Real-time electron clustering in an event-driven hybrid pixel detector
•direct electron detectors produce clusters of pixel hits for each single electron.•a flow-counting algorithm with adaptive buffer size enable real-time analysis.•electron arrival times in continuous beams follow Poisson statistics.•femtosecond multi-electron pulses have anti-correlation effects. Ev...
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| Vydáno v: | Ultramicroscopy Ročník 255; s. 113864 |
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| Hlavní autoři: | , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
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Elsevier B.V
01.01.2024
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| ISSN: | 0304-3991, 1879-2723, 1879-2723 |
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| Abstract | •direct electron detectors produce clusters of pixel hits for each single electron.•a flow-counting algorithm with adaptive buffer size enable real-time analysis.•electron arrival times in continuous beams follow Poisson statistics.•femtosecond multi-electron pulses have anti-correlation effects.
Event-driven hybrid pixel detectors with nanosecond time resolution have opened up novel pathways in modern ultrafast electron microscopy, for example in hyperspectral electron-energy loss spectroscopy or free-electron quantum optics. However, the impinging electrons typically excite more than one pixel of the device, and an efficient algorithm is therefore needed to convert the measured pixel hits to real single-electron events. Here we present a robust clustering algorithm that is fast enough to find clusters in a continuous stream of raw data in real time. Each tuple of position and arrival time from the detector is continuously compared to a buffer of previous hits until the probability of a merger with an old event becomes irrelevant. In this way, the computation time becomes independent of the density of electron arrival and the algorithm does not break the operation chain. We showcase the performance of the algorithm with a ‘timepix’ camera in two regimes of electron microscopy, in continuous beam emission and laser-triggered femtosecond mode. |
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| AbstractList | •direct electron detectors produce clusters of pixel hits for each single electron.•a flow-counting algorithm with adaptive buffer size enable real-time analysis.•electron arrival times in continuous beams follow Poisson statistics.•femtosecond multi-electron pulses have anti-correlation effects.
Event-driven hybrid pixel detectors with nanosecond time resolution have opened up novel pathways in modern ultrafast electron microscopy, for example in hyperspectral electron-energy loss spectroscopy or free-electron quantum optics. However, the impinging electrons typically excite more than one pixel of the device, and an efficient algorithm is therefore needed to convert the measured pixel hits to real single-electron events. Here we present a robust clustering algorithm that is fast enough to find clusters in a continuous stream of raw data in real time. Each tuple of position and arrival time from the detector is continuously compared to a buffer of previous hits until the probability of a merger with an old event becomes irrelevant. In this way, the computation time becomes independent of the density of electron arrival and the algorithm does not break the operation chain. We showcase the performance of the algorithm with a ‘timepix’ camera in two regimes of electron microscopy, in continuous beam emission and laser-triggered femtosecond mode. Event-driven hybrid pixel detectors with nanosecond time resolution have opened up novel pathways in modern ultrafast electron microscopy, for example in hyperspectral electron-energy loss spectroscopy or free-electron quantum optics. However, the impinging electrons typically excite more than one pixel of the device, and an efficient algorithm is therefore needed to convert the measured pixel hits to real single-electron events. Here we present a robust clustering algorithm that is fast enough to find clusters in a continuous stream of raw data in real time. Each tuple of position and arrival time from the detector is continuously compared to a buffer of previous hits until the probability of a merger with an old event becomes irrelevant. In this way, the computation time becomes independent of the density of electron arrival and the algorithm does not break the operation chain. We showcase the performance of the algorithm with a 'timepix' camera in two regimes of electron microscopy, in continuous beam emission and laser-triggered femtosecond mode.Event-driven hybrid pixel detectors with nanosecond time resolution have opened up novel pathways in modern ultrafast electron microscopy, for example in hyperspectral electron-energy loss spectroscopy or free-electron quantum optics. However, the impinging electrons typically excite more than one pixel of the device, and an efficient algorithm is therefore needed to convert the measured pixel hits to real single-electron events. Here we present a robust clustering algorithm that is fast enough to find clusters in a continuous stream of raw data in real time. Each tuple of position and arrival time from the detector is continuously compared to a buffer of previous hits until the probability of a merger with an old event becomes irrelevant. In this way, the computation time becomes independent of the density of electron arrival and the algorithm does not break the operation chain. We showcase the performance of the algorithm with a 'timepix' camera in two regimes of electron microscopy, in continuous beam emission and laser-triggered femtosecond mode. |
| ArticleNumber | 113864 |
| Author | Holder, J. Kuttruff, J. Baum, P. Meng, Y. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: J. surname: Kuttruff fullname: Kuttruff, J. – sequence: 2 givenname: J. surname: Holder fullname: Holder, J. – sequence: 3 givenname: Y. surname: Meng fullname: Meng, Y. – sequence: 4 givenname: P. orcidid: 0000-0002-1521-8729 surname: Baum fullname: Baum, P. email: peter.baum@uni-konstanz.de |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.12.005 10.1038/s41567-023-02059-7 10.1126/science.abo5037 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.125501 10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.180602 10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.165501 10.1017/S0033583516000068 10.1038/nmeth.2472 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.113091 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c00839 10.1038/nature19948 10.1107/S1600577518013838 10.1103/PhysRevResearch.3.043033 10.1038/s41567-023-02067-7 10.1093/comjnl/16.1.30 10.1073/pnas.1010165107 10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113539 10.1038/nphoton.2013.315 10.1126/sciadv.abq4947 10.1063/1.4983226 10.1016/j.nima.2017.07.037 10.1126/science.abj7128 10.1126/science.1166135 10.1063/1.5092945 10.1038/s41586-023-06074-9 |
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| Keywords | Direct electron detector Cluster algorithm Femtosecond electron pulses Poisson statistics |
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| Snippet | •direct electron detectors produce clusters of pixel hits for each single electron.•a flow-counting algorithm with adaptive buffer size enable real-time... Event-driven hybrid pixel detectors with nanosecond time resolution have opened up novel pathways in modern ultrafast electron microscopy, for example in... |
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| SubjectTerms | Cluster algorithm Direct electron detector Femtosecond electron pulses Poisson statistics |
| Title | Real-time electron clustering in an event-driven hybrid pixel detector |
| URI | https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113864 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2878020411 |
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