Biochar for sustainable additive manufacturing: Thermal, mechanical, electrical, and rheological responses of polypropylene-biochar composites

The utilization of eco-friendly reinforcing materials and the fabrication of sustainable composites with enhanced mechanical and electrical properties are a subject of great scientific interest. Such research is aiming to be applied in a variety of industrial applications. In this study, polypropyle...

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Published in:	Biomass & bioenergy Vol. 186; p. 107272
Main Authors:	Petousis, Markos, Maravelakis, Emmanuel, Kalderis, Dimitrios, Saltas, Vassilios, Mountakis, Nikolaos, Spiridaki, Mariza, Bolanakis, Nikolaos, Argyros, Apostolos, Papadakis, Vassilis, Michailidis, Nikolaos, Vidakis, Nectarios
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Elsevier Ltd 01.07.2024
Subjects:	Additive manufacturing Biochar bioenergy biomass Electrical conductivity Material extrusion modulus of elasticity Olea europaea Polypropylene polypropylenes tensile strength thermal stability Material extrusion Electrical conductivity Additive manufacturing Biochar Polypropylene
ISSN:	0961-9534
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Abstract	The utilization of eco-friendly reinforcing materials and the fabrication of sustainable composites with enhanced mechanical and electrical properties are a subject of great scientific interest. Such research is aiming to be applied in a variety of industrial applications. In this study, polypropylene (PP) was used as a matrix material and combined with biochar (BC) as a filler at different loadings (2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, and 10.0 wt %) to produce reinforced composites. Biochar was produced from olive tree prunings. Additively manufactured specimens underwent a variety of tests (fourteen in total) regarding their thermal, structural, mechanical, morphological, and electrical properties. The mechanical properties of the PP were improved by the addition of 4.0 wt % biochar, as the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity, presented a 28.4 % and 24.3 % increase compared to that of pure PP. Overall, the 6 wt % was the optimum loading considering all the tests conducted. The thermal stability of the PP/BC composites was significantly improved compared to that of pure PP. At a filler loading of 8.0 wt %, the dc-conductivity of PP/biochar composite increased by more than 9 orders of magnitude, suggesting the existence of a percolation threshold, above which the polymer composite switches from insulating behavior to a conductive state. Overall, biochar addition had a positive impact on all measured quantities and proved to be an eco-friendly material suitable for use in various applications of additive manufacturing (AM). [Display omitted] •Reinforcement of MEX 3D printed parts with the eco-friendly biochar, derived from olive trees.•The popular Polypropylene was the matrix material.•Eco-friendly composites achieved high-performance mechanical properties.•28.4 % and 24.3 % 9 improvement in tensile strength and modulus vs. pure PP for the 4.0 wt. % biochar loaded composite.•Electric conductivity was induced to the composites by the biochar filler (increased by 9 order of magnitude).
AbstractList	The utilization of eco-friendly reinforcing materials and the fabrication of sustainable composites with enhanced mechanical and electrical properties are a subject of great scientific interest. Such research is aiming to be applied in a variety of industrial applications. In this study, polypropylene (PP) was used as a matrix material and combined with biochar (BC) as a filler at different loadings (2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, and 10.0 wt %) to produce reinforced composites. Biochar was produced from olive tree prunings. Additively manufactured specimens underwent a variety of tests (fourteen in total) regarding their thermal, structural, mechanical, morphological, and electrical properties. The mechanical properties of the PP were improved by the addition of 4.0 wt % biochar, as the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity, presented a 28.4 % and 24.3 % increase compared to that of pure PP. Overall, the 6 wt % was the optimum loading considering all the tests conducted. The thermal stability of the PP/BC composites was significantly improved compared to that of pure PP. At a filler loading of 8.0 wt %, the dc-conductivity of PP/biochar composite increased by more than 9 orders of magnitude, suggesting the existence of a percolation threshold, above which the polymer composite switches from insulating behavior to a conductive state. Overall, biochar addition had a positive impact on all measured quantities and proved to be an eco-friendly material suitable for use in various applications of additive manufacturing (AM). The utilization of eco-friendly reinforcing materials and the fabrication of sustainable composites with enhanced mechanical and electrical properties are a subject of great scientific interest. Such research is aiming to be applied in a variety of industrial applications. In this study, polypropylene (PP) was used as a matrix material and combined with biochar (BC) as a filler at different loadings (2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, and 10.0 wt %) to produce reinforced composites. Biochar was produced from olive tree prunings. Additively manufactured specimens underwent a variety of tests (fourteen in total) regarding their thermal, structural, mechanical, morphological, and electrical properties. The mechanical properties of the PP were improved by the addition of 4.0 wt % biochar, as the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity, presented a 28.4 % and 24.3 % increase compared to that of pure PP. Overall, the 6 wt % was the optimum loading considering all the tests conducted. The thermal stability of the PP/BC composites was significantly improved compared to that of pure PP. At a filler loading of 8.0 wt %, the dc-conductivity of PP/biochar composite increased by more than 9 orders of magnitude, suggesting the existence of a percolation threshold, above which the polymer composite switches from insulating behavior to a conductive state. Overall, biochar addition had a positive impact on all measured quantities and proved to be an eco-friendly material suitable for use in various applications of additive manufacturing (AM). [Display omitted] •Reinforcement of MEX 3D printed parts with the eco-friendly biochar, derived from olive trees.•The popular Polypropylene was the matrix material.•Eco-friendly composites achieved high-performance mechanical properties.•28.4 % and 24.3 % 9 improvement in tensile strength and modulus vs. pure PP for the 4.0 wt. % biochar loaded composite.•Electric conductivity was induced to the composites by the biochar filler (increased by 9 order of magnitude).
ArticleNumber	107272
Author	Petousis, Markos Kalderis, Dimitrios Spiridaki, Mariza Argyros, Apostolos Vidakis, Nectarios Maravelakis, Emmanuel Mountakis, Nikolaos Saltas, Vassilios Bolanakis, Nikolaos Papadakis, Vassilis Michailidis, Nikolaos
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Markos orcidid: 0000-0003-1312-7898 surname: Petousis fullname: Petousis, Markos organization: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, 71410, Greece – sequence: 2 givenname: Emmanuel orcidid: 0000-0002-3193-9446 surname: Maravelakis fullname: Maravelakis, Emmanuel organization: Department of Electronic Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Chania, 73133, Greece – sequence: 3 givenname: Dimitrios orcidid: 0000-0002-4983-065X surname: Kalderis fullname: Kalderis, Dimitrios organization: Department of Electronic Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Chania, 73133, Greece – sequence: 4 givenname: Vassilios surname: Saltas fullname: Saltas, Vassilios organization: Department of Electronic Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Chania, 73133, Greece – sequence: 5 givenname: Nikolaos orcidid: 0000-0003-4509-8753 surname: Mountakis fullname: Mountakis, Nikolaos organization: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, 71410, Greece – sequence: 6 givenname: Mariza orcidid: 0009-0004-0073-284X surname: Spiridaki fullname: Spiridaki, Mariza organization: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, 71410, Greece – sequence: 7 givenname: Nikolaos orcidid: 0000-0002-7749-0277 surname: Bolanakis fullname: Bolanakis, Nikolaos organization: Department of Electronic Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Chania, 73133, Greece – sequence: 8 givenname: Apostolos orcidid: 0000-0002-7982-7742 surname: Argyros fullname: Argyros, Apostolos organization: Physical Metallurgy Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece – sequence: 9 givenname: Vassilis orcidid: 0000-0003-3188-4577 surname: Papadakis fullname: Papadakis, Vassilis organization: Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, University of West Attica, 122 43, Athens, Greece – sequence: 10 givenname: Nikolaos orcidid: 0000-0002-4291-5327 surname: Michailidis fullname: Michailidis, Nikolaos organization: Physical Metallurgy Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece – sequence: 11 givenname: Nectarios orcidid: 0000-0002-6100-932X surname: Vidakis fullname: Vidakis, Nectarios email: vidakis@hmu.gr organization: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, 71410, Greece
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SubjectTerms	Additive manufacturing Biochar bioenergy biomass Electrical conductivity Material extrusion modulus of elasticity Olea europaea Polypropylene polypropylenes tensile strength thermal stability
Title	Biochar for sustainable additive manufacturing: Thermal, mechanical, electrical, and rheological responses of polypropylene-biochar composites
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