Income inequality and firearm homicide in the US: a county-level cohort study

Income inequality has been rising in the US and thought to be associated with violence especially homicide. About 75% of homicides involve firearms. We quantified the association between county-level income inequality and all-race/ethnicity and race/ethnicity-specific firearm homicide rates among in...

Celý popis

Uloženo v:
Podrobná bibliografie
Vydáno v:Injury prevention Ročník 25; číslo Suppl 1; s. i25 - i30
Hlavní autoři: Rowhani-Rahbar, Ali, Quistberg, Duane Alexander, Morgan, Erin R, Hajat, Anjum, Rivara, Frederick P
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:angličtina
Vydáno: England BMJ Publishing Group LTD 01.09.2019
Témata:
Adolescent
Adult
African Americans
Age
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
Cohort analysis
Cohort Studies
Crime Victims - statistics & numerical data
Criminal investigations
Criminal statistics
Ethnicity
Family income
Female
Firearms
Firearms - statistics & numerical data
Hispanic people
Homicide
Homicide - economics
Homicide - psychology
Homicide - statistics & numerical data
Humans
Income
Income inequality
Male
Market entry
Nonviolence
Ownership - economics
Ownership - statistics & numerical data
Population
Presidential elections
Public health
Relative deprivation
Robbery
Social capital
Social Determinants of Health
Socioeconomic Factors
Socioeconomics
Spatial analysis
Underserved populations
United States - epidemiology
Variables
Violence - statistics & numerical data
Violent crime
Young Adult
United States
United States > US
income inequality
race
African-American
firearms
homicide
ISSN:1353-8047, 1475-5785, 1475-5785
On-line přístup:Získat plný text
Tagy: Přidat tag
Žádné tagy, Buďte první, kdo vytvoří štítek k tomuto záznamu!
Abstract Income inequality has been rising in the US and thought to be associated with violence especially homicide. About 75% of homicides involve firearms. We quantified the association between county-level income inequality and all-race/ethnicity and race/ethnicity-specific firearm homicide rates among individuals aged 14-39 years. We conducted a cohort study of US counties to examine the association of Gini Index (ranging from 0 [perfect income equality] to 1.0 [perfect income inequality]) separately measured in 1990 and 2000 with all-race/ethnicity and race/ethnicity-specific firearm homicide rates in 2005-2015. Generalised linear mixed models with Poisson distribution including a random intercept for state provided IRRs and 95% CIs. Bayesian Poisson-lognormal hierarchical modelling with integrated nested Laplace approximations was used in exploratory spatial analyses. Models accounted for county-level age, sex and race/ethnicity composition, crime rate, deprivation, social capital, urbanicity, and firearm ownership. The Gini Index was associated with firearm homicide rates among all races/ethnicities. After accounting for contextual determinants of firearm homicide, the association persisted among African-Americans. In this group, a 1 SD greater Gini Index in 1990 (IRR=1.09; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.16) and 2000 (IRR=1.09; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.17) was associated with greater firearm homicide rates in 2005-2015. Exploratory spatial analyses did not materially change the results. Policies addressing the gap between the rich and the poor deserve further considerations for reducing firearm homicide rates. Incorporating income inequality to refine measures of socioeconomic position may advance public health and clinical research and practice for firearm violence prevention.
AbstractList ObjectiveIncome inequality has been rising in the US and thought to be associated with violence especially homicide. About 75% of homicides involve firearms. We quantified the association between county-level income inequality and all-race/ethnicity and race/ethnicity-specific firearm homicide rates among individuals aged 14–39 years.MethodsWe conducted a cohort study of US counties to examine the association of Gini Index (ranging from 0 [perfect income equality] to 1.0 [perfect income inequality]) separately measured in 1990 and 2000 with all-race/ethnicity and race/ethnicity-specific firearm homicide rates in 2005–2015. Generalised linear mixed models with Poisson distribution including a random intercept for state provided IRRs and 95% CIs. Bayesian Poisson-lognormal hierarchical modelling with integrated nested Laplace approximations was used in exploratory spatial analyses. Models accounted for county-level age, sex and race/ethnicity composition, crime rate, deprivation, social capital, urbanicity, and firearm ownership.FindingsThe Gini Index was associated with firearm homicide rates among all races/ethnicities. After accounting for contextual determinants of firearm homicide, the association persisted among African–Americans. In this group, a 1 SD greater Gini Index in 1990 (IRR=1.09; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.16) and 2000 (IRR=1.09; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.17) was associated with greater firearm homicide rates in 2005–2015. Exploratory spatial analyses did not materially change the results.ConclusionPolicies addressing the gap between the rich and the poor deserve further considerations for reducing firearm homicide rates. Incorporating income inequality to refine measures of socioeconomic position may advance public health and clinical research and practice for firearm violence prevention.
Income inequality has been rising in the US and thought to be associated with violence especially homicide. About 75% of homicides involve firearms. We quantified the association between county-level income inequality and all-race/ethnicity and race/ethnicity-specific firearm homicide rates among individuals aged 14-39 years.OBJECTIVEIncome inequality has been rising in the US and thought to be associated with violence especially homicide. About 75% of homicides involve firearms. We quantified the association between county-level income inequality and all-race/ethnicity and race/ethnicity-specific firearm homicide rates among individuals aged 14-39 years.We conducted a cohort study of US counties to examine the association of Gini Index (ranging from 0 [perfect income equality] to 1.0 [perfect income inequality]) separately measured in 1990 and 2000 with all-race/ethnicity and race/ethnicity-specific firearm homicide rates in 2005-2015. Generalised linear mixed models with Poisson distribution including a random intercept for state provided IRRs and 95% CIs. Bayesian Poisson-lognormal hierarchical modelling with integrated nested Laplace approximations was used in exploratory spatial analyses. Models accounted for county-level age, sex and race/ethnicity composition, crime rate, deprivation, social capital, urbanicity, and firearm ownership.METHODSWe conducted a cohort study of US counties to examine the association of Gini Index (ranging from 0 [perfect income equality] to 1.0 [perfect income inequality]) separately measured in 1990 and 2000 with all-race/ethnicity and race/ethnicity-specific firearm homicide rates in 2005-2015. Generalised linear mixed models with Poisson distribution including a random intercept for state provided IRRs and 95% CIs. Bayesian Poisson-lognormal hierarchical modelling with integrated nested Laplace approximations was used in exploratory spatial analyses. Models accounted for county-level age, sex and race/ethnicity composition, crime rate, deprivation, social capital, urbanicity, and firearm ownership.The Gini Index was associated with firearm homicide rates among all races/ethnicities. After accounting for contextual determinants of firearm homicide, the association persisted among African-Americans. In this group, a 1 SD greater Gini Index in 1990 (IRR=1.09; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.16) and 2000 (IRR=1.09; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.17) was associated with greater firearm homicide rates in 2005-2015. Exploratory spatial analyses did not materially change the results.FINDINGSThe Gini Index was associated with firearm homicide rates among all races/ethnicities. After accounting for contextual determinants of firearm homicide, the association persisted among African-Americans. In this group, a 1 SD greater Gini Index in 1990 (IRR=1.09; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.16) and 2000 (IRR=1.09; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.17) was associated with greater firearm homicide rates in 2005-2015. Exploratory spatial analyses did not materially change the results.Policies addressing the gap between the rich and the poor deserve further considerations for reducing firearm homicide rates. Incorporating income inequality to refine measures of socioeconomic position may advance public health and clinical research and practice for firearm violence prevention.CONCLUSIONPolicies addressing the gap between the rich and the poor deserve further considerations for reducing firearm homicide rates. Incorporating income inequality to refine measures of socioeconomic position may advance public health and clinical research and practice for firearm violence prevention.
Income inequality has been rising in the US and thought to be associated with violence especially homicide. About 75% of homicides involve firearms. We quantified the association between county-level income inequality and all-race/ethnicity and race/ethnicity-specific firearm homicide rates among individuals aged 14-39 years. We conducted a cohort study of US counties to examine the association of Gini Index (ranging from 0 [perfect income equality] to 1.0 [perfect income inequality]) separately measured in 1990 and 2000 with all-race/ethnicity and race/ethnicity-specific firearm homicide rates in 2005-2015. Generalised linear mixed models with Poisson distribution including a random intercept for state provided IRRs and 95% CIs. Bayesian Poisson-lognormal hierarchical modelling with integrated nested Laplace approximations was used in exploratory spatial analyses. Models accounted for county-level age, sex and race/ethnicity composition, crime rate, deprivation, social capital, urbanicity, and firearm ownership. The Gini Index was associated with firearm homicide rates among all races/ethnicities. After accounting for contextual determinants of firearm homicide, the association persisted among African-Americans. In this group, a 1 SD greater Gini Index in 1990 (IRR=1.09; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.16) and 2000 (IRR=1.09; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.17) was associated with greater firearm homicide rates in 2005-2015. Exploratory spatial analyses did not materially change the results. Policies addressing the gap between the rich and the poor deserve further considerations for reducing firearm homicide rates. Incorporating income inequality to refine measures of socioeconomic position may advance public health and clinical research and practice for firearm violence prevention.
Author Rowhani-Rahbar, Ali
Quistberg, Duane Alexander
Morgan, Erin R
Rivara, Frederick P
Hajat, Anjum
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Ali
  orcidid: 0000-0002-2705-4485
  surname: Rowhani-Rahbar
  fullname: Rowhani-Rahbar, Ali
  organization: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA, Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Duane Alexander
  orcidid: 0000-0001-9730-2686
  surname: Quistberg
  fullname: Quistberg, Duane Alexander
  organization: Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Erin R
  surname: Morgan
  fullname: Morgan, Erin R
  organization: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA, Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Anjum
  surname: Hajat
  fullname: Hajat, Anjum
  organization: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Frederick P
  surname: Rivara
  fullname: Rivara, Frederick P
  organization: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA, Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30782593$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNqFkU1r3DAQhkVJyVfzF4Kgl17c6tOSSy8lJGkgpYemZyHLY1aLLW0kOeB_Hy2btJBLdRnNzPMOw7xn6CjEAAhdUvKZUt5-8WG7pHWX4KlhhOqGCE40eYdOqVCykUrLo_rnkjeaCHWCznLeEkK5atkxOuFEaSY7fop-3gUXZ8A-wONiJ19WbMOAR5_Aphlv4uydH_Z9XDaA__z-ii12cQllbSZ4gqkmm5gKzmUZ1g_o_WinDBcv8Rw93Fw_XP1o7n_d3l19v28c511pbCsHpm3PpCQgGQjH277VLbcj7TntrVVc9qTWRee4AOK61ikYlaVMWMLP0afD2F2KjwvkYmafHUyTDRCXbBjVggpSX0U_vkG3cUmhLmeY6BTlmnayUpcv1NLPMJhd8rNNq3m9UwXaA-BSzDnB-BehxOwNMf8MMXtDzMGQKvz2Ruh8scXHUJL10__kz-nylK8
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1007_s10940_022_09560_x
crossref_primary_10_1177_00332941241269500
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_suc_2023_11_013
crossref_primary_10_1007_s12552_021_09350_3
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jss_2025_04_037
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jss_2023_08_058
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pcl_2020_12_009
crossref_primary_10_15585_mmwr_mm7119e1
crossref_primary_10_1097_ACO_0000000000001218
crossref_primary_10_1177_00031348211032592
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socscimed_2024_117255
crossref_primary_10_1056_CAT_25_0082
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11524_021_00605_3
crossref_primary_10_1016_S2468_2667_22_00233_X
crossref_primary_10_1186_s40621_022_00371_z
crossref_primary_10_1001_jamanetworkopen_2024_0562
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_amepre_2023_09_026
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10900_022_01163_8
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jsurg_2021_06_009
crossref_primary_10_1177_08862605241271379
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_puhe_2023_10_052
crossref_primary_10_1097_SAP_0000000000004108
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40719_020_00188_5
crossref_primary_10_59182_tudad_1718873
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jss_2023_08_025
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0247780
crossref_primary_10_15585_mmwr_mm7101a3
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_surg_2020_05_016
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_annepidem_2019_12_002
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_injury_2020_06_042
crossref_primary_10_1542_peds_2021_054407
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_amepre_2024_01_014
crossref_primary_10_1097_SLA_0000000000005535
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jss_2023_09_020
crossref_primary_10_1177_00027162231173324
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10900_023_01300_x
crossref_primary_10_1186_s40621_021_00304_2
crossref_primary_10_1177_08862605231162883
crossref_primary_10_1097_TA_0000000000003992
crossref_primary_10_1177_10778012221120446
crossref_primary_10_1001_jamanetworkopen_2021_15713
crossref_primary_10_1136_ip_2023_045035
crossref_primary_10_1017_lar_2023_46
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_amepre_2024_06_002
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ypmed_2022_107133
crossref_primary_10_1080_15313204_2024_2390421
crossref_primary_10_1097_TA_0000000000004370
crossref_primary_10_1177_19427786231215743
crossref_primary_10_1080_08964289_2023_2244626
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socscimed_2024_117355
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pmed_1002978
crossref_primary_10_26633_RPSP_2023_112
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pcl_2023_07_003
crossref_primary_10_1097_XCS_0000000000000845
crossref_primary_10_1001_jamanetworkopen_2020_33484
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_injury_2023_111307
crossref_primary_10_1001_jamapediatrics_2021_4819
crossref_primary_10_1186_s40621_023_00425_w
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jcot_2020_10_047
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_022_13807_4
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11524_024_00851_1
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_yasu_2022_03_001
crossref_primary_10_1097_TA_0000000000004779
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11121_024_01714_6
crossref_primary_10_7326_M23_0069
crossref_primary_10_15585_mmwr_mm7127a1
crossref_primary_10_1016_S0140_6736_23_02279_1
crossref_primary_10_1111_ruso_12354
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ypmed_2021_106767
crossref_primary_10_1097_PEC_0000000000003384
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_amepre_2025_01_012
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ypmed_2024_107917
crossref_primary_10_1177_10887679211048495
Cites_doi 10.1086/228748
10.2307/2111684
10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.2691
10.2105/AJPH.2017.304286
10.1136/bmj.314.7088.1194
10.2105/AJPH.93.7.1137
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.12.011
10.1016/S0277-9536(97)00044-0
10.1001/jama.2015.8371
10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00097-5
10.1023/B:JOQC.0000016699.11995.c7
10.1136/jech.2006.052969
10.1093/qje/qjx043
10.1177/073401689301800203
10.1136/jech.54.4.318
10.1016/j.socec.2005.11.001
10.7326/M17-2976
10.1136/jech-2011-200321
10.1093/epirev/mxh003
10.7326/M17-1403
10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.8273
10.2307/1334446
10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00400-6
10.2307/2095046
10.1136/bmj.321.7272.1311
10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.02.026
10.2307/2095669
10.1136/bmj.317.7163.917
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.
2019 Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.
Copyright_xml – notice: Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.
– notice: 2019 Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
3V.
7X7
7XB
88E
8FI
8FJ
8FK
ABUWG
AEUYN
AFKRA
BENPR
BTHHO
CCPQU
FYUFA
GHDGH
K9.
M0S
M1P
PHGZM
PHGZT
PJZUB
PKEHL
PPXIY
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PRINS
7X8
DOI 10.1136/injuryprev-2018-043080
DatabaseName CrossRef
Medline
MEDLINE
MEDLINE (Ovid)
MEDLINE
MEDLINE
PubMed
ProQuest Central (Corporate)
Health & Medical Collection
ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)
Medical Database (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Hospital Collection
Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
ProQuest One Sustainability
ProQuest Central UK/Ireland
ProQuest Central
BMJ Journals
ProQuest One Community College
Health Research Premium Collection
Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)
ProQuest Health & Medical Collection
PML(ProQuest Medical Library)
ProQuest Central Premium
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest One Health & Nursing
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)
ProQuest One Academic (retired)
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest Central China
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
MEDLINE
Medline Complete
MEDLINE with Full Text
PubMed
MEDLINE (Ovid)
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)
ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest One Health & Nursing
ProQuest Central China
ProQuest Central
ProQuest One Sustainability
ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection
Health Research Premium Collection
Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition)
Health & Medical Research Collection
ProQuest Central (New)
ProQuest Medical Library (Alumni)
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition
ProQuest Hospital Collection
Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)
ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni)
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete
ProQuest Medical Library
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
BMJ Journals
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic (New)
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
MEDLINE - Academic
MEDLINE
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 2
  dbid: BENPR
  name: ProQuest Central
  url: https://www.proquest.com/central
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Medicine
Social Welfare & Social Work
Public Health
EISSN 1475-5785
EndPage i30
ExternalDocumentID 30782593
10_1136_injuryprev_2018_043080
Genre Journal Article
GeographicLocations United States
United States--US
GeographicLocations_xml – name: United States
– name: United States--US
GroupedDBID ---
..I
.VT
0R~
18M
29I
2WC
39C
4.4
40O
53G
5GY
5RE
5VS
7X7
7~S
88E
8FI
8FJ
8R4
8R5
AAHLL
AAKAS
AAOJX
AAQQT
AAWJN
AAWTL
AAYXX
ABAAH
ABIVO
ABJNI
ABKDF
ABMQD
ABTFR
ABUWG
ABVAJ
ACGFO
ACGFS
ACGTL
ACHQT
ACHTP
ACMFJ
ACOAB
ACOFX
ACQHZ
ACQSR
ACTZY
ADBBV
ADCEG
ADZCM
AENEX
AERUA
AEUYN
AFFHD
AFKRA
AFWFF
AGQPQ
AHMBA
AHNKE
AHQMW
AJYBZ
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
ASPBG
AVWKF
AZFZN
BAWUL
BENPR
BLJBA
BOMFT
BPHCQ
BTFSW
BTHHO
BVXVI
C1A
C45
CAG
CCPQU
CITATION
COF
CS3
CXRWF
DIK
DU5
E3Z
EBS
EJD
EX3
F5P
FEDTE
FYUFA
GX1
H13
HAJ
HMCUK
HVGLF
HYE
HZ~
IAO
ICJ
IEA
IHR
INH
INR
IOF
IPT
IPY
ITC
KQ8
M1P
N9A
NTWIH
NXWIF
O9-
OK1
OVD
P2P
PCD
PHGZM
PHGZT
PJZUB
PPXIY
PQQKQ
PROAC
PSQYO
Q2X
R53
RHI
RMJ
RPM
RV8
TEORI
TR2
UKHRP
UYXKK
V24
VM9
W8F
WOW
YHZ
YQY
ALIPV
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
3V.
7XB
8FK
K9.
PKEHL
PQEST
PQUKI
PRINS
7X8
PUEGO
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c339t-a65d28ab2550e52e4c36b6863af1b31baa735b0e4c49c34e0c96c7ef7a124a03
IEDL.DBID 7X7
ISICitedReferencesCount 72
ISICitedReferencesURI http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000497710500008&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN 1353-8047
1475-5785
IngestDate Wed Oct 01 14:09:41 EDT 2025
Tue Oct 07 07:06:51 EDT 2025
Thu Apr 03 07:01:59 EDT 2025
Sat Nov 29 07:26:29 EST 2025
Tue Nov 18 21:44:00 EST 2025
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue Suppl 1
Keywords income inequality
race
African-American
firearms
homicide
Language English
License Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c339t-a65d28ab2550e52e4c36b6863af1b31baa735b0e4c49c34e0c96c7ef7a124a03
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
content type line 23
ORCID 0000-0001-9730-2686
0000-0002-2705-4485
PMID 30782593
PQID 2497138195
PQPubID 2041067
ParticipantIDs proquest_miscellaneous_2184140000
proquest_journals_2497138195
pubmed_primary_30782593
crossref_primary_10_1136_injuryprev_2018_043080
crossref_citationtrail_10_1136_injuryprev_2018_043080
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2019-09-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2019-09-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 09
  year: 2019
  text: 2019-09-01
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2010
PublicationPlace England
PublicationPlace_xml – name: England
– name: London
PublicationTitle Injury prevention
PublicationTitleAlternate Inj Prev
PublicationYear 2019
Publisher BMJ Publishing Group LTD
Publisher_xml – name: BMJ Publishing Group LTD
References 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.7
2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.8
Piketty (2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.2) 2018; 133
Kondo (2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.19) 2012; 66
Zoorob (2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.25) 2017; 173
2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.18
2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.17
2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.14
2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.36
2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.13
2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.35
Kawachi (2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.30) 1999; 34
2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.15
2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.37
2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.10
2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.32
2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.31
2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.1
2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.12
2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.34
2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.11
2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.33
2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.3
2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.5
2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.4
Rambotti (2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.6) 2015; 139
Riddell (2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.16) 2018; 168
2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.29
Woolhandler (2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.9) 2017; 167
2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.28
Rupasingha (2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.24) 2006; 35
2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.27
2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.26
2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.21
Christine (2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.22) 2015; 175
2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.20
2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.23
Galea (2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.38) 2018; 108
References_xml – ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.31
  doi: 10.1086/228748
– ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.26
  doi: 10.2307/2111684
– volume: 175
  start-page: 1311
  year: 2015
  ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.22
  article-title: Longitudinal associations between neighborhood physical and social environments and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)
  publication-title: JAMA Intern Med
  doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.2691
– ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.34
– volume: 108
  start-page: 304
  year: 2018
  ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.38
  article-title: Causes and causes of causes of population health: a public health of consequence, March 2018
  publication-title: Am J Public Health
  doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2017.304286
– ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.13
  doi: 10.1136/bmj.314.7088.1194
– volume: 34
  start-page: 215
  year: 1999
  ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.30
  article-title: Income inequality and health: pathways and mechanisms
  publication-title: Health Serv Res
– ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.23
  doi: 10.2105/AJPH.93.7.1137
– volume: 173
  start-page: 1
  year: 2017
  ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.25
  article-title: Bowling alone, dying together: the role of social capital in mitigating the drug overdose epidemic in the United States
  publication-title: Drug Alcohol Depend
  doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.12.011
– ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.29
  doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(97)00044-0
– ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.10
  doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.8371
– ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.17
  doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00097-5
– ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.21
  doi: 10.1023/B:JOQC.0000016699.11995.c7
– ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.36
  doi: 10.1136/jech.2006.052969
– volume: 133
  start-page: 553
  year: 2018
  ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.2
  article-title: Distributional national accounts: methods and estimates for the United States*
  publication-title: Q J Econ
  doi: 10.1093/qje/qjx043
– ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.12
  doi: 10.1177/073401689301800203
– ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.3
– ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.1
– ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.37
– ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.18
  doi: 10.1136/jech.54.4.318
– volume: 35
  start-page: 83
  year: 2006
  ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.24
  article-title: The production of social capital in US counties
  publication-title: J Socio Econ
  doi: 10.1016/j.socec.2005.11.001
– ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.14
– volume: 168
  start-page: 712
  year: 2018
  ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.16
  article-title: Comparison of rates of firearm and Nonfirearm homicide and suicide in black and white non-Hispanic men, by U.S. state
  publication-title: Ann Intern Med
  doi: 10.7326/M17-2976
– volume: 66
  year: 2012
  ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.19
  article-title: Income inequality and health: the role of population size, inequality threshold, period effects and lag effects
  publication-title: J Epidemiol Community Health
  doi: 10.1136/jech-2011-200321
– ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.20
– ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.8
  doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxh003
– volume: 167
  start-page: 424
  year: 2017
  ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.9
  article-title: The relationship of health insurance and mortality: is lack of insurance deadly?
  publication-title: Ann Intern Med
  doi: 10.7326/M17-1403
– ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.15
  doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.8273
– ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.35
– ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.32
  doi: 10.2307/1334446
– ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.11
  doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00400-6
– ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.33
  doi: 10.2307/2095046
– ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.28
– ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.7
  doi: 10.1136/bmj.321.7272.1311
– volume: 139
  start-page: 123
  year: 2015
  ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.6
  article-title: Recalibrating the spirit level: an analysis of the interaction of income inequality and poverty and its effect on health
  publication-title: Soc Sci Med
  doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.02.026
– ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.27
  doi: 10.2307/2095669
– ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.4
– ident: 2025092501474074000_25.Suppl_1.i25.5
  doi: 10.1136/bmj.317.7163.917
SSID ssj0013762
Score 2.5062163
Snippet Income inequality has been rising in the US and thought to be associated with violence especially homicide. About 75% of homicides involve firearms. We...
ObjectiveIncome inequality has been rising in the US and thought to be associated with violence especially homicide. About 75% of homicides involve firearms....
SourceID proquest
pubmed
crossref
SourceType Aggregation Database
Index Database
Enrichment Source
StartPage i25
SubjectTerms Adolescent
Adult
African Americans
Age
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
Cohort analysis
Cohort Studies
Crime Victims - statistics & numerical data
Criminal investigations
Criminal statistics
Ethnicity
Family income
Female
Firearms
Firearms - statistics & numerical data
Hispanic people
Homicide
Homicide - economics
Homicide - psychology
Homicide - statistics & numerical data
Humans
Income
Income inequality
Male
Market entry
Nonviolence
Ownership - economics
Ownership - statistics & numerical data
Population
Presidential elections
Public health
Relative deprivation
Robbery
Social capital
Social Determinants of Health
Socioeconomic Factors
Socioeconomics
Spatial analysis
Underserved populations
United States - epidemiology
Variables
Violence - statistics & numerical data
Violent crime
Young Adult
Title Income inequality and firearm homicide in the US: a county-level cohort study
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30782593
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2497138195
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2184140000
Volume 25
WOSCitedRecordID wos000497710500008&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights – providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: Health Medical collection
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1475-5785
  dateEnd: 20250609
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0013762
  issn: 1353-8047
  databaseCode: 7X7
  dateStart: 19950301
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/healthcomplete
  providerName: ProQuest
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: ProQuest Central
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1475-5785
  dateEnd: 20250609
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0013762
  issn: 1353-8047
  databaseCode: BENPR
  dateStart: 19950301
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/central
  providerName: ProQuest
link http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV3fb9MwED7BhhAS4kcZUCiTkRBvVpPasRNeEKBNPLBqggF9iy62IwpdMtJ20v57zo7b8gI8kIc8xHFi6c7n-3y--wBe1MomaFzFrULNpZGSY6UUn6A1VmImJ6E6_5cPejrNZ7PiNG64LeOxyo1NDIbatsbvkY8JJhCe8lGf1xc_uWeN8tHVSKFxHfY9bbbXcz3TuyiCDoSintqBLLHUMUM4FWo8b76vfVKRuyQ9SXPuS1_50pC_L05_8DjDynN893_HfA_uRJ-TvemV5D5cc80Abp7EqPoAbvd7d6xPSRrAqM_ZZV_dosbOsZds86DtfjyAE7Ip7blj1LdPybxi2FhWk_HE7px983nOc-vbGXmX7POnVwxZ4KS44gt_Rol5Vt5uxUJp2wM4Oz46e_eeR1YGboQoVhxVZic5VoRFEpdNnDRCVSpXAuu0EmmFqEVWJfRcFkZIl5hCGe1qjeRKYCIewl7TNu4xMPJ9RC2Vypw10hVpjnmtC4Mir3RBQHAI2UYapYkVyz1xxqIMyEWocifF0kux7KU4hPG230Vfs-OfPUYbAZZxDi_LnfSG8HzbTLPPh1Swce2a3iGATBCVriE86pVk-0vhva-sEE_-_vGncItGEs-tjWBv1a3dM7hhLlfzZXcYFDrc80PYf3s0Pf34CzNzAI4
linkProvider ProQuest
linkToHtml http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1bb9MwFD4aAwES4lJuhQJGAt6sJrFjJ0gIIWDatLZCorC-RSeOo3V06Ujbof4o_iPHubS8AE97II927Fz8-Vx8bgAvcpV5aGzKM4WaSyMlx1QpHmBmMomhDKrs_F8HejSKJpP40w78bGNhnFtlSxMrQp3NjTsj75OaQPqUs_q8PfvOXdUoZ11tS2jUsDi06x-ksi3eHHyg9X0ZBHsfx-_3eVNVgBsh4iVHFWZBhCnJ0p4NAyuNUKmKlMDcT4WfImoRph61y9gIaT0TK6NtrpFYIXqCpr0El4mMa6fr6YneGi10Vb_UVZIgwi91E5DsC9WfFicrF8NkzwmWfsRdpi2XifJ3XvgHAbdidHu3_rNfdBtuNhI1e1dvgTuwY4sOXB02PgMduFGfTLI64KoDvToimR3ZWY6lZa9Y2zAvv92FIVHM-allNLYOOF0zLDKWE2vA8pQduyjuaeb6GcnO7Mvn1wxZVXFjzWfOA4u5msPlklWJe-_B-CI-_T7sFvPCPgRGkp3IpVKhzYy0sR9hlOvYoIhSHZOa24WwXfzENPnYXVmQWVLpZUIlW9AkDjRJDZou9DfjzuqMJP8c0WvxkjQUapFswdKF55tuoi3OYISFna_oHlL_SQGnqwsPakxuHimcbBnG4tHfJ38G1_bHw0EyOBgdPobr9FaNh14Pdpflyj6BK-Z8OV2UT6u9xCC5YGD-AtKzWlQ
linkToPdf http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1bb9MwFD4aHZqQEJdyKxQwEvBmNYkdO0FCCNgqpm1VBQP2Fp04jih06Ujbof40_h3HubS8AE97II9O7Nw-n4t9zvkAnuYq89DYlGcKNZdGSo6pUjzAzGQSQxlU1fk_HerRKDo5icdb8LPNhXFhla1MrAR1NjNujXxAbgL5U27XZ5A3YRHj3eGrs-_cMUi5ndaWTqOGyIFd_SD3bf5yf5f-9bMgGO4dv33HG4YBboSIFxxVmAURpmRXezYMrDRCpSpSAnM_FX6KqEWYetQuYyOk9UysjLa5RlKL6Aka9hJsa7IxZAe23-yNxu83Wxi6YjN1vBKkBqRu0pN9oQaT4uvSZTTZcwKpH3FXd8vVpfxdM_7B3K3U3vD6f_zBbsC1xtZmr-vJcRO2bNGFnaMmmqALV-s1S1anYnWhX-cqs892mmNp2XPWNszKb7fgiGTp7NQy6lunoq4YFhnLSWlgecq-uPzuSebOM7Kq2ccPLxiyiotjxacuNos5NuJywaqSvrfh-CJe_Q50illh7wEjm0_kUqnQZkba2I8wynVsUESpjskB7kHYAiExTaV2RxgyTSqPTahkA6DEASipAdSDwbrfWV2r5J89-i12kkZ2zZMNcHrwZH2apI7bSsLCzpZ0jR9Jcs3p6MHdGp_rWwpndYaxuP_3wR_DDuExOdwfHTyAK_RQTeheHzqLcmkfwmVzvpjMy0fNxGKQXDAyfwGvDmR0
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Income+inequality+and+firearm+homicide+in+the+US%3A+a+county-level+cohort+study&rft.jtitle=Injury+prevention&rft.au=Rowhani-Rahbar%2C+Ali&rft.au=Quistberg%2C+Duane+Alexander&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Erin+R&rft.au=Hajat%2C+Anjum&rft.date=2019-09-01&rft.issn=1475-5785&rft.eissn=1475-5785&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.spage=i25&rft_id=info:doi/10.1136%2Finjuryprev-2018-043080&rft.externalDBID=NO_FULL_TEXT
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1353-8047&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1353-8047&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1353-8047&client=summon