Vanillin and vanillic acid modulate antioxidant defense system via amelioration of metabolic complications linked to Fe2+-induced brain tissues damage

The therapeutic effect of phenolics on neurodegenerative diseases has been attributed to their potent antioxidant properties. In the present study, the neuroprotective activities of vanillin and vanillic acid were investigated in Fe 2+ - induced oxidative toxicity in brain tissues by investigating t...

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Published in:	Metabolic brain disease Vol. 35; no. 5; pp. 727 - 738
Main Authors:	Salau, Veronica F., Erukainure, Ochuko L., Ibeji, Collins U., Olasehinde, Tosin A., Koorbanally, Neil A., Islam, Md. Shahidul
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	New York Springer US 01.06.2020 Springer Nature B.V
Subjects:	Acetylcholinesterase Acids Activation Adenosine triphosphatase Antioxidants Biochemistry Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedicine Blood-brain barrier Brain damage Brain injury Catalase Cell lines Cholinergics Complications Cytotoxicity Depletion Glutathione Hippocampus Histidine Iron Malondialdehyde Metabolic Diseases Metabolic pathways Metabolism Metabolites Neurodegenerative diseases Neurology Neuroprotection Neurosciences Nitric oxide Nucleotides Oncology Original Article Pentose Pentose phosphate pathway Phenols Restoration Tissues Toxicity Vanillic acid Vanillin Vanillic acid Vanillin Antioxidant Neurodegeneration Phenolics
ISSN:	0885-7490, 1573-7365, 1573-7365
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Abstract	The therapeutic effect of phenolics on neurodegenerative diseases has been attributed to their potent antioxidant properties. In the present study, the neuroprotective activities of vanillin and vanillic acid were investigated in Fe 2+ - induced oxidative toxicity in brain tissues by investigating their therapeutic effects on oxidative imbalance, cholinergic and nucleotide-hydrolyzing enzymes activities, dysregulated metabolic pathways. Their cytotoxicity was investigated in hippocampal neuronal cell lines (HT22). The reduced glutathione level, SOD and catalase activities were ameliorated in tissues treated with the phenolics, with concomitant depletion of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels. They inhibited acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities, while concomitantly elevated ATPase activity. Treatment with vanillin led to restoration of oxidative-depleted metabolites and reactivation of the pentose phosphate and purine metabolism pathways, with concomitant activation of pathways for histidine and selenoamino metabolisms. While vanillic acid restored and reactivated oxidative-depleted metabolites and pathways but did not activate any additional pathway. Both phenolics portrayed good binding affinity for catalase, with vanillic acid having the higher binding energy of −7.0 kcal/mol. Both phenolics were not cytotoxic on HT22 cells, and their toxicity class were predicted to be 4. Only vanillin was predicted to be permeable across the blood brain barrier (BBB). These results insinuate that vanillin and vanillic acid confer a neuroprotective effect on oxidative brain damage, when vanillin being the most potent.
AbstractList	The therapeutic effect of phenolics on neurodegenerative diseases has been attributed to their potent antioxidant properties. In the present study, the neuroprotective activities of vanillin and vanillic acid were investigated in Fe2+- induced oxidative toxicity in brain tissues by investigating their therapeutic effects on oxidative imbalance, cholinergic and nucleotide-hydrolyzing enzymes activities, dysregulated metabolic pathways. Their cytotoxicity was investigated in hippocampal neuronal cell lines (HT22). The reduced glutathione level, SOD and catalase activities were ameliorated in tissues treated with the phenolics, with concomitant depletion of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels. They inhibited acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities, while concomitantly elevated ATPase activity. Treatment with vanillin led to restoration of oxidative-depleted metabolites and reactivation of the pentose phosphate and purine metabolism pathways, with concomitant activation of pathways for histidine and selenoamino metabolisms. While vanillic acid restored and reactivated oxidative-depleted metabolites and pathways but did not activate any additional pathway. Both phenolics portrayed good binding affinity for catalase, with vanillic acid having the higher binding energy of −7.0 kcal/mol. Both phenolics were not cytotoxic on HT22 cells, and their toxicity class were predicted to be 4. Only vanillin was predicted to be permeable across the blood brain barrier (BBB). These results insinuate that vanillin and vanillic acid confer a neuroprotective effect on oxidative brain damage, when vanillin being the most potent. The therapeutic effect of phenolics on neurodegenerative diseases has been attributed to their potent antioxidant properties. In the present study, the neuroprotective activities of vanillin and vanillic acid were investigated in Fe 2+ - induced oxidative toxicity in brain tissues by investigating their therapeutic effects on oxidative imbalance, cholinergic and nucleotide-hydrolyzing enzymes activities, dysregulated metabolic pathways. Their cytotoxicity was investigated in hippocampal neuronal cell lines (HT22). The reduced glutathione level, SOD and catalase activities were ameliorated in tissues treated with the phenolics, with concomitant depletion of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels. They inhibited acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities, while concomitantly elevated ATPase activity. Treatment with vanillin led to restoration of oxidative-depleted metabolites and reactivation of the pentose phosphate and purine metabolism pathways, with concomitant activation of pathways for histidine and selenoamino metabolisms. While vanillic acid restored and reactivated oxidative-depleted metabolites and pathways but did not activate any additional pathway. Both phenolics portrayed good binding affinity for catalase, with vanillic acid having the higher binding energy of −7.0 kcal/mol. Both phenolics were not cytotoxic on HT22 cells, and their toxicity class were predicted to be 4. Only vanillin was predicted to be permeable across the blood brain barrier (BBB). These results insinuate that vanillin and vanillic acid confer a neuroprotective effect on oxidative brain damage, when vanillin being the most potent. The therapeutic effect of phenolics on neurodegenerative diseases has been attributed to their potent antioxidant properties. In the present study, the neuroprotective activities of vanillin and vanillic acid were investigated in Fe2+- induced oxidative toxicity in brain tissues by investigating their therapeutic effects on oxidative imbalance, cholinergic and nucleotide-hydrolyzing enzymes activities, dysregulated metabolic pathways. Their cytotoxicity was investigated in hippocampal neuronal cell lines (HT22). The reduced glutathione level, SOD and catalase activities were ameliorated in tissues treated with the phenolics, with concomitant depletion of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels. They inhibited acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities, while concomitantly elevated ATPase activity. Treatment with vanillin led to restoration of oxidative-depleted metabolites and reactivation of the pentose phosphate and purine metabolism pathways, with concomitant activation of pathways for histidine and selenoamino metabolisms. While vanillic acid restored and reactivated oxidative-depleted metabolites and pathways but did not activate any additional pathway. Both phenolics portrayed good binding affinity for catalase, with vanillic acid having the higher binding energy of -7.0 kcal/mol. Both phenolics were not cytotoxic on HT22 cells, and their toxicity class were predicted to be 4. Only vanillin was predicted to be permeable across the blood brain barrier (BBB). These results insinuate that vanillin and vanillic acid confer a neuroprotective effect on oxidative brain damage, when vanillin being the most potent.The therapeutic effect of phenolics on neurodegenerative diseases has been attributed to their potent antioxidant properties. In the present study, the neuroprotective activities of vanillin and vanillic acid were investigated in Fe2+- induced oxidative toxicity in brain tissues by investigating their therapeutic effects on oxidative imbalance, cholinergic and nucleotide-hydrolyzing enzymes activities, dysregulated metabolic pathways. Their cytotoxicity was investigated in hippocampal neuronal cell lines (HT22). The reduced glutathione level, SOD and catalase activities were ameliorated in tissues treated with the phenolics, with concomitant depletion of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels. They inhibited acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities, while concomitantly elevated ATPase activity. Treatment with vanillin led to restoration of oxidative-depleted metabolites and reactivation of the pentose phosphate and purine metabolism pathways, with concomitant activation of pathways for histidine and selenoamino metabolisms. While vanillic acid restored and reactivated oxidative-depleted metabolites and pathways but did not activate any additional pathway. Both phenolics portrayed good binding affinity for catalase, with vanillic acid having the higher binding energy of -7.0 kcal/mol. Both phenolics were not cytotoxic on HT22 cells, and their toxicity class were predicted to be 4. Only vanillin was predicted to be permeable across the blood brain barrier (BBB). These results insinuate that vanillin and vanillic acid confer a neuroprotective effect on oxidative brain damage, when vanillin being the most potent.
Author	Ibeji, Collins U. Islam, Md. Shahidul Erukainure, Ochuko L. Olasehinde, Tosin A. Salau, Veronica F. Koorbanally, Neil A.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Veronica F. surname: Salau fullname: Salau, Veronica F. organization: Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Department of Biochemistry, Veritas University – sequence: 2 givenname: Ochuko L. orcidid: 0000-0003-0489-338X surname: Erukainure fullname: Erukainure, Ochuko L. organization: Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State – sequence: 3 givenname: Collins U. surname: Ibeji fullname: Ibeji, Collins U. organization: Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria – sequence: 4 givenname: Tosin A. surname: Olasehinde fullname: Olasehinde, Tosin A. organization: Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare – sequence: 5 givenname: Neil A. surname: Koorbanally fullname: Koorbanally, Neil A. organization: School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal – sequence: 6 givenname: Md. Shahidul surname: Islam fullname: Islam, Md. Shahidul email: islamd@ukzn.ac.za organization: Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal
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Snippet	The therapeutic effect of phenolics on neurodegenerative diseases has been attributed to their potent antioxidant properties. In the present study, the...
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SubjectTerms	Acetylcholinesterase Acids Activation Adenosine triphosphatase Antioxidants Biochemistry Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedicine Blood-brain barrier Brain damage Brain injury Catalase Cell lines Cholinergics Complications Cytotoxicity Depletion Glutathione Hippocampus Histidine Iron Malondialdehyde Metabolic Diseases Metabolic pathways Metabolism Metabolites Neurodegenerative diseases Neurology Neuroprotection Neurosciences Nitric oxide Nucleotides Oncology Original Article Pentose Pentose phosphate pathway Phenols Restoration Tissues Toxicity Vanillic acid Vanillin
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Title	Vanillin and vanillic acid modulate antioxidant defense system via amelioration of metabolic complications linked to Fe2+-induced brain tissues damage
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