Adaptive conflict resolution for multi-UAV 4D routes optimization using stochastic fractal search algorithm

•An adaptive conflict resolution framework is proposed for UAV 4D route optimization.•The optimization problem is developed as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming model.•An improved stochastic fractal search algorithm is employed to solve the MINLP model.•Strategies of scheduling, speed adjustment...

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Vydáno v:Transportation research. Part C, Emerging technologies Ročník 139; s. 103666
Hlavní autoři: Pang, Bizhao, Low, Kin Huat, Lv, Chen
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:angličtina
Vydáno: Elsevier Ltd 01.06.2022
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ISSN:0968-090X, 1879-2359
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Abstract •An adaptive conflict resolution framework is proposed for UAV 4D route optimization.•The optimization problem is developed as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming model.•An improved stochastic fractal search algorithm is employed to solve the MINLP model.•Strategies of scheduling, speed adjustment, and rerouting are used for conflict resolution.•The model and algorithm are tested in simulation studies with sensitivity analysis. The increasing unmanned aircraft system (UAS) applications in urban environments pose challenges for safe and efficient low altitude air traffic management. As an essential enabler to meet these challenges, pre-flight 4D routes optimization is required to conduct conflict detection and resolution (CD&R) and to generate conflict-free flight routes before departure. Existing studies on strategic deconfliction cover several types of strategies such as scheduling or rerouting. However, a single type of strategy used to solve different types of conflicts may lead to an unsafe and inefficient way of conflict resolution. This paper proposes an adaptive decision-making framework to optimize the resolution strategies used for different types of conflicts with explainable mechanisms. The proposed framework is formulated as a double-layer optimization problem with the considerations of scheduling, speed adjustment, and rerouting strategies for conflict resolution. The first layer of the framework is established as a probabilistic selection model to make decisions on which strategy should be selected for what type of conflict. The second layer is developed as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model to optimize the decision variables of the strategies selected by the first layer. To solve the proposed double-layer optimization problem, we introduce and improve a novel meta-heuristic stochastic fractal search (SFS) algorithm with two major improvements of a penalty-guided fitness function and an exploitation-exploration balancing scheme. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed adaptive conflict resolution framework successfully optimizes the strategies used for each type of flight conflict, which subsequently optimizes the 4D routes with significant reductions in total operational cost, number of flight conflicts, and flight delays. The improved stochastic fractal search (ISFS) algorithm is also proved effective and reliable in solving the proposed optimization problem in different traffic density scenarios.
AbstractList •An adaptive conflict resolution framework is proposed for UAV 4D route optimization.•The optimization problem is developed as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming model.•An improved stochastic fractal search algorithm is employed to solve the MINLP model.•Strategies of scheduling, speed adjustment, and rerouting are used for conflict resolution.•The model and algorithm are tested in simulation studies with sensitivity analysis. The increasing unmanned aircraft system (UAS) applications in urban environments pose challenges for safe and efficient low altitude air traffic management. As an essential enabler to meet these challenges, pre-flight 4D routes optimization is required to conduct conflict detection and resolution (CD&R) and to generate conflict-free flight routes before departure. Existing studies on strategic deconfliction cover several types of strategies such as scheduling or rerouting. However, a single type of strategy used to solve different types of conflicts may lead to an unsafe and inefficient way of conflict resolution. This paper proposes an adaptive decision-making framework to optimize the resolution strategies used for different types of conflicts with explainable mechanisms. The proposed framework is formulated as a double-layer optimization problem with the considerations of scheduling, speed adjustment, and rerouting strategies for conflict resolution. The first layer of the framework is established as a probabilistic selection model to make decisions on which strategy should be selected for what type of conflict. The second layer is developed as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model to optimize the decision variables of the strategies selected by the first layer. To solve the proposed double-layer optimization problem, we introduce and improve a novel meta-heuristic stochastic fractal search (SFS) algorithm with two major improvements of a penalty-guided fitness function and an exploitation-exploration balancing scheme. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed adaptive conflict resolution framework successfully optimizes the strategies used for each type of flight conflict, which subsequently optimizes the 4D routes with significant reductions in total operational cost, number of flight conflicts, and flight delays. The improved stochastic fractal search (ISFS) algorithm is also proved effective and reliable in solving the proposed optimization problem in different traffic density scenarios.
ArticleNumber 103666
Author Lv, Chen
Low, Kin Huat
Pang, Bizhao
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  givenname: Kin Huat
  surname: Low
  fullname: Low, Kin Huat
  email: mkhlow@ntu.edu.sg
  organization: School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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  givenname: Chen
  surname: Lv
  fullname: Lv, Chen
  organization: School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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Keywords Unmanned aircraft system
Mixed-integer nonlinear programming
Third-party risk
Conflict resolution
Urban environments
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Snippet •An adaptive conflict resolution framework is proposed for UAV 4D route optimization.•The optimization problem is developed as a mixed-integer nonlinear...
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SubjectTerms Conflict resolution
Mixed-integer nonlinear programming
Third-party risk
Unmanned aircraft system
Urban environments
Title Adaptive conflict resolution for multi-UAV 4D routes optimization using stochastic fractal search algorithm
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2022.103666
Volume 139
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