Multi-rate Real Time Hybrid Simulation operated on a flexible LabVIEW real-time platform

•RTHS strategy which enables the substructure to execute at two different rates.•Optimizing computational resources while maintaining good actuator control.•Performance of the strategy is successfully evaluated on a mass-spring-damper system. This paper presents a real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS)...

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Vydáno v:	Engineering structures Ročník 239; s. 112308
Hlavní autoři:	Waldbjoern, Jacob P., Maghareh, Amin, Ou, Ge, Dyke, Shirley J., Stang, Henrik
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Kidlington Elsevier Ltd 15.07.2021 Elsevier BV
Témata:	Actuators Algorithms Computer applications Data points Digital signal processing Digital signal processors Experimental substructure Field programmable gate array Field programmable gate arrays Hardware-in-the-loop Mass-spring-damper systems Mathematical models Microprocessors Numerical models Numerical substructure Performance evaluation Polynomials Real time Real-time hybrid simulation Sampling Simulation Performance evaluation Real-time hybrid simulation Field programmable gate array Hardware-in-the-loop Experimental substructure Numerical substructure
ISSN:	0141-0296, 1873-7323
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Abstract	•RTHS strategy which enables the substructure to execute at two different rates.•Optimizing computational resources while maintaining good actuator control.•Performance of the strategy is successfully evaluated on a mass-spring-damper system. This paper presents a real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) strategy where the numerical and experimental substructures are executed at two different rates to optimize computational resources while maintaining an effective actuator control. The concept is referred to here as multi-rate real-time hybrid simulation (mrRTHS), and this approach is intended to enable low-cost RTHS by facilitating testing in the case of limited computational resources. Operated on a Laboratory Virtual Engineering Workshop (LabVIEW) real-time target, the mrRTHS concept is demonstrated through both a single- and multipledegree-of-freedom (SDOF) and (MDOF) mass-spring-damper system. The numerical substructure generates a displacement signal with a coarse time step of Δt. Using the current and three previous displacement data points, a finer control signal is defined with a time step of δt, using a third-order polynomial algorithm–referred to here as the polynomial fitting extrapolator. Both the numerical substructure and polynomial fitting extrapolator is executed with a sampling rate of Δt by an on-board single-core processor–referred to here as the digital signal processor (DSP). Through a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) the control signal is compensated and transmitted to the transfer system through an I/O module with a sampling rate of 1 kHz (i.e. δt = 0.001 sec). The ratio between Δt and δt are an integer–referred to here as the execution ratio. For an execution ratio of 1:5 and 1:10 the system performance is evaluated against a numerical model of the emulated structure–referred to here as the reference structure. For both the SDOF and MDOF system, a good correlation between the mrRTHS and reference is achieved with execution ratios of 1:5 and 1:10. When changing the execution ratio from 1:5 to 1:10, approximately 50% reduction of the required computational resources on the DSP is achieved.
AbstractList	This paper presents a real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) strategy where the numerical and experimental substructures are executed at two different rates to optimize computational resources while maintaining an effective actuator control. The concept is referred to here as multi-rate real-time hybrid simulation (mrRTHS), and this approach is intended to enable low-cost RTHS by facilitating testing in the case of limited computational resources. Operated on a Laboratory Virtual Engineering Workshop (LabVIEW) real-time target, the mrRTHS concept is demonstrated through both a single- and multipledegree-of-freedom (SDOF) and (MDOF) mass-spring-damper system. The numerical substructure generates a displacement signal with a coarse time step of Δt. Using the current and three previous displacement data points, a finer control signal is defined with a time step of δt, using a third-order polynomial algorithm–referred to here as the polynomial fitting extrapolator. Both the numerical substructure and polynomial fitting extrapolator is executed with a sampling rate of Δt by an on-board single-core processor–referred to here as the digital signal processor (DSP). Through a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) the control signal is compensated and transmitted to the transfer system through an I/O module with a sampling rate of 1 kHz (i.e. δt = 0.001 sec). The ratio between Δt and δt are an integer–referred to here as the execution ratio. For an execution ratio of 1:5 and 1:10 the system performance is evaluated against a numerical model of the emulated structure–referred to here as the reference structure. For both the SDOF and MDOF system, a good correlation between the mrRTHS and reference is achieved with execution ratios of 1:5 and 1:10. When changing the execution ratio from 1:5 to 1:10, approximately 50% reduction of the required computational resources on the DSP is achieved. •RTHS strategy which enables the substructure to execute at two different rates.•Optimizing computational resources while maintaining good actuator control.•Performance of the strategy is successfully evaluated on a mass-spring-damper system. This paper presents a real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) strategy where the numerical and experimental substructures are executed at two different rates to optimize computational resources while maintaining an effective actuator control. The concept is referred to here as multi-rate real-time hybrid simulation (mrRTHS), and this approach is intended to enable low-cost RTHS by facilitating testing in the case of limited computational resources. Operated on a Laboratory Virtual Engineering Workshop (LabVIEW) real-time target, the mrRTHS concept is demonstrated through both a single- and multipledegree-of-freedom (SDOF) and (MDOF) mass-spring-damper system. The numerical substructure generates a displacement signal with a coarse time step of Δt. Using the current and three previous displacement data points, a finer control signal is defined with a time step of δt, using a third-order polynomial algorithm–referred to here as the polynomial fitting extrapolator. Both the numerical substructure and polynomial fitting extrapolator is executed with a sampling rate of Δt by an on-board single-core processor–referred to here as the digital signal processor (DSP). Through a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) the control signal is compensated and transmitted to the transfer system through an I/O module with a sampling rate of 1 kHz (i.e. δt = 0.001 sec). The ratio between Δt and δt are an integer–referred to here as the execution ratio. For an execution ratio of 1:5 and 1:10 the system performance is evaluated against a numerical model of the emulated structure–referred to here as the reference structure. For both the SDOF and MDOF system, a good correlation between the mrRTHS and reference is achieved with execution ratios of 1:5 and 1:10. When changing the execution ratio from 1:5 to 1:10, approximately 50% reduction of the required computational resources on the DSP is achieved.
ArticleNumber	112308
Author	Waldbjoern, Jacob P. Stang, Henrik Ou, Ge Dyke, Shirley J. Maghareh, Amin
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Jacob P. surname: Waldbjoern fullname: Waldbjoern, Jacob P. email: jpwa@mek.dtu.dk organization: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Niels Koppels Allé 404, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark – sequence: 2 givenname: Amin surname: Maghareh fullname: Maghareh, Amin email: amaghare@purdue.edu organization: Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Ge surname: Ou fullname: Ou, Ge email: gou@purdue.edu organization: Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Shirley J. surname: Dyke fullname: Dyke, Shirley J. email: sdyke@purdue.edu organization: Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Henrik surname: Stang fullname: Stang, Henrik email: hs@byg.dtu.dk organization: Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Brovej 118, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Keywords	Performance evaluation Real-time hybrid simulation Field programmable gate array Hardware-in-the-loop Experimental substructure Numerical substructure
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Snippet	•RTHS strategy which enables the substructure to execute at two different rates.•Optimizing computational resources while maintaining good actuator... This paper presents a real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) strategy where the numerical and experimental substructures are executed at two different rates to...
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SubjectTerms	Actuators Algorithms Computer applications Data points Digital signal processing Digital signal processors Experimental substructure Field programmable gate array Field programmable gate arrays Hardware-in-the-loop Mass-spring-damper systems Mathematical models Microprocessors Numerical models Numerical substructure Performance evaluation Polynomials Real time Real-time hybrid simulation Sampling Simulation
Title	Multi-rate Real Time Hybrid Simulation operated on a flexible LabVIEW real-time platform
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