Ethics of Artificial Intelligence in Radiology: Summary of the Joint European and North American Multisociety Statement
This is a condensed summary of an international multisociety statement on ethics of artificial intelligence (AI) in radiology produced by the ACR, European Society of Radiology, RSNA, Society for Imaging Informatics in Medicine, European Society of Medical Imaging Informatics, Canadian Association o...
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| Vydáno v: | Radiology Ročník 293; číslo 2; s. 436 |
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| Hlavní autoři: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
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United States
01.11.2019
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| ISSN: | 1527-1315, 1527-1315 |
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| Abstract | This is a condensed summary of an international multisociety statement on ethics of artificial intelligence (AI) in radiology produced by the ACR, European Society of Radiology, RSNA, Society for Imaging Informatics in Medicine, European Society of Medical Imaging Informatics, Canadian Association of Radiologists, and American Association of Physicists in Medicine. AI has great potential to increase efficiency and accuracy throughout radiology, but it also carries inherent pitfalls and biases. Widespread use of AI-based intelligent and autonomous systems in radiology can increase the risk of systemic errors with high consequence and highlights complex ethical and societal issues. Currently, there is little experience using AI for patient care in diverse clinical settings. Extensive research is needed to understand how to best deploy AI in clinical practice. This statement highlights our consensus that ethical use of AI in radiology should promote well-being, minimize harm, and ensure that the benefits and harms are distributed among stakeholders in a just manner. We believe AI should respect human rights and freedoms, including dignity and privacy. It should be designed for maximum transparency and dependability. Ultimate responsibility and accountability for AI remains with its human designers and operators for the foreseeable future. The radiology community should start now to develop codes of ethics and practice for AI that promote any use that helps patients and the common good and should block use of radiology data and algorithms for financial gain without those two attributes. This article is a simultaneous joint publication in
,
,
, and
. Published under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. |
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| AbstractList | This is a condensed summary of an international multisociety statement on ethics of artificial intelligence (AI) in radiology produced by the ACR, European Society of Radiology, RSNA, Society for Imaging Informatics in Medicine, European Society of Medical Imaging Informatics, Canadian Association of Radiologists, and American Association of Physicists in Medicine. AI has great potential to increase efficiency and accuracy throughout radiology, but it also carries inherent pitfalls and biases. Widespread use of AI-based intelligent and autonomous systems in radiology can increase the risk of systemic errors with high consequence and highlights complex ethical and societal issues. Currently, there is little experience using AI for patient care in diverse clinical settings. Extensive research is needed to understand how to best deploy AI in clinical practice. This statement highlights our consensus that ethical use of AI in radiology should promote well-being, minimize harm, and ensure that the benefits and harms are distributed among stakeholders in a just manner. We believe AI should respect human rights and freedoms, including dignity and privacy. It should be designed for maximum transparency and dependability. Ultimate responsibility and accountability for AI remains with its human designers and operators for the foreseeable future. The radiology community should start now to develop codes of ethics and practice for AI that promote any use that helps patients and the common good and should block use of radiology data and algorithms for financial gain without those two attributes. This article is a simultaneous joint publication in
,
,
, and
. Published under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. This is a condensed summary of an international multisociety statement on ethics of artificial intelligence (AI) in radiology produced by the ACR, European Society of Radiology, RSNA, Society for Imaging Informatics in Medicine, European Society of Medical Imaging Informatics, Canadian Association of Radiologists, and American Association of Physicists in Medicine. AI has great potential to increase efficiency and accuracy throughout radiology, but it also carries inherent pitfalls and biases. Widespread use of AI-based intelligent and autonomous systems in radiology can increase the risk of systemic errors with high consequence and highlights complex ethical and societal issues. Currently, there is little experience using AI for patient care in diverse clinical settings. Extensive research is needed to understand how to best deploy AI in clinical practice. This statement highlights our consensus that ethical use of AI in radiology should promote well-being, minimize harm, and ensure that the benefits and harms are distributed among stakeholders in a just manner. We believe AI should respect human rights and freedoms, including dignity and privacy. It should be designed for maximum transparency and dependability. Ultimate responsibility and accountability for AI remains with its human designers and operators for the foreseeable future. The radiology community should start now to develop codes of ethics and practice for AI that promote any use that helps patients and the common good and should block use of radiology data and algorithms for financial gain without those two attributes. This article is a simultaneous joint publication in Radiology, Journal of the American College of Radiology, Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal, and Insights into Imaging. Published under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Online supplemental material is available for this article.This is a condensed summary of an international multisociety statement on ethics of artificial intelligence (AI) in radiology produced by the ACR, European Society of Radiology, RSNA, Society for Imaging Informatics in Medicine, European Society of Medical Imaging Informatics, Canadian Association of Radiologists, and American Association of Physicists in Medicine. AI has great potential to increase efficiency and accuracy throughout radiology, but it also carries inherent pitfalls and biases. Widespread use of AI-based intelligent and autonomous systems in radiology can increase the risk of systemic errors with high consequence and highlights complex ethical and societal issues. Currently, there is little experience using AI for patient care in diverse clinical settings. Extensive research is needed to understand how to best deploy AI in clinical practice. This statement highlights our consensus that ethical use of AI in radiology should promote well-being, minimize harm, and ensure that the benefits and harms are distributed among stakeholders in a just manner. We believe AI should respect human rights and freedoms, including dignity and privacy. It should be designed for maximum transparency and dependability. Ultimate responsibility and accountability for AI remains with its human designers and operators for the foreseeable future. The radiology community should start now to develop codes of ethics and practice for AI that promote any use that helps patients and the common good and should block use of radiology data and algorithms for financial gain without those two attributes. This article is a simultaneous joint publication in Radiology, Journal of the American College of Radiology, Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal, and Insights into Imaging. Published under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Online supplemental material is available for this article. |
| Author | Geis, J Raymond Birch, Judy Cook, Tessa S Langer, Steve G Ranschaert, Erik Morgan, Matthew B Wawira Gichoya, Judy Jaremko, Jacob L Safdar, Nabile M Brady, Adrian P Kotter, Elmar Borondy Kitts, Andrea van den Hoven van Genderen, Robert Tang, An Kohli, Marc Wu, Carol C Spencer, Jack Shields, William F |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: J Raymond orcidid: 0000-0003-4361-6158 surname: Geis fullname: Geis, J Raymond organization: From the American College of Radiology Data Science Institute, Reston, Va (J.R.G.); Department of Radiology, National Jewish Health, 3401 Shore Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80524 (J.R.G.); Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (A.B.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.C.W.); MIT, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, Cambridge, Mass (J.S.); Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (E.R.); Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (J.L.J.); Radiology Department-Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.G.L.); Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Burlington, Mass (A.B.K.); Pelvic Pain Support Network, Poole, UK (J.B.); General Counsel, American College of Radiology, Reston, Va (W.F.S.); Center of Law and Internet, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.v.d.H.v.G.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany (E.K.); Department of Interventional Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (J.W.G.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga (J.W.G., N.MS.); Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (T.S.C.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (M.B.M.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF, San Francisco, Calif (M.K.) – sequence: 2 givenname: Adrian P surname: Brady fullname: Brady, Adrian P organization: From the American College of Radiology Data Science Institute, Reston, Va (J.R.G.); Department of Radiology, National Jewish Health, 3401 Shore Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80524 (J.R.G.); Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (A.B.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.C.W.); MIT, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, Cambridge, Mass (J.S.); Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (E.R.); Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (J.L.J.); Radiology Department-Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.G.L.); Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Burlington, Mass (A.B.K.); Pelvic Pain Support Network, Poole, UK (J.B.); General Counsel, American College of Radiology, Reston, Va (W.F.S.); Center of Law and Internet, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.v.d.H.v.G.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany (E.K.); Department of Interventional Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (J.W.G.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga (J.W.G., N.MS.); Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (T.S.C.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (M.B.M.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF, San Francisco, Calif (M.K.) – sequence: 3 givenname: Carol C surname: Wu fullname: Wu, Carol C organization: From the American College of Radiology Data Science Institute, Reston, Va (J.R.G.); Department of Radiology, National Jewish Health, 3401 Shore Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80524 (J.R.G.); Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (A.B.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.C.W.); MIT, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, Cambridge, Mass (J.S.); Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (E.R.); Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (J.L.J.); Radiology Department-Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.G.L.); Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Burlington, Mass (A.B.K.); Pelvic Pain Support Network, Poole, UK (J.B.); General Counsel, American College of Radiology, Reston, Va (W.F.S.); Center of Law and Internet, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.v.d.H.v.G.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany (E.K.); Department of Interventional Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (J.W.G.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga (J.W.G., N.MS.); Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (T.S.C.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (M.B.M.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF, San Francisco, Calif (M.K.) – sequence: 4 givenname: Jack surname: Spencer fullname: Spencer, Jack organization: From the American College of Radiology Data Science Institute, Reston, Va (J.R.G.); Department of Radiology, National Jewish Health, 3401 Shore Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80524 (J.R.G.); Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (A.B.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.C.W.); MIT, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, Cambridge, Mass (J.S.); Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (E.R.); Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (J.L.J.); Radiology Department-Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.G.L.); Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Burlington, Mass (A.B.K.); Pelvic Pain Support Network, Poole, UK (J.B.); General Counsel, American College of Radiology, Reston, Va (W.F.S.); Center of Law and Internet, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.v.d.H.v.G.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany (E.K.); Department of Interventional Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (J.W.G.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga (J.W.G., N.MS.); Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (T.S.C.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (M.B.M.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF, San Francisco, Calif (M.K.) – sequence: 5 givenname: Erik surname: Ranschaert fullname: Ranschaert, Erik organization: From the American College of Radiology Data Science Institute, Reston, Va (J.R.G.); Department of Radiology, National Jewish Health, 3401 Shore Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80524 (J.R.G.); Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (A.B.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.C.W.); MIT, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, Cambridge, Mass (J.S.); Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (E.R.); Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (J.L.J.); Radiology Department-Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.G.L.); Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Burlington, Mass (A.B.K.); Pelvic Pain Support Network, Poole, UK (J.B.); General Counsel, American College of Radiology, Reston, Va (W.F.S.); Center of Law and Internet, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.v.d.H.v.G.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany (E.K.); Department of Interventional Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (J.W.G.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga (J.W.G., N.MS.); Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (T.S.C.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (M.B.M.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF, San Francisco, Calif (M.K.) – sequence: 6 givenname: Jacob L orcidid: 0000-0001-5314-2297 surname: Jaremko fullname: Jaremko, Jacob L organization: From the American College of Radiology Data Science Institute, Reston, Va (J.R.G.); Department of Radiology, National Jewish Health, 3401 Shore Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80524 (J.R.G.); Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (A.B.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.C.W.); MIT, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, Cambridge, Mass (J.S.); Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (E.R.); Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (J.L.J.); Radiology Department-Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.G.L.); Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Burlington, Mass (A.B.K.); Pelvic Pain Support Network, Poole, UK (J.B.); General Counsel, American College of Radiology, Reston, Va (W.F.S.); Center of Law and Internet, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.v.d.H.v.G.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany (E.K.); Department of Interventional Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (J.W.G.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga (J.W.G., N.MS.); Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (T.S.C.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (M.B.M.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF, San Francisco, Calif (M.K.) – sequence: 7 givenname: Steve G surname: Langer fullname: Langer, Steve G organization: From the American College of Radiology Data Science Institute, Reston, Va (J.R.G.); Department of Radiology, National Jewish Health, 3401 Shore Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80524 (J.R.G.); Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (A.B.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.C.W.); MIT, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, Cambridge, Mass (J.S.); Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (E.R.); Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (J.L.J.); Radiology Department-Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.G.L.); Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Burlington, Mass (A.B.K.); Pelvic Pain Support Network, Poole, UK (J.B.); General Counsel, American College of Radiology, Reston, Va (W.F.S.); Center of Law and Internet, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.v.d.H.v.G.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany (E.K.); Department of Interventional Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (J.W.G.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga (J.W.G., N.MS.); Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (T.S.C.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (M.B.M.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF, San Francisco, Calif (M.K.) – sequence: 8 givenname: Andrea surname: Borondy Kitts fullname: Borondy Kitts, Andrea organization: From the American College of Radiology Data Science Institute, Reston, Va (J.R.G.); Department of Radiology, National Jewish Health, 3401 Shore Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80524 (J.R.G.); Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (A.B.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.C.W.); MIT, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, Cambridge, Mass (J.S.); Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (E.R.); Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (J.L.J.); Radiology Department-Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.G.L.); Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Burlington, Mass (A.B.K.); Pelvic Pain Support Network, Poole, UK (J.B.); General Counsel, American College of Radiology, Reston, Va (W.F.S.); Center of Law and Internet, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.v.d.H.v.G.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany (E.K.); Department of Interventional Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (J.W.G.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga (J.W.G., N.MS.); Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (T.S.C.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (M.B.M.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF, San Francisco, Calif (M.K.) – sequence: 9 givenname: Judy surname: Birch fullname: Birch, Judy organization: From the American College of Radiology Data Science Institute, Reston, Va (J.R.G.); Department of Radiology, National Jewish Health, 3401 Shore Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80524 (J.R.G.); Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (A.B.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.C.W.); MIT, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, Cambridge, Mass (J.S.); Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (E.R.); Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (J.L.J.); Radiology Department-Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.G.L.); Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Burlington, Mass (A.B.K.); Pelvic Pain Support Network, Poole, UK (J.B.); General Counsel, American College of Radiology, Reston, Va (W.F.S.); Center of Law and Internet, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.v.d.H.v.G.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany (E.K.); Department of Interventional Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (J.W.G.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga (J.W.G., N.MS.); Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (T.S.C.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (M.B.M.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF, San Francisco, Calif (M.K.) – sequence: 10 givenname: William F surname: Shields fullname: Shields, William F organization: From the American College of Radiology Data Science Institute, Reston, Va (J.R.G.); Department of Radiology, National Jewish Health, 3401 Shore Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80524 (J.R.G.); Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (A.B.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.C.W.); MIT, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, Cambridge, Mass (J.S.); Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (E.R.); Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (J.L.J.); Radiology Department-Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.G.L.); Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Burlington, Mass (A.B.K.); Pelvic Pain Support Network, Poole, UK (J.B.); General Counsel, American College of Radiology, Reston, Va (W.F.S.); Center of Law and Internet, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.v.d.H.v.G.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany (E.K.); Department of Interventional Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (J.W.G.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga (J.W.G., N.MS.); Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (T.S.C.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (M.B.M.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF, San Francisco, Calif (M.K.) – sequence: 11 givenname: Robert surname: van den Hoven van Genderen fullname: van den Hoven van Genderen, Robert organization: From the American College of Radiology Data Science Institute, Reston, Va (J.R.G.); Department of Radiology, National Jewish Health, 3401 Shore Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80524 (J.R.G.); Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (A.B.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.C.W.); MIT, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, Cambridge, Mass (J.S.); Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (E.R.); Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (J.L.J.); Radiology Department-Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.G.L.); Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Burlington, Mass (A.B.K.); Pelvic Pain Support Network, Poole, UK (J.B.); General Counsel, American College of Radiology, Reston, Va (W.F.S.); Center of Law and Internet, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.v.d.H.v.G.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany (E.K.); Department of Interventional Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (J.W.G.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga (J.W.G., N.MS.); Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (T.S.C.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (M.B.M.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF, San Francisco, Calif (M.K.) – sequence: 12 givenname: Elmar orcidid: 0000-0001-9022-6000 surname: Kotter fullname: Kotter, Elmar organization: From the American College of Radiology Data Science Institute, Reston, Va (J.R.G.); Department of Radiology, National Jewish Health, 3401 Shore Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80524 (J.R.G.); Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (A.B.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.C.W.); MIT, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, Cambridge, Mass (J.S.); Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (E.R.); Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (J.L.J.); Radiology Department-Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.G.L.); Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Burlington, Mass (A.B.K.); Pelvic Pain Support Network, Poole, UK (J.B.); General Counsel, American College of Radiology, Reston, Va (W.F.S.); Center of Law and Internet, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.v.d.H.v.G.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany (E.K.); Department of Interventional Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (J.W.G.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga (J.W.G., N.MS.); Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (T.S.C.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (M.B.M.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF, San Francisco, Calif (M.K.) – sequence: 13 givenname: Judy orcidid: 0000-0002-1097-316X surname: Wawira Gichoya fullname: Wawira Gichoya, Judy organization: From the American College of Radiology Data Science Institute, Reston, Va (J.R.G.); Department of Radiology, National Jewish Health, 3401 Shore Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80524 (J.R.G.); Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (A.B.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.C.W.); MIT, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, Cambridge, Mass (J.S.); Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (E.R.); Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (J.L.J.); Radiology Department-Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.G.L.); Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Burlington, Mass (A.B.K.); Pelvic Pain Support Network, Poole, UK (J.B.); General Counsel, American College of Radiology, Reston, Va (W.F.S.); Center of Law and Internet, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.v.d.H.v.G.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany (E.K.); Department of Interventional Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (J.W.G.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga (J.W.G., N.MS.); Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (T.S.C.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (M.B.M.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF, San Francisco, Calif (M.K.) – sequence: 14 givenname: Tessa S orcidid: 0000-0002-6007-7267 surname: Cook fullname: Cook, Tessa S organization: From the American College of Radiology Data Science Institute, Reston, Va (J.R.G.); Department of Radiology, National Jewish Health, 3401 Shore Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80524 (J.R.G.); Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (A.B.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.C.W.); MIT, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, Cambridge, Mass (J.S.); Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (E.R.); Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (J.L.J.); Radiology Department-Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.G.L.); Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Burlington, Mass (A.B.K.); Pelvic Pain Support Network, Poole, UK (J.B.); General Counsel, American College of Radiology, Reston, Va (W.F.S.); Center of Law and Internet, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.v.d.H.v.G.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany (E.K.); Department of Interventional Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (J.W.G.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga (J.W.G., N.MS.); Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (T.S.C.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (M.B.M.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF, San Francisco, Calif (M.K.) – sequence: 15 givenname: Matthew B surname: Morgan fullname: Morgan, Matthew B organization: From the American College of Radiology Data Science Institute, Reston, Va (J.R.G.); Department of Radiology, National Jewish Health, 3401 Shore Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80524 (J.R.G.); Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (A.B.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.C.W.); MIT, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, Cambridge, Mass (J.S.); Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (E.R.); Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (J.L.J.); Radiology Department-Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.G.L.); 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Department of Radiology, National Jewish Health, 3401 Shore Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80524 (J.R.G.); Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (A.B.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.C.W.); MIT, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, Cambridge, Mass (J.S.); Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (E.R.); Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (J.L.J.); Radiology Department-Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.G.L.); Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Burlington, Mass (A.B.K.); Pelvic Pain Support Network, Poole, UK (J.B.); General Counsel, American College of Radiology, Reston, Va (W.F.S.); Center of Law and Internet, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.v.d.H.v.G.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany (E.K.); Department of Interventional Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (J.W.G.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga (J.W.G., N.MS.); Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (T.S.C.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (M.B.M.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF, San Francisco, Calif (M.K.) – sequence: 17 givenname: Nabile M orcidid: 0000-0002-1131-8052 surname: Safdar fullname: Safdar, Nabile M organization: From the American College of Radiology Data Science Institute, Reston, Va (J.R.G.); Department of Radiology, National Jewish Health, 3401 Shore Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80524 (J.R.G.); Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (A.B.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.C.W.); MIT, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, Cambridge, Mass (J.S.); Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (E.R.); Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (J.L.J.); Radiology Department-Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.G.L.); Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Burlington, Mass (A.B.K.); Pelvic Pain Support Network, Poole, UK (J.B.); General Counsel, American College of Radiology, Reston, Va (W.F.S.); Center of Law and Internet, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.v.d.H.v.G.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany (E.K.); Department of Interventional Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (J.W.G.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga (J.W.G., N.MS.); Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (T.S.C.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (M.B.M.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF, San Francisco, Calif (M.K.) – sequence: 18 givenname: Marc orcidid: 0000-0003-3720-0156 surname: Kohli fullname: Kohli, Marc organization: From the American College of Radiology Data Science Institute, Reston, Va (J.R.G.); Department of Radiology, National Jewish Health, 3401 Shore Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80524 (J.R.G.); Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (A.B.); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (C.C.W.); MIT, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, Cambridge, Mass (J.S.); Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (E.R.); Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (J.L.J.); Radiology Department-Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.G.L.); Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Burlington, Mass (A.B.K.); Pelvic Pain Support Network, Poole, UK (J.B.); General Counsel, American College of Radiology, Reston, Va (W.F.S.); Center of Law and Internet, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.v.d.H.v.G.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany (E.K.); Department of Interventional Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore (J.W.G.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga (J.W.G., N.MS.); Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (T.S.C.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (M.B.M.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (A.T.); and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF, San Francisco, Calif (M.K.) |
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