Impact of sea surface temperature anomalies in the East China Sea and western subtropical pacific on the august 2021 Northern Kyushu heavy precipitation

The effects of extratropical sea surface temperature (SST) heterogeneity on various atmospheric phenomena have received much attention recently. In this study, the effects of SST anomalies on heavy precipitation that occurred in northern Kyushu Island, Japan, in August 2021 are investigated with a c...

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Published in:Journal of oceanography Vol. 81; no. 3; pp. 247 - 260
Main Authors: Manda, Atsuyoshi, Sakagami, Terunobu, Nonaka, Masami, Nakamura, Hisashi, Moteki, Qoosaku, Iizuka, Satoshi
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Singapore Springer Nature Singapore 01.06.2025
Springer Nature B.V
Subjects:
Air
Anomalies
Atmospheric boundary layer
Boundary layers
Climate science
Convection
Cyclones
Earth and Environmental Science
Earth Sciences
Experiments
Freshwater & Marine Ecology
Heat flux
Heat transfer
Heterogeneity
Influence
Oceanography
Precipitation
Radiation
Rain
Sea surface temperature
Simulation
Special Section: Original Article
Static stability
Temperature anomalies
Vertical shear
Vertical stability
Winds
Japan
Atmospheric boundary layer
Heavy precipitation
Convection
Cool water
ISSN:0916-8370, 1573-868X
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Abstract The effects of extratropical sea surface temperature (SST) heterogeneity on various atmospheric phenomena have received much attention recently. In this study, the effects of SST anomalies on heavy precipitation that occurred in northern Kyushu Island, Japan, in August 2021 are investigated with a convection–permitting regional atmospheric model. The mid–August SST anomalies are found to provide the following favorable conditions for the intense precipitation. Mesoscale cyclones and associated moisture fluxes intensified over a warm SST anomaly in the northern East China Sea (ECS). The vertical shear of horizontal winds also intensified over a pair of warm and cool SST anomalies in the eastern ECS. The SST anomaly in the western subtropical North Pacific affected the static stability of the air parcels entering the precipitation area. The air parcels became more unstable even though they passed over the cool SST anomalies south of the precipitation area. This seemingly counterintuitive result can be explained by the stability of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and the height of the air parcels. The less unstable ABL over the cool SST anomaly kept the air parcels at lower altitudes, and thus they tended to be more susceptible to the influence of heat fluxes from the sea surface and, therefore, becoming more unstable. The results of this study thus provide new insight into the role of the complex SST distribution during heavy precipitation events in extratropics, suggesting the need for further studies to deepen our understanding of the atmospheric responses to the extratropical SST.
AbstractList The effects of extratropical sea surface temperature (SST) heterogeneity on various atmospheric phenomena have received much attention recently. In this study, the effects of SST anomalies on heavy precipitation that occurred in northern Kyushu Island, Japan, in August 2021 are investigated with a convection–permitting regional atmospheric model. The mid–August SST anomalies are found to provide the following favorable conditions for the intense precipitation. Mesoscale cyclones and associated moisture fluxes intensified over a warm SST anomaly in the northern East China Sea (ECS). The vertical shear of horizontal winds also intensified over a pair of warm and cool SST anomalies in the eastern ECS. The SST anomaly in the western subtropical North Pacific affected the static stability of the air parcels entering the precipitation area. The air parcels became more unstable even though they passed over the cool SST anomalies south of the precipitation area. This seemingly counterintuitive result can be explained by the stability of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and the height of the air parcels. The less unstable ABL over the cool SST anomaly kept the air parcels at lower altitudes, and thus they tended to be more susceptible to the influence of heat fluxes from the sea surface and, therefore, becoming more unstable. The results of this study thus provide new insight into the role of the complex SST distribution during heavy precipitation events in extratropics, suggesting the need for further studies to deepen our understanding of the atmospheric responses to the extratropical SST.
Author Nonaka, Masami
Nakamura, Hisashi
Manda, Atsuyoshi
Moteki, Qoosaku
Iizuka, Satoshi
Sakagami, Terunobu
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  organization: Department of Extreme Weather Disaster Research, Research Division for Storm, Flood, and Landslide Disasters, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience
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The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Oceanographic Society of Japan 2025.
Copyright_xml – notice: The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Oceanographic Society of Japan 2025 Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
– notice: The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Oceanographic Society of Japan 2025.
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Snippet The effects of extratropical sea surface temperature (SST) heterogeneity on various atmospheric phenomena have received much attention recently. In this study,...
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SubjectTerms Air
Anomalies
Atmospheric boundary layer
Boundary layers
Climate science
Convection
Cyclones
Earth and Environmental Science
Earth Sciences
Experiments
Freshwater & Marine Ecology
Heat flux
Heat transfer
Heterogeneity
Influence
Oceanography
Precipitation
Radiation
Rain
Sea surface temperature
Simulation
Special Section: Original Article
Static stability
Temperature anomalies
Vertical shear
Vertical stability
Winds
Title Impact of sea surface temperature anomalies in the East China Sea and western subtropical pacific on the august 2021 Northern Kyushu heavy precipitation
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