 of 24 (54%) confirmed structural teratogens have been subject to any empirical investigation of neurodevelopmental outcomes. The mean time between authorization of known structural teratogens and the first empirical study investigating neurodevelopmental outcomes using a comparison group and formal data analysis is 33 years (Range: 11-64 years). When neurodevelopmental outcomes are investigated for medication exposures with physical teratogenic signatures, there are high levels of neurodevelopmental alterations (77%). These findings do not speak to a pharmacovigilance system that is functioning efficiently to identify and ameliorate neurodevelopmental risk, even for the medications with identified structural teratogenic risk. Given the high proportion of known physical teratogens exhibiting additional altered neurodevelopmental outcomes and the substantial lifetime burden of such alterations, to the individual and society, the timelines remain too long. ABSTRACT Certain medications, when used during pregnancy, are known to impact human prenatal development. Historically, little attention has been given to the impact of in utero exposure on the developing brain, despite the significance of known teratogen‐induced neurodevelopmental difficulties. This scoping review systematically identified and extracted neurodevelopmental outcome data for medications with established physical teratogenic effects and synthesized the key study characteristics. Medications with evidence of physical teratogenicity (n = 24) were defined by a panel of experts. Eligible studies reporting any neurodevelopmental outcomes following pregnancy exposure to the defined list of human structural teratogens were identified through electronic searches of MEDLINE and EMBASE. We identified 207 studies (254 publications) for inclusion, comprising 81 empirical cohorts and 126 case series. Concerningly, only 13 of 24 (54%) confirmed structural teratogens have been subject to any empirical investigation of neurodevelopmental outcomes. The mean time between authorization of known structural teratogens and the first empirical study investigating neurodevelopmental outcomes using a comparison group and formal data analysis is 33 years (Range: 11–64 years). When neurodevelopmental outcomes are investigated for medication exposures with physical teratogenic signatures, there are high levels of neurodevelopmental alterations (77%). These findings do not speak to a pharmacovigilance system that is functioning efficiently to identify and ameliorate neurodevelopmental risk, even for the medications with identified structural teratogenic risk. Given the high proportion of known physical teratogens exhibiting additional altered neurodevelopmental outcomes and the substantial lifetime burden of such alterations, to the individual and society, the timelines remain too long. |
| Author | Cahoon, A. Bluett‐Duncan, M. Adams, J. Clayton‐Smith, J. Richardson, J. L. Berkovitch, M. Stellfeld, M. Jackson, C. Berlin, M. Simms, V. Mølgaard‐Nielsen, D. Khanom, S. Yates, L. M. Winterfeld, U. Bromley, R. L. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: M. orcidid: 0000-0002-7539-6746 surname: Bluett‐Duncan fullname: Bluett‐Duncan, M. email: matthew.bluett‐duncan@manchester.ac.uk organization: The University of Manchester – sequence: 2 givenname: J. surname: Adams fullname: Adams, J. organization: University of Massachusetts Boston – sequence: 3 givenname: M. orcidid: 0000-0001-9579-383X surname: Berkovitch fullname: Berkovitch, M. organization: Tel Aviv University – sequence: 4 givenname: M. surname: Berlin fullname: Berlin, M. organization: Tel Aviv University – sequence: 5 givenname: A. surname: Cahoon fullname: Cahoon, A. organization: Ulster University – sequence: 6 givenname: J. surname: Clayton‐Smith fullname: Clayton‐Smith, J. organization: University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital – sequence: 7 givenname: C. surname: Jackson fullname: Jackson, C. organization: The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery – sequence: 8 givenname: S. surname: Khanom fullname: Khanom, S. organization: Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust – sequence: 9 givenname: D. surname: Mølgaard‐Nielsen fullname: Mølgaard‐Nielsen, D. organization: Global Patient Safety, Novo Nordisk A/S – sequence: 10 givenname: J. L. surname: Richardson fullname: Richardson, J. L. organization: UK Teratology Information Service, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust – sequence: 11 givenname: V. surname: Simms fullname: Simms, V. organization: Ulster University – sequence: 12 givenname: M. surname: Stellfeld fullname: Stellfeld, M. organization: Global Patient Safety, Novo Nordisk A/S – sequence: 13 givenname: U. surname: Winterfeld fullname: Winterfeld, U. organization: Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne – sequence: 14 givenname: L. M. surname: Yates fullname: Yates, L. M. organization: KRISP, University of KwaZulu‐Natal – sequence: 15 givenname: R. L. surname: Bromley fullname: Bromley, R. L. organization: Epilepsy Research Institute UK |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40960411$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | September 2025 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2025-09-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 09 year: 2025 text: September 2025 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | Hoboken, USA |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Hoboken, USA – name: United States – name: Hoboken |
| PublicationTitle | Birth defects research |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Birth Defects Res |
| PublicationYear | 2025 |
| Publisher | John Wiley & Sons, Inc Wiley Subscription Services, Inc |
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Fetal and Neonatal Edition – volume: 172 start-page: 670 issue: 7 year: 2018 end-page: 677 article-title: Association of Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol During Pregnancy With Multigenerational Neurodevelopmental Deficits publication-title: JAMA Pediatrics – volume: 26 start-page: 62 issue: 1 year: 1992 end-page: 75 article-title: Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) on Hemispheric Laterality and Spatial Ability in Human Males publication-title: Hormones and Behavior – volume: 105 start-page: 384 issue: 4 year: 2020 end-page: 389 article-title: Exome Sequencing in Patients With Antiepileptic Drug Exposure and Complex Phenotypes publication-title: Archives of Disease in Childhood – volume: 36 start-page: 299 issue: 3 year: 1987 end-page: 301 article-title: Atypical Malformations in an Infant Exposed to Warfarin During the First Trimester of Pregnancy publication-title: Teratology – volume: 333 start-page: 101 issue: 2 year: 1995 end-page: 106 article-title: A Pregnancy‐Prevention Program in Women of Childbearing Age Receiving Isotretinoin publication-title: New England Journal of Medicine – volume: 57 start-page: 51 issue: 2 year: 1998 end-page: 55 article-title: Adult and Two Children With Fetal Methotrexate Syndrome publication-title: Teratology – volume: 14 start-page: 180 issue: 1 year: 2019 article-title: Diagnosis and Management of Individuals With Fetal Valproate Spectrum Disorder; a Consensus Statement From the European Reference Network for Congenital Malformations and Intellectual Disability publication-title: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases – volume: 79 start-page: 242 issue: 3 year: 2007 end-page: 248 article-title: Rhabdomyomatous Hamartomata of the Pharyngeal Region With Bilateral Microtia and Aural Atresia: A New Association? publication-title: Birth Defects Research Part A – Clinical and Molecular Teratology – volume: 2 start-page: 839 issue: 7782 year: 1972 end-page: 843 article-title: Maternal Epilepsy and Abnormalities of the Fetus and Newborn publication-title: Lancet – volume: 17 start-page: 133 issue: 1 year: 2011a end-page: 142 article-title: The Australian Brain and Cognition and Antiepileptic Drugs Study: IQ in School‐Aged Children Exposed to Sodium Valproate and Polytherapy publication-title: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society – volume: 19 start-page: 435 issue: 3 year: 1984 end-page: 443 article-title: Teratogenicity of Anticonvulsant Drugs. II: A Prospective Study publication-title: American Journal of Medical Genetics – volume: 84 start-page: 254 issue: 2 year: 1974 end-page: 256 article-title: Digital Hypoplasia and Anticonvulsants During Gestation: A Teratogenic Syndrome? publication-title: Journal of Pediatrics – volume: 51 start-page: 2058 issue: 10 year: 2010 end-page: 2065 article-title: Early Cognitive Development in Children Born to Women With Epilepsy: A Prospective Report publication-title: Epilepsia – volume: 91 start-page: 409 issue: 4 year: 2002 end-page: 414 article-title: Psychomotor Development in Preschool Children Exposed to Antiepileptic Drugs In Utero publication-title: Acta Paediatrica – volume: 8 start-page: 115 issue: 2 year: 1994 end-page: 120 article-title: Congenital Schizencephaly Associated With In Utero Warfarin Exposure publication-title: Reproductive Toxicology – volume: 8 issue: 8 year: 2023 article-title: Monotherapy Treatment of Epilepsy in Pregnancy: Congenital Malformation Outcomes in the Child publication-title: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews – volume: 132A start-page: 130 issue: 2 year: 2005 end-page: 135 article-title: Carbimazole Embryopathy: An Emerging Phenotype publication-title: American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A – volume: 7 start-page: 74 issue: 2 year: 2013 end-page: 76 article-title: Fetal Valproate Syndrome in a 14‐Month‐Old Child: A Case Report publication-title: South African Journal of Child Health – volume: 360 start-page: 1597 issue: 16 year: 2009 end-page: 1605 article-title: Cognitive Function at 3 Years of Age After Fetal Exposure to Antiepileptic Drugs publication-title: New England Journal of Medicine – volume: 36 start-page: 351 issue: 4 year: 1994 end-page: 356 article-title: Autism in Thalidomide Embryopathy: A Population Study publication-title: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology – volume: 112 start-page: 520 issue: 4 year: 1988 end-page: 529 article-title: Minor Anomalies in Offspring of Epileptic Mothers publication-title: Journal of Pediatrics – volume: 75 start-page: 160 issue: 2 year: 2018 end-page: 168 article-title: Association of Folic Acid Supplementation During Pregnancy With the Risk of Autistic Traits in Children Exposed to Antiepileptic Drugs In Utero publication-title: JAMA Neurology – volume: 37 start-page: 489 issue: 7 year: 2000 end-page: 497 article-title: A Clinical Study of 57 Children With Fetal Anticonvulsant Syndromes publication-title: Journal of Medical Genetics – volume: 16 start-page: 609 issue: 4 year: 2009 end-page: 616 article-title: A Prospective Study of Cognitive Fluency and Originality in Children Exposed In Utero to Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine, or Valproate Monotherapy publication-title: Epilepsy & Behavior – volume: 101 start-page: 363 issue: 2 year: 2003 end-page: 373 article-title: Effects of Phenobarbital and Multiple‐Dose Corticosteroids on Developmental Outcome at Age 7 Years publication-title: Obstetrics & Gynecology – volume: 146A start-page: 1963 issue: 15 year: 2008 end-page: 1966 article-title: Mycophenolate Mofetil Embryopathy May Be Dose and Timing Dependent publication-title: American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A – volume: 10 year: 2014 article-title: Treatment for Epilepsy in Pregnancy: Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in the Child publication-title: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews – volume: 51 start-page: 343 issue: 5 year: 1997 end-page: 345 article-title: Polydactyly and Fetal Hydantoin Syndrome: An Additional Component of the Syndrome? publication-title: Clinical Genetics – volume: 64 start-page: 949 issue: 6 year: 2005 end-page: 954 article-title: Neuropsychological Effects of Exposure to Anticonvulsant Medication In Utero publication-title: Neurology – volume: 75 start-page: 1575 issue: 11 year: 2004 end-page: 1583 article-title: The Longer Term Outcome of Children Born to Mothers With Epilepsy publication-title: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry – volume: 60 start-page: 1069 issue: 6 year: 2019 end-page: 1082 article-title: Behavioral Problems in Children of Mothers With Epilepsy Prenatally Exposed to Valproate, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine, or Levetiracetam Monotherapy publication-title: Epilepsia – volume: 65 start-page: 617 issue: 5 year: 1976 end-page: 621 article-title: Growth Retardation, Dysmorphic Facies and Minor Malformations Following Massive Exposure to Phenobarbitone In Utero publication-title: Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica – volume: 45 start-page: 333 issue: 4 year: 2022 end-page: 344 article-title: A Landscape Analysis of Post‐Marketing Studies Registered in the EU PAS Register and ClinicalTrials.gov Focusing on Pregnancy Outcomes or Breastfeeding Effects: A Contribution From the ConcePTION Project publication-title: Drug Safety – volume: 14 start-page: 197 issue: 1 year: 2009 end-page: 201 article-title: The Behavioral Consequences of Exposure to Antiepileptic Drugs In Utero publication-title: Epilepsy and Behavior – volume: 66 start-page: 73 issue: 2 year: 2002 end-page: 76 article-title: Fetal Methotrexate and Misoprostol Exposure: The Past Revisited publication-title: Teratology – volume: 22 start-page: 124 issue: 3 year: 2013 end-page: 126 article-title: Atlantoaxial Dislocation in a Child Affected by Warfarin Embryopathy: A Case Report publication-title: Clinical Dysmorphology – volume: 76 start-page: 719 issue: 8 year: 2011b end-page: 726 article-title: Language Skills of School‐Aged Children Prenatally Exposed to Antiepileptic Drugs publication-title: Neurology – volume: 29 start-page: 308 issue: 2 year: 2013 end-page: 315 article-title: Fetal Antiepileptic Drug Exposure: Adaptive and Emotional/Behavioral Functioning at Age 6years publication-title: Epilepsy and Behavior – volume: 33 start-page: 659 issue: 8 year: 2010 end-page: 665 article-title: Isotretinoin Exposure During Pregnancy: Assessment of Spontaneous Reports in France publication-title: Drug Safety – volume: 87 start-page: 1943 issue: 18 year: 2016 end-page: 1953 article-title: Cognition in School‐Age Children Exposed to Levetiracetam, Topiramate, or Sodium Valproate publication-title: Neurology – volume: 157c start-page: 175 issue: 3 year: 2011 end-page: 182 article-title: Evolving Knowledge of the Teratogenicity of Medications in Human Pregnancy publication-title: American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part C, Seminars in Medical Genetics – volume: 89 start-page: 491 issue: 2 year: 2023 end-page: 509 article-title: Pharmacovigilance in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries: A Review With Particular Focus on Africa publication-title: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology – volume: 1 start-page: 1127 issue: 7969 year: 1976 article-title: Letter: Warfarin and Fetal Abnormality publication-title: Lancet – volume: 105 start-page: 189 issue: 2 year: 2012 end-page: 193 article-title: Carbimazole Embryopathy: Implications for the Choice of Antithyroid Drugs in Pregnancy publication-title: QJM – volume: 41 start-page: 197 issue: 2 year: 1987 end-page: 205 article-title: Electroencephalographic Study of 137 Patients With Thalidomide Embryopathy publication-title: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences – volume: 62 start-page: 28 issue: 1 year: 2004 end-page: 32 article-title: Normal Intelligence in Children With Prenatal Exposure to Carbamazepine publication-title: Neurology – volume: 41 start-page: 115 year: 2013 end-page: 125 article-title: Developmental Outcomes at Preschool Age After Fetal Exposure to Valproic Acid and Lamotrigine: Cognitive, Motor, Sensory and Behavioral Function publication-title: Reproductive Toxicology – volume: 1 start-page: 272 issue: 7954 year: 1976 end-page: 275 article-title: Anticonvulsants and Parental Epilepsy in the Development of Birth Defects publication-title: Lancet – volume: 66 start-page: 105 year: 2017 end-page: 112 article-title: Cognitive Functions in Children Exposed to Antiepileptic Drugs In Utero – Study in Georgia publication-title: Epilepsy & Behavior – volume: 85 start-page: 739 issue: 6 year: 1996 end-page: 746 article-title: Antiepileptic Drug Treatment in Pregnancy: Drug Side Effects in the Neonate and Neurological Outcome publication-title: Acta Paediatrica – volume: 30 start-page: 354 issue: 4 year: 1996 end-page: 363 article-title: Sexual Differentiation of Cognitive Abilities in Women Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Prenatally publication-title: Hormones and Behavior – volume: 28 start-page: 81 issue: 2 year: 1989 end-page: 85 article-title: Valproic Acid Prenatal Exposure. Association With Lipomyelomeningocele publication-title: Clinical Pediatrics – volume: 16 start-page: 52 issue: 1 year: 2000 end-page: 54 article-title: Blepharoptosis and Central Nervous System Abnormalities in Combined Valproate and Hydantoin Embryopathy publication-title: Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery – volume: 19 start-page: 243 issue: 2 year: 1992 end-page: 245 article-title: Neuroblastoma and Fetal Exposure to Phenytoin in a Child Without Dysmorphic Features publication-title: Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences – year: 2020 – volume: 39 start-page: 632 issue: 9 year: 1997 end-page: 634 article-title: A Male With Fetal Valproate Syndrome and Autism publication-title: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology – volume: 146A start-page: 1 issue: 1 year: 2008 end-page: 7 article-title: In Utero Exposure to Mycophenolate Mofetil: A Characteristic Phenotype? publication-title: American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A – volume: 320 start-page: 1661 issue: 25 year: 1989 end-page: 1666 article-title: Pattern of Malformations in the Children of Women Treated With Carbamazepine During Pregnancy publication-title: New England Journal of Medicine – volume: 10 start-page: 700 issue: 4 year: 2019 end-page: 702 article-title: A Case Series of Fetal Valproate Syndrome in the Republic of Crimea publication-title: Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice – volume: 8 start-page: 54 issue: 1 year: 2023 end-page: 59 article-title: Warfarin‐Associated Fetal Subdural Hematoma Causing Severe Neurodevelopmental Delay: A Case Report publication-title: Biomedicine Hub – volume: 13 start-page: 229 issue: 1 year: 2008 end-page: 236 article-title: Motor and Mental Development of Infants Exposed to Antiepileptic Drugs In Utero publication-title: Epilepsy & Behavior – volume: 110 start-page: 1205 issue: 15 year: 2018 end-page: 1209 article-title: Fetal Valproate Syndrome as a Phenocopy of Kleefstra Syndrome publication-title: Birth Defects Research – volume: 75 start-page: 663 issue: 6 year: 2018 end-page: 671 article-title: Association Between Prenatal Valproate Exposure and Performance on Standardized Language and Mathematics Tests in School‐Aged Children publication-title: JAMA Neurology – volume: 108 start-page: 511 issue: Suppl 3 year: 2000 end-page: 533 article-title: Critical Periods of Vulnerability for the Developing Nervous System: Evidence From Humans and Animal Models publication-title: Environmental Health Perspectives – volume: 43 start-page: 643 issue: 9 year: 2007 end-page: 645 article-title: Early Intervention for the Ocular and Neurodevelopmental Sequelae of Fetal Valproate Syndrome publication-title: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health – volume: 86 start-page: 297 issue: 3 year: 2016 end-page: 306 article-title: Developmental Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs and the Need for Improved Regulations publication-title: Neurology – volume: 61 start-page: 2442 issue: 11 year: 2020 end-page: 2451 article-title: Enduring Language Deficits in Children of Women With Epilepsy and the Potential Role of Intrauterine Exposure to Antiepileptic Drugs publication-title: Epilepsia – volume: 2 start-page: 173 issue: 4 year: 2013 end-page: 180 article-title: Clinical Findings in Children With Congenital Anomalies and Misoprostol Intrauterine Exposure: A Study of 38 Cases publication-title: Journal of Pediatric Genetics – volume: 89 start-page: 533 issue: 5 year: 2000 end-page: 541 article-title: Association of Prenatal Phenobarbital and Phenytoin Exposure With Small Head Size at Birth and With Learning Problems publication-title: Acta Paediatrica – volume: 42 start-page: 87 issue: 2 year: 2000 end-page: 92 article-title: Psychomotor Development and Minor Anomalies in Children Exposed to Antiepileptic Drugs In Utero: A Prospective Population‐Based Study publication-title: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology – volume: 58 start-page: 158 issue: 2 year: 2017 end-page: 164 article-title: Fetal Valproate Syndrome publication-title: Pediatrics and Neonatology – volume: 48 start-page: 2234 issue: 12 year: 2007 end-page: 2240 article-title: Intellectual and Language Functions in Children of Mothers With Epilepsy publication-title: Epilepsia – volume: 4 start-page: 94 issue: 1 year: 2017 end-page: 97 article-title: Valproic Acid During Pregnancy: Case Report of a Child With Congenital Malformations due to Fetal Valproate Syndrome, and a High Unbound Serum Level of Valproic Acid at Birth publication-title: International Journal of Epilepsy – volume: 84 start-page: 382 issue: 4 year: 2015 end-page: 390 article-title: IQ at 6 Years After In Utero Exposure to Antiepileptic Drugs: A Controlled Cohort Study publication-title: Neurology – volume: 534 start-page: 197 issue: 1–2 year: 2003 end-page: 199 article-title: Valproic Acid and Lamotrigine Treatment During Pregnancy. The Risk of Chromosomal Abnormality publication-title: Mutation Research – volume: 31 start-page: 984 issue: 3 year: 2024 end-page: 989 article-title: New Anti‐Epileptic Drug Usage While Pregnant and the Possibility of ADHD in Offspring publication-title: Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology – volume: 36 start-page: 361 issue: 4 year: 1994 end-page: 369 article-title: Fetal Valproate Syndrome: Clinical and Neuro‐Developmental Features in Two Sibling Pairs publication-title: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology – volume: 43 start-page: 1046 issue: 6 year: 2019 end-page: 1062 article-title: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Neurobehavioral Deficits Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure publication-title: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research – volume: 14 year: 2023 article-title: Pregnancy Characteristics and Adverse Outcomes in Offspring of Women With Epilepsy: A Prospective Registry Study From Mainland China publication-title: Frontiers in Neurology – volume: 11 start-page: 52 issue: 1 year: 2008 end-page: 55 article-title: Baller‐Gerold Syndrome: Further Evidence for Association With Prenatal Exposure to Valproate publication-title: Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology – volume: 32 start-page: 25 issue: 1 year: 2016 end-page: 29 article-title: Association Between Fetal DES‐Exposure and Psychiatric Disorders in Adolescence/Adulthood: Evidence From a French Cohort of 1002 Prenatally Exposed Children publication-title: Gynecological Endocrinology – volume: 75 start-page: 1954 issue: 22 year: 2010 end-page: 1960 article-title: Effects of Breastfeeding in Children of Women Taking Antiepileptic Drugs publication-title: Neurology – volume: 3 start-page: 327 issue: 4 year: 1986 end-page: 330 article-title: The Association of Aplasia Cutis Congenita With Therapy of Maternal Thyroid Disease publication-title: Pediatric Dermatology – volume: 123 start-page: A12 issue: 3 year: 1995 end-page: A13 article-title: The Well‐Built Clinical Question: A Key to Evidence‐Based Decisions publication-title: ACP Journal Club – volume: 53 start-page: 57 issue: 3 year: 2004 end-page: 59 article-title: Economic Costs Associated With Mental Retardation, Cerebral Palsy, Hearing Loss, and Vision Impairment—United States, 2003 publication-title: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report – volume: 30 start-page: 375 issue: 4 year: 2005 end-page: 377 article-title: Choanal Atresia – a Recurrent Feature of Foetal Carbimazole Syndrome publication-title: Clinical Otolaryngology – volume: 72 start-page: 790 issue: 6 year: 1968 end-page: 795 article-title: Methotrexate‐Induced Congenital Malformations publication-title: Journal of Pediatrics – volume: 66 start-page: 641 issue: 5 year: 1991 end-page: 642 article-title: Teratogenic Effect of Carbamazepine publication-title: Archives of Disease in Childhood – volume: 27 start-page: 27 issue: 1 year: 2021 end-page: 33 article-title: Fetal Outcomes of Anti‐Epileptic Drug Use in Pregnancy: Teratologic Approach publication-title: Türk Nöroloji Dergisi – volume: 91 start-page: e811 issue: 9 year: 2018 end-page: e821 article-title: Verbal Abilities in Children of Mothers With Epilepsy: Association to Maternal Folate Status publication-title: Neurology – volume: 31 start-page: 228 issue: 3 year: 2005 end-page: 231 article-title: Neonatal Morbidity and Outcome of Live Born Premature Babies After Attempted Illegal Abortion With Misoprostol publication-title: Pediatric Nursing – volume: 62 start-page: 709 issue: 3 year: 2021 end-page: 719 article-title: Prenatal Valproate Exposure and Adverse Neurodevelopmental Outcomes: Does Sex Matter? publication-title: Epilepsia – volume: 125 start-page: 1385 issue: 12 year: 1999 end-page: 1388 article-title: Multiple Temporal Bone Anomalies in Isotretinoin Syndrome: A Temporal Bone Histopathologic Case Report publication-title: Archives of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery – volume: 3 year: 2009 article-title: Postnatal Onset of Severe Growth Retardation After In Utero Exposure to Carbamazepine and Phenobarbital: A Case Report publication-title: Journal of Medical Case Reports – volume: 88 start-page: 589 issue: 6 year: 1990 end-page: 592 article-title: Outcome of First‐Trimester Exposure to Low‐Dose Methotrexate in Eight Patients With Rheumatic Disease publication-title: American Journal of Medicine – volume: 155A start-page: 748 issue: 4 year: 2011 end-page: 756 article-title: An Additional Patient With Mycophenolate Mofetil Embryopathy: Cardiac and Facial Analyses publication-title: American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A – volume: 68 start-page: 479 issue: 6 year: 2014 end-page: 486 article-title: Psychological and Mental Health Problems in Patients With Thalidomide Embryopathy in Japan publication-title: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences – volume: 74 start-page: 1082 issue: 9 year: 2010 end-page: 1084 article-title: Development of Canal Cholesteatoma in a Patient With Prenatal Isotretinoin Exposure publication-title: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology – volume: 59 start-page: 630 issue: 4 year: 2002 end-page: 633 article-title: Valproate Embryopathy in Three Sets of Siblings: Further Proof of Hereditary Susceptibility publication-title: Neurology – volume: 80 start-page: 568 issue: 6 year: 2023 end-page: 577 article-title: Prenatal Exposure to Antiseizure Medication and Incidence of Childhood‐ and Adolescence‐Onset Psychiatric Disorders publication-title: JAMA Neurology – volume: 111 start-page: 308 issue: 2 year: 1987 end-page: 310 article-title: Prognosis in Fetal Valproate Syndrome publication-title: Journal of Pediatrics – volume: 64 start-page: 62 issue: Pt A year: 2016 end-page: 68 article-title: Evidence for Spared Attention to Faces in 7‐Month‐Old Infants After Prenatal Exposure to Antiepileptic Drugs publication-title: Epilepsy & Behavior – volume: 12 start-page: 244 issue: 3 year: 2013 end-page: 252 article-title: Fetal Antiepileptic Drug Exposure and Cognitive Outcomes at Age 6 Years (NEAD Study): A Prospective Observational Study publication-title: Lancet Neurology – volume: 106 start-page: 142 issue: 2 year: 2016 end-page: 147 article-title: Low‐Dose Maternal Warfarin Intake Resulting in Fetal Warfarin Syndrome: In Search for a Safe Anticoagulant Regimen During Pregnancy publication-title: Birth Defects Research – volume: 73 start-page: 253 issue: 4 year: 2005 end-page: 254 article-title: A de Novo, Apparently Balanced Reciprocal Translocation in a Child With Developmental Delay Whose Mother Was Being Treated With Low‐Dose Methotrexate at the Time of Conception publication-title: Birth Defects Research – volume: 94 start-page: 338 issue: 4 year: 2000 end-page: 340 article-title: Ectodermal Abnormalities Associated With Methimazole Intrauterine Exposure publication-title: American Journal of Medical Genetics – volume: 53 start-page: 39 year: 2006 end-page: 48 article-title: Communication Development of a Young Child With Foetal Retinoid Syndrome: A Seven‐Year Follow‐Up Study publication-title: South African Journal of Communication Disorders. Die Suid‐Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Kommunikasieafwykings – volume: 187 start-page: 965 issue: 4 year: 2018 end-page: 968 article-title: Fetal Valproate Syndrome: The Irish Experience publication-title: Irish Journal of Medical Science – volume: 9 start-page: 73 issue: 1 year: 1999 end-page: 74 article-title: Atrioventricular Septal Defect With Separate Right and Left Atrioventricular Valvar Orifices in a Patient With Foetal Hydantoin Syndrome publication-title: Cardiology in the Young – volume: 58 start-page: 238 issue: 3 year: 1995 end-page: 244 article-title: Prenatal Exposure to Phenytoin, Facial Development, and a Possible Role for Vitamin K publication-title: American Journal of Medical Genetics – volume: 27 start-page: 861 issue: 5 year: 2006 end-page: 874 article-title: Hershey Medical Center Technical Workshop Report: Optimizing the Design and Interpretation of Epidemiologic Studies for Assessing Neurodevelopmental Effects From In Utero Chemical Exposure publication-title: Neurotoxicology – volume: 168 start-page: 721 issue: 8 year: 2014 end-page: 728 article-title: Costs of Autism Spectrum Disorders in the United Kingdom and the United States publication-title: JAMA Pediatrics – volume: 134 start-page: 396 issue: 2 year: 2011 end-page: 404 article-title: Foetal Antiepileptic Drug Exposure and Verbal Versus Non‐Verbal Abilities at Three Years of Age publication-title: Brain – volume: 19 start-page: 473 issue: 3 year: 1984 end-page: 481 article-title: The Fetal Valproate Syndrome publication-title: American Journal of Medical Genetics – volume: 37 start-page: 7623 issue: 52 year: 2019 end-page: 7641 article-title: Neurodevelopmental Delay: Case Definition & Guidelines for Data Collection, Analysis, and Presentation of Immunization Safety Data publication-title: Vaccine – volume: 78 start-page: 2007 issue: 11 year: 2014 end-page: 2010 article-title: Middle and Inner Ear Malformations in Two Siblings Exposed to Valproic Acid During Pregnancy: A Case Report publication-title: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology – volume: 92 start-page: 14 year: 2019 end-page: 17 article-title: Perinatal Outcome and Healthcare Resource Utilization in the First Year of Life After Antiepileptic Exposure During Pregnancy publication-title: Epilepsy & Behavior – volume: 14 start-page: 99 issue: 2 year: 2007 end-page: 103 article-title: Neurological Sequelae of Intrauterine Warfarin Exposure publication-title: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience – volume: 84 start-page: 637 issue: 6 year: 2013 end-page: 643 article-title: The Prevalence of Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children Prenatally Exposed to Antiepileptic Drugs publication-title: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry – volume: 309 start-page: 1696 issue: 16 year: 2013 end-page: 1703 article-title: Prenatal Valproate Exposure and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders and Childhood Autism publication-title: JAMA – volume: 161 start-page: 231 issue: 4 year: 2002 end-page: 232 article-title: Coumarin Embryopathy: Long‐Term Follow‐Up of Two Cases publication-title: European Journal of Pediatrics – volume: 43 start-page: 202 issue: 3 year: 2001 end-page: 206 article-title: Fetal Valproate Syndrome and Autism: Additional Evidence of an Association publication-title: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology – volume: 152A start-page: 2805 issue: 11 year: 2010 end-page: 2809 article-title: Tibial Developmental Field Defect in Valproic Acid Embryopathy: Report on Three Cases publication-title: American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A – volume: 26 start-page: 433 issue: 3 year: 1992 end-page: 439 article-title: Prenatal Diethylstilbestrol Exposure and Performance on College Entrance Examinations publication-title: Hormones and Behavior – volume: 62 start-page: 410 issue: 4 year: 1996 end-page: 412 article-title: Hand Anomalies in Fetal‐Hydantoin Syndrome: From Nail/Phalangeal Hypoplasia to Unilateral Acheiria publication-title: American Journal of Medical Genetics – volume: 7 start-page: 175 issue: 2 year: 1993 end-page: 177 article-title: Neurobehavioral Teratology of Isotretinoin publication-title: Reproductive Toxicology – volume: 149A start-page: 1241 issue: 6 year: 2009 end-page: 1248 article-title: Reviewing the Evidence for Mycophenolate Mofetil as a New Teratogen: Case Report and Review of the Literature publication-title: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 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Certain medications, when used during pregnancy, are known to impact human prenatal development. Historically, little attention has been given to the... Certain medications, when used during pregnancy, are known to impact human prenatal development. Historically, little attention has been given to the impact of... |
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| SubjectTerms | Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Adolescent Adult Brain Brain - drug effects Brain - embryology Brain - growth & development Child Data analysis Empirical analysis Exposure Female Humans Intrauterine exposure neurobehavior neurodevelopment Neurodevelopmental Disorders - chemically induced Pharmacovigilance Pregnancy Prenatal development Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects - chemically induced teratogen Teratogenicity Teratogens Teratogens - toxicity |
| Title | A Scoping Review of Human Teratogens and Their Impact on the Developing Brain: A Contribution From the ConcePTION Project |
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