Cybercrime Tendencies and Legislation in the Republic of Macedonia

The advancement of information and communication technologies opens new venues and ways for cybercriminals to commit crime. There are several different types of cybercrime offences that need to be treated in a separate and different manner. The major international source that provides guidelines for...

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Veröffentlicht in:	European journal on criminal policy and research Jg. 22; H. 1; S. 127 - 151
Hauptverfasser:	Rashkovski, Dragi, Naumovski, Vasko, Naumovski, Goce
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Dordrecht Springer Netherlands 01.03.2016 Springer Nature B.V
Schlagworte:	Annual reports Child pornography Children Communication Communications technology Complaints Computer crime Computer viruses Computers Crime Criminal law Criminology Criminology and Criminal Justice Cybercrime Distribution Electronic mail systems Enforcement Forgery Fraud Information sources Information technology Internet Law and Criminology Legislation Legislatures Macedonia (Greece) Malware Perpetrators Piracy Political Science Pornography Prevention Prevention programs Production Ransomware Statistical analysis Victims Macedonia (Greece) Criminal law Cybercrime Macedonian legislature
ISSN:	0928-1371, 1572-9869
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Abstract	The advancement of information and communication technologies opens new venues and ways for cybercriminals to commit crime. There are several different types of cybercrime offences that need to be treated in a separate and different manner. The major international source that provides guidelines for treatment of cybercrime is the Convention on Cybercrime adopted by the Council of Europe and the European Commission Action Plan. The purpose of the paper is to present, discuss and analyze the Macedonian legislation treating cybercrime, with respect to the specific cases typically encountered in practice and the international guidelines concerning cybercrime. The major source of cybercrime legislation in Macedonia is the Criminal Code with provisions thereof in ten of its articles; it addresses cybercrimes such as personal data abuse, copyright and piracy issues, production and distribution of child pornography, computer viruses, intrusions into computer systems, computer fraud and computer forgery. We also present and analyze reports on cybercrime complaints and victims from Macedonia, issued by the Internet Crime Complaint Center and the Macedonian Ministry of Internal Affairs. The reports reveal the unusually high number of complaints for perpetrators and victims originating from Macedonia. Furthermore, we highlight several recent cybercrime cases reported in Macedonia. All things considered, the Macedonian penal legislation is modern and it follows the current European and world standards. It provides guidelines for successful resolution of cybercrime committed in the Republic of Macedonia. However, it could be improved by a more active inclusion of Macedonian authorities in the global response to cybercrime and by stronger enforcement of cybercrime prevention measures and strategies.
AbstractList	The advancement of information and communication technologies opens new venues and ways for cybercriminals to commit crime. There are several different types of cybercrime offences that need to be treated in a separate and different manner. The major international source that provides guidelines for treatment of cybercrime is the Convention on Cybercrime adopted by the Council of Europe and the European Commission Action Plan. The purpose of the paper is to present, discuss and analyze the Macedonian legislation treating cybercrime, with respect to the specific cases typically encountered in practice and the international guidelines concerning cybercrime. The major source of cybercrime legislation in Macedonia is the Criminal Code with provisions thereof in ten of its articles; it addresses cybercrimes such as personal data abuse, copyright and piracy issues, production and distribution of child pornography, computer viruses, intrusions into computer systems, computer fraud and computer forgery. We also present and analyze reports on cybercrime complaints and victims from Macedonia, issued by the Internet Crime Complaint Center and the Macedonian Ministry of Internal Affairs. The reports reveal the unusually high number of complaints for perpetrators and victims originating from Macedonia. Furthermore, we highlight several recent cybercrime cases reported in Macedonia. All things considered, the Macedonian penal legislation is modern and it follows the current European and world standards. It provides guidelines for successful resolution of cybercrime committed in the Republic of Macedonia. However, it could be improved by a more active inclusion of Macedonian authorities in the global response to cybercrime and by stronger enforcement of cybercrime prevention measures and strategies. Reprinted by permission of Springer The advancement of information and communication technologies opens new venues and ways for cybercriminals to commit crime. There are several different types of cybercrime offences that need to be treated in a separate and different manner. The major international source that provides guidelines for treatment of cybercrime is the Convention on Cybercrime adopted by the Council of Europe and the European Commission Action Plan. The purpose of the paper is to present, discuss and analyze the Macedonian legislation treating cybercrime, with respect to the specific cases typically encountered in practice and the international guidelines concerning cybercrime. The major source of cybercrime legislation in Macedonia is the Criminal Code with provisions thereof in ten of its articles; it addresses cybercrimes such as personal data abuse, copyright and piracy issues, production and distribution of child pornography, computer viruses, intrusions into computer systems, computer fraud and computer forgery. We also present and analyze reports on cybercrime complaints and victims from Macedonia, issued by the Internet Crime Complaint Center and the Macedonian Ministry of Internal Affairs. The reports reveal the unusually high number of complaints for perpetrators and victims originating from Macedonia. Furthermore, we highlight several recent cybercrime cases reported in Macedonia. All things considered, the Macedonian penal legislation is modern and it follows the current European and world standards. It provides guidelines for successful resolution of cybercrime committed in the Republic of Macedonia. However, it could be improved by a more active inclusion of Macedonian authorities in the global response to cybercrime and by stronger enforcement of cybercrime prevention measures and strategies.
Author	Rashkovski, Dragi Naumovski, Goce Naumovski, Vasko
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References	Naumovski, G., Gruevska, A., Stefanoski, Lj., (2007). Kazneno-pravnite aspekti na intelektualnata sopstvenost vo Republika Makedonija, Zbornik vo cest na Panta Marina, Faculty of Law “Iustinianus primus” Skopje. Synovate. (2003). FTC Identity Theft Survey Report, Washington D.C. TaylorPAHackers: Crime in the digital sublime1999LondonRutledge10.4324/9780203201503 Chen, T., & Robert, J. (2004). Statistical methods in computer security. Letter of the Dutch Parliament to EU Commissioner Frattni, concerning the IPERD2 Directive, July 2006, available at europapoort.nl (10.01.2009). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2012). The use of the Internet for terrorist purposes. Јaishankar K. (2007). Cyber Criminology: Evolving a novel discipline with a new journal. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, Vol. 1 Issue 1 January 2007. Retrieved on March 15, 2007, from http://www40.brinkster.com/ccjournal/editorial.htm. Wienbar, S. (2009). Perspective: The Spyware Inferno (http://news.cnet.com/2010-1032-5307831.html; 01.03.2009). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2013). Comprehensive study on cybercrime, Draft, 02. Smith, R., Grabosky, P., Urbas, G. (2004). Cyber Criminals on Trial, Cambridge. HarmsLThe enforcement of intellectual property rights by means of criminal sanctions, an assessment2007GenevaWIPO Advisory Committee on EnforcementNovember 2007 Combating Counterfeiting and Piracy in the Single Market COM (98) 569, Final act. Colin, B. (1997). The Future of Cyberterrorism, Crime and Justice International, 13(2). Bainbride, D.I. (2004). Introduction to Computer Law, Pearson. BurdenКPalmerCInternet crime: cyber crime-A new breed of criminal?Computer Law and Security Report200319322222710.1016/S0267-3649(03)00306-6 Аdamski A. (1998). Crimes Related to the Computer Network. Threats and Opportunities: A Criminological Perspective. Helsinki, Finland: European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations (HEUNI). Retrieved on December 15, 2006, from http://www.ulapland.fi/home/oiffi/enlist/resources/HeuniWeb.htm. Kambovski, V. (1997). Kazneno pravo, poseben del, Prosvetno delo, Skopje, Macedonia. OgilvieEThe internet and cyberstalking, paper presented at the Stalking Criminal Justice Response Conference2000SydneyAustralian Institute of Technology McQuade, S.C III. (2006). Understanding and Managing Cybercrime, Pearson. ShellyLThe Nexus of International Criminals and TerrorismInternational Annals of Criminology2002201/28592 Graborsky, P.N., Smith, R.G., (1998). Crime in the digital age: Controlling telecommunications and cyberspace illegalities. New Brunswick: Transaction. PWG. (2000). The President’s Working Group on Unlawful Conduct on the Internet, Appendix to the Electronic Frontier: The Challenge of Unlawful Conduct Involving the Use of the Internet, 03/2000. Cyberterror: Prospects and Implications (1999). Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Irregular Warfare, Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey. Denning, D. E. (2000). Cyberterrorism, Testimony Before the Special Oversight Panel on Terrorism Committee on Armed Services, U.S. House of Representatives, Georgetown University. Filol, E. (2005). Computer Viruses: From Theory to Application, Birkhauser. Fen Lim, Y. (2007). Cyberspace Law: Commentaries and Materials, 2nd edn, OUP Sydney. L Harms (9277_CR10) 2007 9277_CR5 9277_CR6 9277_CR7 9277_CR8 9277_CR9 9277_CR20 E Ogilvie (9277_CR16) 2000 9277_CR24 9277_CR23 9277_CR22 9277_CR26 9277_CR25 PA Taylor (9277_CR21) 1999 К Burden (9277_CR2) 2003; 19 L Shelly (9277_CR18) 2002; 20 9277_CR1 9277_CR13 9277_CR12 9277_CR3 9277_CR11 9277_CR4 9277_CR17 9277_CR15 9277_CR14 9277_CR19
References_xml	– reference: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2013). Comprehensive study on cybercrime, Draft, 02. – reference: HarmsLThe enforcement of intellectual property rights by means of criminal sanctions, an assessment2007GenevaWIPO Advisory Committee on EnforcementNovember 2007 – reference: Denning, D. E. (2000). Cyberterrorism, Testimony Before the Special Oversight Panel on Terrorism Committee on Armed Services, U.S. House of Representatives, Georgetown University. – reference: Smith, R., Grabosky, P., Urbas, G. (2004). Cyber Criminals on Trial, Cambridge. – reference: Аdamski A. (1998). Crimes Related to the Computer Network. Threats and Opportunities: A Criminological Perspective. Helsinki, Finland: European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations (HEUNI). Retrieved on December 15, 2006, from http://www.ulapland.fi/home/oiffi/enlist/resources/HeuniWeb.htm. – reference: Filol, E. (2005). Computer Viruses: From Theory to Application, Birkhauser. – reference: Combating Counterfeiting and Piracy in the Single Market COM (98) 569, Final act. – reference: McQuade, S.C III. (2006). Understanding and Managing Cybercrime, Pearson. – reference: Јaishankar K. (2007). Cyber Criminology: Evolving a novel discipline with a new journal. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, Vol. 1 Issue 1 January 2007. Retrieved on March 15, 2007, from http://www40.brinkster.com/ccjournal/editorial.htm. – reference: ShellyLThe Nexus of International Criminals and TerrorismInternational Annals of Criminology2002201/28592 – reference: Chen, T., & Robert, J. (2004). Statistical methods in computer security. – reference: Letter of the Dutch Parliament to EU Commissioner Frattni, concerning the IPERD2 Directive, July 2006, available at europapoort.nl (10.01.2009). – reference: TaylorPAHackers: Crime in the digital sublime1999LondonRutledge10.4324/9780203201503 – reference: OgilvieEThe internet and cyberstalking, paper presented at the Stalking Criminal Justice Response Conference2000SydneyAustralian Institute of Technology – reference: Cyberterror: Prospects and Implications (1999). Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Irregular Warfare, Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey. – reference: Bainbride, D.I. (2004). Introduction to Computer Law, Pearson. – reference: Kambovski, V. (1997). Kazneno pravo, poseben del, Prosvetno delo, Skopje, Macedonia. – reference: PWG. (2000). The President’s Working Group on Unlawful Conduct on the Internet, Appendix to the Electronic Frontier: The Challenge of Unlawful Conduct Involving the Use of the Internet, 03/2000. – reference: Graborsky, P.N., Smith, R.G., (1998). Crime in the digital age: Controlling telecommunications and cyberspace illegalities. New Brunswick: Transaction. – reference: BurdenКPalmerCInternet crime: cyber crime-A new breed of criminal?Computer Law and Security Report200319322222710.1016/S0267-3649(03)00306-6 – reference: Wienbar, S. (2009). Perspective: The Spyware Inferno (http://news.cnet.com/2010-1032-5307831.html; 01.03.2009). – reference: Naumovski, G., Gruevska, A., Stefanoski, Lj., (2007). Kazneno-pravnite aspekti na intelektualnata sopstvenost vo Republika Makedonija, Zbornik vo cest na Panta Marina, Faculty of Law “Iustinianus primus” Skopje. – reference: Fen Lim, Y. (2007). Cyberspace Law: Commentaries and Materials, 2nd edn, OUP Sydney. – reference: Synovate. (2003). FTC Identity Theft Survey Report, Washington D.C. – reference: Colin, B. (1997). The Future of Cyberterrorism, Crime and Justice International, 13(2). – reference: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2012). The use of the Internet for terrorist purposes. – ident: 9277_CR11 – ident: 9277_CR19 doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511481604 – volume-title: The enforcement of intellectual property rights by means of criminal sanctions, an assessment year: 2007 ident: 9277_CR10 – volume-title: The internet and cyberstalking, paper presented at the Stalking Criminal Justice Response Conference year: 2000 ident: 9277_CR16 – ident: 9277_CR9 – ident: 9277_CR26 – ident: 9277_CR5 – ident: 9277_CR24 – ident: 9277_CR7 – ident: 9277_CR1 – volume: 19 start-page: 222 issue: 3 year: 2003 ident: 9277_CR2 publication-title: Computer Law and Security Report doi: 10.1016/S0267-3649(03)00306-6 – ident: 9277_CR3 doi: 10.1201/9781420030884 – ident: 9277_CR12 – ident: 9277_CR14 – volume-title: Hackers: Crime in the digital sublime year: 1999 ident: 9277_CR21 doi: 10.4324/9780203201503 – ident: 9277_CR6 – volume: 20 start-page: 85 issue: 1/2 year: 2002 ident: 9277_CR18 publication-title: International Annals of Criminology doi: 10.1017/S0003445202004488 – ident: 9277_CR20 – ident: 9277_CR4 – ident: 9277_CR25 – ident: 9277_CR8 – ident: 9277_CR22 – ident: 9277_CR23 – ident: 9277_CR17 – ident: 9277_CR15 – ident: 9277_CR13
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SubjectTerms	Annual reports Child pornography Children Communication Communications technology Complaints Computer crime Computer viruses Computers Crime Criminal law Criminology Criminology and Criminal Justice Cybercrime Distribution Electronic mail systems Enforcement Forgery Fraud Information sources Information technology Internet Law and Criminology Legislation Legislatures Macedonia (Greece) Malware Perpetrators Piracy Political Science Pornography Prevention Prevention programs Production Ransomware Statistical analysis Victims
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Title	Cybercrime Tendencies and Legislation in the Republic of Macedonia
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