The fall of a city: Refugees, exodus and exile in Ernest Hemingway’s Istanbul, 1922
Ernest Hemingway arrived in Istanbul on 30 September 1922 to cover the end of the Greek–Turkish War for the Toronto Star. From late October to mid-November 1922, Hemingway wrote 20 articles about the last days of the war and the re-constellation of political legitimacy in the region. There are four...
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| Vydáno v: | Journal of European studies Ročník 53; číslo 3; s. 234 - 252 |
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| Jazyk: | angličtina |
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London, England
SAGE Publications
01.09.2023
Sage Publications Ltd |
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| ISSN: | 0047-2441, 1740-2379 |
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| Abstract | Ernest Hemingway arrived in Istanbul on 30 September 1922 to cover the end of the Greek–Turkish War for the Toronto Star. From late October to mid-November 1922, Hemingway wrote 20 articles about the last days of the war and the re-constellation of political legitimacy in the region. There are four distinguishing features of Hemingway’s reports from Constantinople. First, they provided an eloquent depiction of the city, suggesting the charm and squalor of old ‘Constan’ for the young writer. The second was a clear expectation of a ‘second disaster’, which was assumed to be a replica of Smyrna. Hemingway clearly observed the fears of non-Muslims and foreigners in the city, who were panicking over possible new massacres and pillage. Third, Hemingway quickly realized that the exodus of people – the desperate flight of Christian refugees – and Turkification of the country would be his main subject. His repeated emphasis on refugees permanent loss of a home is reminiscent of Hannah Arendt’s famous essay ‘We Refugees’, as well as a precursor to Agamben’s point that refugees are reduced to ‘bare life’. Lastly, his prose relied on irony and cynicism, as a cover for his disappointment and shame for humanity and modern civilization. Juxtaposing his writing with contemporary local accounts, I intend to situate his witnessing into the larger historiography of ‘Armistice Istanbul’ and the homogenization policies of the winning Turkish nationalist leadership. Hemingway’s critique of (homogeneous) nation-state formation after the war and the favourable involvement of the Allied countries and humanitarian agencies in the mass production of refugees was quite exceptional and ahead of his times. |
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| AbstractList | Ernest Hemingway arrived in Istanbul on 30 September 1922 to cover the end of the Greek–Turkish War for the Toronto Star. From late October to mid-November 1922, Hemingway wrote 20 articles about the last days of the war and the re-constellation of political legitimacy in the region. There are four distinguishing features of Hemingway’s reports from Constantinople. First, they provided an eloquent depiction of the city, suggesting the charm and squalor of old ‘Constan’ for the young writer. The second was a clear expectation of a ‘second disaster’, which was assumed to be a replica of Smyrna. Hemingway clearly observed the fears of non-Muslims and foreigners in the city, who were panicking over possible new massacres and pillage. Third, Hemingway quickly realized that the exodus of people – the desperate flight of Christian refugees – and Turkification of the country would be his main subject. His repeated emphasis on refugees permanent loss of a home is reminiscent of Hannah Arendt’s famous essay ‘We Refugees’, as well as a precursor to Agamben’s point that refugees are reduced to ‘bare life’. Lastly, his prose relied on irony and cynicism, as a cover for his disappointment and shame for humanity and modern civilization. Juxtaposing his writing with contemporary local accounts, I intend to situate his witnessing into the larger historiography of ‘Armistice Istanbul’ and the homogenization policies of the winning Turkish nationalist leadership. Hemingway’s critique of (homogeneous) nation-state formation after the war and the favourable involvement of the Allied countries and humanitarian agencies in the mass production of refugees was quite exceptional and ahead of his times. |
| Author | Maksudyan, Nazan |
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| Cites_doi | 10.2307/26367242 10.1080/14683849.2015.1024389 10.1163/9789004434530 10.1525/california/9780520279308.001.0001 10.1093/hwj/dbi005 10.1016/j.polgeo.2015.06.006 10.2307/j.ctv102bczp 10.1080/00397709.1995.10733798 10.1093/jrs/12.3.237 10.1353/hem.2019.0005 10.1163/23519924-00601002 10.1163/9789004346253_012 10.1215/1089201x-2008-009 10.5040/9780755609024 10.1215/1089201x-4132917 10.1080/02619280802442613 10.1215/1089201X-2010-035 10.1353/hem.2005.0001 10.1163/9789004661141 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195143867.001.0001 10.1080/00263206.2021.2007082 10.1515/9780804797191 10.4000/diacronie.12459 10.1080/13562576.2015.1057003 10.1353/hem.2004.0014 |
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| Keywords | Allied occupation of Istanbul Smyrna Disaster Ernest Hemingway refugees Greco-Turkish War forced migration |
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| Title | The fall of a city: Refugees, exodus and exile in Ernest Hemingway’s Istanbul, 1922 |
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