Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of protoporphyrin IX and the safety of a protoporphyrin IX‐rich algal biomass

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a nonpathogenic, nontoxigenic green algae used as a sustainable source of protein in foods. In order to mimic meat‐like qualities, a strain rich in protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), an endogenous heme/chlorophyll precursor, was developed using an evolution and selection strategy...

Celý popis

Uložené v:

Podrobná bibliografia
Vydané v:	Journal of applied toxicology Ročník 42; číslo 7; s. 1253 - 1275
Hlavní autori:	Murbach, Timothy S., Glávits, Róbert, Moghadam Maragheh, Niloofar, Endres, John R., Hirka, Gábor, Goodman, Richard E., Lu, Guihua, Vértesi, Adél, Béres, Erzsébet, Pasics Szakonyiné, Ilona
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	England Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.07.2022
Predmet:	Algae Animals Aquatic plants Biocompatibility Biomass Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Chlorophyll Chromosome aberrations Digestibility DNA Damage Genotoxicity Heme In vitro methods and tests In vivo methods and tests Mammals Mammals - metabolism Meat meat substitute Mutation NOAEL Organs Pepsin Protein sources Proteins Proteomics Protoporphyrin Protoporphyrin IX Protoporphyrins - metabolism Protoporphyrins - toxicity Rats Safety Target recognition Toxicity toxicity meat substitute protoporphyrin IX Chlamydomonas reinhardtii safety NOAEL
ISSN:	0260-437X, 1099-1263, 1099-1263
On-line prístup:	Získať plný text
Tagy:	Pridať tag Žiadne tagy, Buďte prvý, kto otaguje tento záznam!

Abstract	Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a nonpathogenic, nontoxigenic green algae used as a sustainable source of protein in foods. In order to mimic meat‐like qualities, a strain rich in protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), an endogenous heme/chlorophyll precursor, was developed using an evolution and selection strategy, and investigations were carried out to evaluate the safety of the novel strain, C. reinhardtii (red), strain TAI114 (TAI114). Digestibility and proteomic evaluations were conducted to determine whether any potentially allergenic or toxic proteins occurred as the result of the mutation process. The genotoxic potential of pure PPIX was evaluated using a bacterial reverse mutation test, an in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test, and an in vivo mammalian micronucleus test. Finally, the novel TAI114 biomass was evaluated for general toxicity and identification of target organs in a 90‐day repeated‐dose oral toxicity study in rats. All proteins were rapidly degraded in pepsin at pH 2.0 suggesting low allergenic potential. The proteomic evaluation indicated that TAI114 biomass contains typical C. reinhardtii proteins. PPIX was unequivocally negative for genotoxic potential and no target organs or adverse effects were observed in rats up to the maximum feasible dose of 4000 mg/kg bw/day TAI114 biomass, which was determined to be the no‐observed‐adverse‐effect‐level (NOAEL). These results support the further development and risk characterization of TAI114 biomass as a novel ingredient for use in the meat analogue category of food. Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is an endogenous component of hemoglobin that can impart meat‐like qualities to non‐meat foods. An evolution and selection strategy was employed to develop a novel PPIX‐rich strain of the edible algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Before introducing the novel strain—TAI114—into food, preclinical safety studies were conducted and determined a low allergenic potential, lack of novel proteins, lack of genotoxic potential, and a subchronic no‐observed‐adverse‐effect‐level (NOAEL) in rats of 4000 mg/kg bw/day, the highest feasible dose.
AbstractList	Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a nonpathogenic, nontoxigenic green algae used as a sustainable source of protein in foods. In order to mimic meat‐like qualities, a strain rich in protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), an endogenous heme/chlorophyll precursor, was developed using an evolution and selection strategy, and investigations were carried out to evaluate the safety of the novel strain, C. reinhardtii (red), strain TAI114 (TAI114). Digestibility and proteomic evaluations were conducted to determine whether any potentially allergenic or toxic proteins occurred as the result of the mutation process. The genotoxic potential of pure PPIX was evaluated using a bacterial reverse mutation test, an in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test, and an in vivo mammalian micronucleus test. Finally, the novel TAI114 biomass was evaluated for general toxicity and identification of target organs in a 90‐day repeated‐dose oral toxicity study in rats. All proteins were rapidly degraded in pepsin at pH 2.0 suggesting low allergenic potential. The proteomic evaluation indicated that TAI114 biomass contains typical C. reinhardtii proteins. PPIX was unequivocally negative for genotoxic potential and no target organs or adverse effects were observed in rats up to the maximum feasible dose of 4000 mg/kg bw/day TAI114 biomass, which was determined to be the no‐observed‐adverse‐effect‐level (NOAEL). These results support the further development and risk characterization of TAI114 biomass as a novel ingredient for use in the meat analogue category of food. Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is an endogenous component of hemoglobin that can impart meat‐like qualities to non‐meat foods. An evolution and selection strategy was employed to develop a novel PPIX‐rich strain of the edible algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii . Before introducing the novel strain—TAI114—into food, preclinical safety studies were conducted and determined a low allergenic potential, lack of novel proteins, lack of genotoxic potential, and a subchronic no‐observed‐adverse‐effect‐level (NOAEL) in rats of 4000 mg/kg bw/day, the highest feasible dose. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a nonpathogenic, nontoxigenic green algae used as a sustainable source of protein in foods. In order to mimic meat-like qualities, a strain rich in protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), an endogenous heme/chlorophyll precursor, was developed using an evolution and selection strategy, and investigations were carried out to evaluate the safety of the novel strain, C. reinhardtii (red), strain TAI114 (TAI114). Digestibility and proteomic evaluations were conducted to determine whether any potentially allergenic or toxic proteins occurred as the result of the mutation process. The genotoxic potential of pure PPIX was evaluated using a bacterial reverse mutation test, an in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test, and an in vivo mammalian micronucleus test. Finally, the novel TAI114 biomass was evaluated for general toxicity and identification of target organs in a 90-day repeated-dose oral toxicity study in rats. All proteins were rapidly degraded in pepsin at pH 2.0 suggesting low allergenic potential. The proteomic evaluation indicated that TAI114 biomass contains typical C. reinhardtii proteins. PPIX was unequivocally negative for genotoxic potential and no target organs or adverse effects were observed in rats up to the maximum feasible dose of 4000 mg/kg bw/day TAI114 biomass, which was determined to be the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL). These results support the further development and risk characterization of TAI114 biomass as a novel ingredient for use in the meat analogue category of food.Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a nonpathogenic, nontoxigenic green algae used as a sustainable source of protein in foods. In order to mimic meat-like qualities, a strain rich in protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), an endogenous heme/chlorophyll precursor, was developed using an evolution and selection strategy, and investigations were carried out to evaluate the safety of the novel strain, C. reinhardtii (red), strain TAI114 (TAI114). Digestibility and proteomic evaluations were conducted to determine whether any potentially allergenic or toxic proteins occurred as the result of the mutation process. The genotoxic potential of pure PPIX was evaluated using a bacterial reverse mutation test, an in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test, and an in vivo mammalian micronucleus test. Finally, the novel TAI114 biomass was evaluated for general toxicity and identification of target organs in a 90-day repeated-dose oral toxicity study in rats. All proteins were rapidly degraded in pepsin at pH 2.0 suggesting low allergenic potential. The proteomic evaluation indicated that TAI114 biomass contains typical C. reinhardtii proteins. PPIX was unequivocally negative for genotoxic potential and no target organs or adverse effects were observed in rats up to the maximum feasible dose of 4000 mg/kg bw/day TAI114 biomass, which was determined to be the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL). These results support the further development and risk characterization of TAI114 biomass as a novel ingredient for use in the meat analogue category of food. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a nonpathogenic, nontoxigenic green algae used as a sustainable source of protein in foods. In order to mimic meat‐like qualities, a strain rich in protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), an endogenous heme/chlorophyll precursor, was developed using an evolution and selection strategy, and investigations were carried out to evaluate the safety of the novel strain, C. reinhardtii (red), strain TAI114 (TAI114). Digestibility and proteomic evaluations were conducted to determine whether any potentially allergenic or toxic proteins occurred as the result of the mutation process. The genotoxic potential of pure PPIX was evaluated using a bacterial reverse mutation test, an in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test, and an in vivo mammalian micronucleus test. Finally, the novel TAI114 biomass was evaluated for general toxicity and identification of target organs in a 90‐day repeated‐dose oral toxicity study in rats. All proteins were rapidly degraded in pepsin at pH 2.0 suggesting low allergenic potential. The proteomic evaluation indicated that TAI114 biomass contains typical C. reinhardtii proteins. PPIX was unequivocally negative for genotoxic potential and no target organs or adverse effects were observed in rats up to the maximum feasible dose of 4000 mg/kg bw/day TAI114 biomass, which was determined to be the no‐observed‐adverse‐effect‐level (NOAEL). These results support the further development and risk characterization of TAI114 biomass as a novel ingredient for use in the meat analogue category of food.
Author	Goodman, Richard E. Moghadam Maragheh, Niloofar Hirka, Gábor Murbach, Timothy S. Endres, John R. Béres, Erzsébet Glávits, Róbert Pasics Szakonyiné, Ilona Lu, Guihua Vértesi, Adél
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Timothy S. orcidid: 0000-0002-7658-858X surname: Murbach fullname: Murbach, Timothy S. email: tim@aibmr.com organization: AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc – sequence: 2 givenname: Róbert surname: Glávits fullname: Glávits, Róbert organization: Toxi‐Coop Zrt – sequence: 3 givenname: Niloofar surname: Moghadam Maragheh fullname: Moghadam Maragheh, Niloofar organization: University of Nebraska – sequence: 4 givenname: John R. surname: Endres fullname: Endres, John R. organization: AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc – sequence: 5 givenname: Gábor surname: Hirka fullname: Hirka, Gábor organization: Toxi‐Coop Zrt – sequence: 6 givenname: Richard E. surname: Goodman fullname: Goodman, Richard E. organization: University of Nebraska – sequence: 7 givenname: Guihua surname: Lu fullname: Lu, Guihua organization: Triton Algae Innovations – sequence: 8 givenname: Adél surname: Vértesi fullname: Vértesi, Adél organization: Toxi‐Coop Zrt – sequence: 9 givenname: Erzsébet surname: Béres fullname: Béres, Erzsébet organization: Toxi‐Coop Zrt – sequence: 10 givenname: Ilona surname: Pasics Szakonyiné fullname: Pasics Szakonyiné, Ilona organization: Toxi‐Coop Zrt
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35104912$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark	eNp1kcFu1DAQhi1URLcFiSdAkbhwyTKOnWR9rKoCRZU40ENv0cQ77nqVtYPtAHvjEXhGngRnW0AqcBpp5vv_Gc1_wo6cd8TYcw5LDlC93mJaykqJR2zBQamSV404YguoGiilaG-O2UmMW4A8q1ZP2LGoOUjFqwWbLj7jMGGy3hXeFGlDxS05n_xXq4vRJ3LJ4jCPxpC7ow_jZh-sKy5vCnTrgyCiobSfGfyb-vHte7B6U-Bwm31663cY41P22OAQ6dl9PWUf31xcn78rrz68vTw_uyq1kEqU1HAggJ7TqqYWeuC9NtqsyVQ1F9r0jVqTROwlyLY3qLiuTbvCtqUVgjhlr-5c81GfJoqp29moaRjQkZ9iVzWVVFJB22T05QN066fg8m2Zauv5b4Jn6sU9NfU7WndjsDsM--7XO_9s1MHHGMj8Rjh0c1JdTqqbk8ro8gGqbTrkkALa4V-C8k7wxQ60_69x9_7s-sD_BDg1pkI
CitedBy_id	crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jfutfo_2025_04_005 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_protis_2024_126035 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jchromb_2025_124799 crossref_primary_10_3390_cells13131137 crossref_primary_10_1002_jat_4438 crossref_primary_10_1002_mnfr_70138 crossref_primary_10_1111_1750_3841_70075 crossref_primary_10_2903_j_efsa_2024_8517
Cites_doi	10.1016/0165-1161(83)90010-9 10.1016/0165-1110(86)90002-3 10.1016/0165-1161(75)90046-1 10.1136/gut.2006.097576 10.1007/BF00401402 10.12688/f1000research.2-138.v1 10.1016/S0027-5107(00)00064-6 10.1787/9789264264762-en 10.1080/10408398.2013.779569 10.1186/s13601-018-0216-9 10.3390/su11123231 10.1124/jpet.115.228130 10.1126/science.1143609 10.1177/1091581817746109 10.1007/978-1-4613-3694-5_4 10.1787/9789264264649-en 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.01.020 10.1080/01926230490422574 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.06.006 10.1111/j.1440-1746.1998.01548.x 10.1007/s11947-016-1804-0 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.024 10.1787/9789264078536-en 10.1093/molbev/msi230 10.1080/08865140214384 10.1016/j.yrtph.2003.11.003 10.1146/annurev-biophys-042910-155359 10.1021/jf020599h 10.1067/mai.2000.109171 10.1155/2016/5498639 10.1242/jcs.165563 10.1136/jmg.13.2.103 10.1016/0165-1110(81)90030-0
ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	2022 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copyright_xml	– notice: 2022 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DBID	AAYXX CITATION CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 7ST 7TK 7U7 C1K K9. SOI 7X8
DOI	10.1002/jat.4293
DatabaseName	CrossRef Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed Environment Abstracts Neurosciences Abstracts Toxicology Abstracts Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) Environment Abstracts MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitle	CrossRef MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) Toxicology Abstracts Neurosciences Abstracts Environment Abstracts Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList	CrossRef MEDLINE - Academic ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) MEDLINE
Database_xml	– sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: 7X8 name: MEDLINE - Academic url: https://search.proquest.com/medline sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod	fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline	Public Health Pharmacy, Therapeutics, & Pharmacology
EISSN	1099-1263
EndPage	1275
ExternalDocumentID	35104912 10_1002_jat_4293 JAT4293
Genre	article Journal Article
GrantInformation_xml	– fundername: Triton Algae Innovations
GroupedDBID	--- .3N .GA .GJ .Y3 05W 0R~ 10A 1L6 1OB 1OC 1ZS 31~ 33P 3SF 3WU 4.4 4ZD 50Y 50Z 51W 51X 52M 52N 52O 52P 52S 52T 52U 52W 52X 53G 5GY 5VS 66C 702 7PT 8-0 8-1 8-3 8-4 8-5 8UM 930 A03 AAESR AAEVG AAHHS AAHQN AAMNL AANHP AANLZ AAONW AASGY AAXRX AAYCA AAZKR ABCQN ABCUV ABEFU ABEML ABIJN ABJNI ABPVW ACAHQ ACBWZ ACCFJ ACCZN ACGFO ACGFS ACPOU ACPRK ACRPL ACSCC ACXBN ACXQS ACYXJ ADBBV ADEOM ADIZJ ADKYN ADMGS ADNMO ADOZA ADXAS ADZMN ADZOD AEEZP AEGXH AEIGN AEIMD AENEX AEQDE AEUQT AEUYR AFBPY AFFNX AFFPM AFGKR AFPWT AFRAH AFWVQ AFZJQ AHBTC AHMBA AI. AIAGR AITYG AIURR AIWBW AJBDE AJXKR ALAGY ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ALUQN ALVPJ AMBMR AMYDB ASPBG ATUGU AUFTA AVWKF AZBYB AZFZN AZVAB BAFTC BDRZF BFHJK BHBCM BMNLL BMXJE BNHUX BROTX BRXPI BY8 CS3 D-E D-F DCZOG DPXWK DR2 DRFUL DRSTM EBD EBS EDH EJD F00 F01 F04 F5P FEDTE G-S G.N GNP GODZA GWYGA H.T H.X HF~ HGLYW HHZ HVGLF HZ~ IX1 J0M JPC KQQ LATKE LAW LC2 LC3 LEEKS LH4 LITHE LOXES LP6 LP7 LUTES LW6 LYRES M6Q MEWTI MK4 MRFUL MRSTM MSFUL MSSTM MXFUL MXSTM N04 N05 N9A NF~ NNB O66 O9- OIG P2P P2W P2X P4D PALCI PQQKQ Q.N Q11 QB0 QRW R.K RIWAO RJQFR ROL RWI RX1 RYL SAMSI SUPJJ UB1 V8K VH1 W8V W99 WBFHL WBKPD WH7 WIB WIH WIK WJL WOHZO WQJ WRC WUP WWP WXSBR WYISQ XG1 XPP XV2 YCJ YHZ ZXP ZZTAW ~02 ~IA ~KM ~WT AAMMB AAYXX AEFGJ AEYWJ AGHNM AGQPQ AGXDD AGYGG AIDQK AIDYY AIQQE BANNL CITATION O8X CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 7ST 7TK 7U7 C1K K9. SOI 7X8
ID	FETCH-LOGICAL-c3493-e610e00b1e85e70b01bcfcfdef2513cfb69de4aab4047bfa91c5f78a77e8a03
IEDL.DBID	DRFUL
ISICitedReferencesCount	9
ISICitedReferencesURI	http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000755136600001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN	0260-437X 1099-1263
IngestDate	Sun Nov 09 11:18:57 EST 2025 Sat Nov 29 14:40:38 EST 2025 Wed Feb 19 02:26:30 EST 2025 Sat Nov 29 07:09:25 EST 2025 Tue Nov 18 21:55:12 EST 2025 Wed Jan 22 16:24:00 EST 2025
IsPeerReviewed	true
IsScholarly	true
Issue	7
Keywords	toxicity meat substitute protoporphyrin IX Chlamydomonas reinhardtii safety NOAEL
Language	English
License	2022 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LinkModel	DirectLink
MergedId	FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c3493-e610e00b1e85e70b01bcfcfdef2513cfb69de4aab4047bfa91c5f78a77e8a03
Notes	Funding information Richard E. Goodman, Guihua Lu, Adél Vértesi, Erzsébet Béres and Ilona Pasics Szakonyiné are co‐senior authors. Triton Algae Innovations ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23
ORCID	0000-0002-7658-858X
PMID	35104912
PQID	2675099231
PQPubID	105373
PageCount	23
ParticipantIDs	proquest_miscellaneous_2624949076 proquest_journals_2675099231 pubmed_primary_35104912 crossref_primary_10_1002_jat_4293 crossref_citationtrail_10_1002_jat_4293 wiley_primary_10_1002_jat_4293_JAT4293
PublicationCentury	2000
PublicationDate	July 2022 2022-07-00 2022-Jul 20220701
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD	2022-07-01
PublicationDate_xml	– month: 07 year: 2022 text: July 2022
PublicationDecade	2020
PublicationPlace	England
PublicationPlace_xml	– name: England – name: Bognor Regis
PublicationSubtitle	JAT
PublicationTitle	Journal of applied toxicology
PublicationTitleAlternate	J Appl Toxicol
PublicationYear	2022
Publisher	Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Publisher_xml	– name: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
References	1983; 113 2016b 2000; 455 2011 2016a 2019; 11 2002; 50 1983; 1 2011; 40 2002; 8 1998 1975; 13 1997 1975; 31 2016; 2016 2004 2019; 128 2003 2015; 128 2008; 52 2007; 56 2005; 22 1981; 87 2016; 56 1999 2004; 32 2017; 109 2018; 8 1968; 13 1986; 168 2004; 39 2013; 138 2000; 106 2017; 10 2019 1985 2018 1984 1983 2016; 356 1962; 20 2007; 318 2018; 37 1989 1998; 13 e_1_2_9_30_1 e_1_2_9_11_1 e_1_2_9_34_1 e_1_2_9_13_1 e_1_2_9_32_1 e_1_2_9_12_1 e_1_2_9_33_1 Suttie A. (e_1_2_9_42_1) 2018 OECD (e_1_2_9_31_1) 1997 Mathews C. K. (e_1_2_9_23_1) 1999 Hamden D. (e_1_2_9_17_1) 1985 e_1_2_9_15_1 e_1_2_9_38_1 e_1_2_9_14_1 e_1_2_9_39_1 e_1_2_9_36_1 e_1_2_9_16_1 e_1_2_9_37_1 e_1_2_9_19_1 e_1_2_9_18_1 National Research Council (e_1_2_9_29_1) 2011 e_1_2_9_41_1 McElhenney T. (e_1_2_9_24_1) 1962; 20 e_1_2_9_20_1 e_1_2_9_22_1 e_1_2_9_21_1 e_1_2_9_46_1 e_1_2_9_43_1 Triton Algae Innovations (e_1_2_9_44_1) 2019 e_1_2_9_8_1 e_1_2_9_7_1 e_1_2_9_6_1 e_1_2_9_5_1 e_1_2_9_4_1 e_1_2_9_3_1 e_1_2_9_2_1 OECD (e_1_2_9_35_1) 2018 Savage J. (e_1_2_9_40_1) 1983; 1 Venitt S. (e_1_2_9_45_1) 1984 Brusick D. (e_1_2_9_9_1) 1989 e_1_2_9_26_1 e_1_2_9_25_1 e_1_2_9_28_1 e_1_2_9_47_1 e_1_2_9_27_1 Commission C. A. (e_1_2_9_10_1) 2003
References_xml	– volume: 138 year: 2013 article-title: Identification and molecular characterization of a novel mutant defective in chlorophyll biosynthesis publication-title: F1000Research 2 – start-page: 22 year: 2016a – volume: 8 start-page: 271 year: 2002 end-page: 285 article-title: Digestive stability in the context of assessing the potential allergenicity of food proteins publication-title: Comments on Toxicology – volume: 37 start-page: 53 year: 2018 end-page: 62 article-title: A toxicological evaluation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a Green Algae publication-title: International Journal of Toxicology. – volume: 2016 year: 2016 article-title: Secondary structure and subunit composition of soy protein in vitro digested by pepsin and its relation with digestibility publication-title: BioMed Research International – start-page: 407 year: 1989 end-page: 434 – volume: 318 start-page: 245 year: 2007 end-page: 250 article-title: The Chlamydomonas genome reveals the evolution of key animal and plant functions publication-title: Science – volume: 50 start-page: 7154 year: 2002 end-page: 7160 article-title: Digestibility of food allergens and nonallergenic proteins in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid‐a comparative study publication-title: Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry – start-page: 728 year: 2018 – volume: 20 start-page: 739 year: 1962 end-page: 743 article-title: Algae: A cause of inhalant allergy in children publication-title: Annals of Allergy – volume: 87 start-page: 143 year: 1981 end-page: 188 article-title: Mammalian in vivo and in vitro cytogenetic assays: A report of the U.S publication-title: EPA's Gene‐Tox Program, Mutation Research – volume: 128 start-page: 298 year: 2019 end-page: 303 article-title: Erythropoietic Protoporphyria and X‐linked Protoporphyria: Pathophysiology, genetics, clinical manifestations, and management publication-title: Molecular Genetics and Metabolism – volume: 13 start-page: 222 year: 1968 end-page: 257 article-title: Comprehensive observational assessment: Ia. A systematic, quantitative procedure for assessing the behavioral and physiologic state of the mouse publication-title: Psychopharmacologia – volume: 455 start-page: 29 year: 2000 end-page: 60 article-title: The Ames Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay publication-title: Mutation Research – volume: 39 start-page: 87 year: 2004 end-page: 98 article-title: A multi‐laboratory evaluation of a common in vitro pepsin digestion assay protocol used in assessing the safety of novel proteins publication-title: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology: RTP – volume: 40 start-page: 169 year: 2011 end-page: 186 article-title: Actin structure and function publication-title: Annual Review of Biophysics – volume: 56 start-page: 1545 year: 2016 end-page: 1567 article-title: Food allergens: Is there a correlation between stability to digestion and Allergenicity? publication-title: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition – start-page: 11 year: 1983 end-page: 149 – volume: 56 start-page: 1009 year: 2007 end-page: 1018 article-title: Liver disease in erythropoietic protoporphyria: Insights and implications for management publication-title: Gut – year: 1998 – volume: 1 start-page: 64 year: 1983 end-page: 76 article-title: Some practical notes on chromosomal aberrations publication-title: Clin Cytogen Bull – start-page: 47 year: 2003 end-page: 60 – start-page: 1 year: 2011 end-page: 220 – volume: 128 start-page: 2009 year: 2015 end-page: 2019 article-title: The evolution of compositionally and functionally distinct actin filaments publication-title: Journal of Cell Science – year: 1984 – volume: 109 start-page: 81 year: 2017 end-page: 89 article-title: Bioinformatics analysis to assess potential risks of allergenicity and toxicity of HRAP and PFLP proteins in genetically modified bananas resistant to Xanthomonas wilt disease publication-title: Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association – volume: 168 start-page: 69 year: 1986 end-page: 240 article-title: The Salmonella typhimurium/mammalian microsomal assay. A report of the U.S publication-title: Environmental Protection Agency Gene‐Tox Program, Mutation Research – start-page: 21 year: 2016b – volume: 8 start-page: 30 year: 2018 article-title: Protease resistance of food proteins: A mixed picture for predicting allergenicity but a useful tool for assessing exposure publication-title: Clinical and Translational Allergy – volume: 356 start-page: 267 year: 2016 end-page: 275 article-title: Protoporphyrin IX: The good, the bad, and the ugly publication-title: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics – volume: 31 start-page: 347 year: 1975 end-page: 364 article-title: Methods for detecting carcinogens and mutagens with the Salmonella/mammalian‐microsome mutagenicity test publication-title: Mutation Research – volume: 113 start-page: 173 year: 1983 end-page: 215 article-title: Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test publication-title: Mutation Research – volume: 52 start-page: 94 year: 2008 end-page: 103 article-title: Establishing objective detection limits for the pepsin digestion assay used in the assessment of genetically modified foods publication-title: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology: RTP – year: 2004 – volume: 10 start-page: 131 year: 2017 end-page: 142 article-title: In vitro zinc protoporphyrin IX formation in different meat sources related to potentially important intrinsic parameters publication-title: Food and Biopress Technology – year: 1997 – start-page: 1 year: 1985 end-page: 117 – start-page: 16 year: 2018 – volume: 22 start-page: 2343 year: 2005 end-page: 2353 article-title: Mosaic origin of the heme biosynthesis pathway in photosynthetic eukaryotes publication-title: Molecular Biology and Evolution – year: 2019 – volume: 13 start-page: 324 year: 1998 end-page: 329 article-title: Liver metabolism of porphyrins and haem publication-title: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology – volume: 11 start-page: 3231 year: 2019 article-title: Meat analogs from different protein sources: A comparison of their sustainability and nutritional content publication-title: Sustainability – volume: 13 start-page: 103 year: 1975 end-page: 122 article-title: Classification and relationships of induced chromosomal structual changes publication-title: Journal of Medical Genetics – volume: 32 start-page: 171 year: 2004 end-page: 180 article-title: A contemporary overview of chronic progressive nephropathy in the laboratory rat, and its significance for human risk assessment publication-title: Toxicologic Pathology – year: 1999 – volume: 106 start-page: 752 year: 2000 end-page: 762 article-title: Digestibility of allergens extracted from natural rubber latex and vegetable foods publication-title: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology – ident: e_1_2_9_22_1 doi: 10.1016/0165-1161(83)90010-9 – ident: e_1_2_9_21_1 doi: 10.1016/0165-1110(86)90002-3 – ident: e_1_2_9_3_1 doi: 10.1016/0165-1161(75)90046-1 – ident: e_1_2_9_4_1 doi: 10.1136/gut.2006.097576 – ident: e_1_2_9_19_1 doi: 10.1007/BF00401402 – ident: e_1_2_9_28_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_15_1 doi: 10.12688/f1000research.2-138.v1 – ident: e_1_2_9_26_1 doi: 10.1016/S0027-5107(00)00064-6 – ident: e_1_2_9_34_1 doi: 10.1787/9789264264762-en – volume: 20 start-page: 739 year: 1962 ident: e_1_2_9_24_1 article-title: Algae: A cause of inhalant allergy in children publication-title: Annals of Allergy – ident: e_1_2_9_8_1 doi: 10.1080/10408398.2013.779569 – start-page: 1 volume-title: Committee for the Update of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Division on Earth and Life Studies year: 2011 ident: e_1_2_9_29_1 – volume-title: Dried biomass of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (and agency response letter) year: 2019 ident: e_1_2_9_44_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_2_1 doi: 10.1186/s13601-018-0216-9 – ident: e_1_2_9_13_1 doi: 10.3390/su11123231 – ident: e_1_2_9_38_1 doi: 10.1124/jpet.115.228130 – start-page: 47 volume-title: Appendix III, Guideline for the conduct of food safety assessment of foods derived from recombinant‐DNA plants, and Appendix IV year: 2003 ident: e_1_2_9_10_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_25_1 doi: 10.1126/science.1143609 – start-page: 16 volume-title: Test no. 408: Repeated dose 90‐day Oral toxicity study in rodents, OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals, section 4 year: 2018 ident: e_1_2_9_35_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_27_1 doi: 10.1177/1091581817746109 – start-page: 407 volume-title: Principles and methods of toxicology year: 1989 ident: e_1_2_9_9_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_39_1 doi: 10.1007/978-1-4613-3694-5_4 – ident: e_1_2_9_33_1 doi: 10.1787/9789264264649-en – ident: e_1_2_9_5_1 doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.01.020 – start-page: 1 volume-title: An international system for human cytogenic nomenclature year: 1985 ident: e_1_2_9_17_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_18_1 doi: 10.1080/01926230490422574 – ident: e_1_2_9_36_1 doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.06.006 – ident: e_1_2_9_7_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.1998.01548.x – ident: e_1_2_9_11_1 doi: 10.1007/s11947-016-1804-0 – ident: e_1_2_9_20_1 doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.024 – ident: e_1_2_9_32_1 doi: 10.1787/9789264078536-en – volume: 1 start-page: 64 year: 1983 ident: e_1_2_9_40_1 article-title: Some practical notes on chromosomal aberrations publication-title: Clin Cytogen Bull – ident: e_1_2_9_30_1 doi: 10.1093/molbev/msi230 – start-page: 728 volume-title: Boorman's pathology of the rat: Reference and atlas year: 2018 ident: e_1_2_9_42_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_6_1 doi: 10.1080/08865140214384 – ident: e_1_2_9_43_1 doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2003.11.003 – ident: e_1_2_9_12_1 doi: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-042910-155359 – ident: e_1_2_9_14_1 doi: 10.1021/jf020599h – volume-title: Biochemistry year: 1999 ident: e_1_2_9_23_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_46_1 doi: 10.1067/mai.2000.109171 – volume-title: 471: Bacterial reverse mutation test, OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals, section 4 year: 1997 ident: e_1_2_9_31_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_47_1 doi: 10.1155/2016/5498639 – ident: e_1_2_9_16_1 doi: 10.1242/jcs.165563 – ident: e_1_2_9_41_1 doi: 10.1136/jmg.13.2.103 – ident: e_1_2_9_37_1 doi: 10.1016/0165-1110(81)90030-0 – volume-title: Mutagenicity testing, a practical approach year: 1984 ident: e_1_2_9_45_1
SSID	ssj0009928
Score	2.3783805
Snippet	Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a nonpathogenic, nontoxigenic green algae used as a sustainable source of protein in foods. In order to mimic meat‐like qualities,... Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a nonpathogenic, nontoxigenic green algae used as a sustainable source of protein in foods. In order to mimic meat-like qualities,...
SourceID	proquest pubmed crossref wiley
SourceType	Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source Publisher
StartPage	1253
SubjectTerms	Algae Animals Aquatic plants Biocompatibility Biomass Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Chlorophyll Chromosome aberrations Digestibility DNA Damage Genotoxicity Heme In vitro methods and tests In vivo methods and tests Mammals Mammals - metabolism Meat meat substitute Mutation NOAEL Organs Pepsin Protein sources Proteins Proteomics Protoporphyrin Protoporphyrin IX Protoporphyrins - metabolism Protoporphyrins - toxicity Rats Safety Target recognition Toxicity
Title	Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of protoporphyrin IX and the safety of a protoporphyrin IX‐rich algal biomass
URI	https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002%2Fjat.4293 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35104912 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2675099231 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2624949076
Volume	42
WOSCitedRecordID	wos000755136600001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText	1
inHoldings	1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights	– providerCode: PRVWIB databaseName: Wiley Online Library Full Collection 2020 customDbUrl: eissn: 1099-1263 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0009928 issn: 0260-437X databaseCode: DRFUL dateStart: 19960101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com providerName: Wiley-Blackwell
link	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1ba9RAFD7YrQ-CeKm31VpGkPWlaZOZJDPzKNpFQcqiFfIWJpMZrJSkbLLivvkT_I3-Es9JsllKFQSf8pAzmTDn9mUy5zsALw23qcBUE3hVJkGsRRkUGAcDY73nQhcudKprNiFPT1WW6cVwqpJqYXp-iHHDjTyji9fk4KZojrekoV9Ne4TBVOzALkezTSaw-_bj_POHLeWu7jqrEmlWEAuZbahnQ368GXs1GV1DmFcBa5dx5nf_513vwZ0BZ7LXvWHchxuu2oPZoieqXh-ys23dVXPIZmyxpbBe78HtfjeP9UVKD2B1MpKCs9ozBI2MyF3b-jsKXdYtHTnC2fAW8T7UiOlRe8vzir3PmKnKbkBjvGvXJGOuS_368RMD8hdGlSUXjDgBENQ_hE_zk7M374KhYUNgBao5cIjFXBgWkVOJk7TFWlhvfek8oihhfZHq0sXGFHEYy8IbHdnES2WkdMqE4hFMqrpyT4Bhxixj4UoepS72OjVK4YdVpF2Kcd3oZAqvNnrL7cBlTi01LvKehZnnuOI5rfgUXoySlz1_xx9k9jeqzwcPbnKeEpYi-IuPGG-j79EPFVO5ekUynMh9QplO4XFvMuMkAoNdrCM-hVlnGX-dPcc4TNen_yr4DG5xqsHozgzvw6RdrtxzuGm_tefN8gB2ZKYOBl_4DbpCDwc
linkProvider	Wiley-Blackwell
linkToHtml	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1ba9RAFD7UVrBQvFSrq1VHkPWlscnMbJLBJ9EuLa7LoivsW5hMZmhLScputrhv_gR_o7_Ec3JbShUEn_KQM5kw5zJfTuZ8B-C15iYUuNV4Ls4GnlQi81KMg542znGhUuvbuGo2EY3H8WymJhvwrq2FqfkhuoQbeUYVr8nBKSF9uGYNPdflW4ym4hZsSbQiNO-tj1-G30Zrzl1VtVYl1ixPimjWcs_6_LAde303ugExryPWassZ3vuvl70Pdxukyd7XpvEANmy-C_1JTVW9OmDTdeXV4oD12WRNYr3ahZ06n8fqMqWHsDzqaMFZ4RjCRkb0rmXxHYUui5IOHeFseIuYHwpE9ai_-VnOTmZM51k1YKGdLVcko29K_frxE0PyKaPakgtGrAAI6x_B1-HR9MOx17Rs8IxARXsW0Zj1_TSw8cBGlGRNjTMusw5xlDAuDVVmpdap9GWUOq0CM3BRrKPIxtoXe7CZF7l9Agz3zEwKm_EgtNKpUMcxfloFyoYY2bUa9OBNq7jENGzm1FTjIql5mHmCK57QivfgVSd5WTN4_EFmv9V90vjwIuEhoSkCwPiI7jZ6H_1S0bktliTDid7Hj8IePK5tpptEYLiTKuA96Fem8dfZE4zEdH36r4Iv4c7x9PMoGZ2MPz2DbU4VGdUJ4n3YLOdL-xxum6vybDF_0bjEb38dEg8
linkToPdf	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1fb9MwED-NDiEkxGCMUTbASKi8LCyx3STWnia2iompqmBIfYscxxabpqRqU0Tf-Ah8Rj4Jd_lXTQMJiac8-BxHPt_dL7bvdwBvNDehwFDjuTgbelKJzEvRD3raOMeFSq1v46rYRDQex9OpmmzAUZsLU_NDdBtuZBmVvyYDt7PMHa5ZQ690-Q69qbgDm5JqyPRg8-TT6Mv5mnNXVaVViTXLkyKattyzPj9s-96MRrcg5k3EWoWc0dZ_fewjeNggTXZcL43HsGHzbRhMaqrq1QG7WGdeLQ7YgE3WJNarbXhQ7-exOk3pCSxPO1pwVjiGsJERvWtZfEehWVHSpSMcDZuI-aFAVI_6m1_m7GzKdJ5VHRba2XJFMvq21K8fP9Elf2WUW3LNiBUAYf0OfB6dXrz_4DUlGzwjUNGeRTRmfT8NbDy0EW2ypsYZl1mHOEoYl4Yqs1LrVPoySp1WgRm6KNZRZGPti6fQy4vcPgOGMTOTwmY8CK10KtRxjL9WgbIhenathn142youMQ2bORXVuE5qHmae4IwnNON9eN1JzmoGjz_I7Le6TxobXiQ8JDRFABhf0TWj9dGRis5tsSQZTvQ-fhT2YbdeM90gAt2dVAHvw6BaGn8dPUFPTM_n_yr4Cu5NTkbJ-dn44x7c55SQUV0g3odeOV_aF3DXfCsvF_OXjUX8BvGCEYo
openUrl	ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+the+genotoxic+potential+of+protoporphyrin+IX+and+the+safety+of+a+protoporphyrin+IX%E2%80%90rich+algal+biomass&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+applied+toxicology&rft.au=Murbach%2C+Timothy+S.&rft.au=Gl%C3%A1vits%2C+R%C3%B3bert&rft.au=Moghadam+Maragheh%2C+Niloofar&rft.au=Endres%2C+John+R.&rft.date=2022-07-01&rft.issn=0260-437X&rft.eissn=1099-1263&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=7&rft.spage=1253&rft.epage=1275&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fjat.4293&rft.externalDBID=10.1002%252Fjat.4293&rft.externalDocID=JAT4293
thumbnail_l	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0260-437X&client=summon
thumbnail_m	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0260-437X&client=summon
thumbnail_s	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0260-437X&client=summon