Tamm Review: Reforestation for resilience in dry western U.S. forests
•Current reforestation often focuses on planting regularly-spaced pine seedlings.•‘Course correction’ depends on increasingly rare follow-up treatments.•This approach may not build early resilience to fire and drought stress.•An alternative is suggested that includes dividing replanting areas into t...
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| Vydáno v: | Forest ecology and management Ročník 432; s. 209 - 224 |
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| Hlavní autoři: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Vydáno: |
Elsevier B.V
15.01.2019
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| Témata: | |
| ISSN: | 0378-1127, 1872-7042 |
| On-line přístup: | Získat plný text |
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| Abstract | •Current reforestation often focuses on planting regularly-spaced pine seedlings.•‘Course correction’ depends on increasingly rare follow-up treatments.•This approach may not build early resilience to fire and drought stress.•An alternative is suggested that includes dividing replanting areas into three zones.•We also emphasize including cluster planting in mesic microsites.•Using prescribed fire to reduce fuels, competing vegetation and build resilience.•Limitations and areas that need further research are highlighted.
The increasing frequency and severity of fire and drought events have negatively impacted the capacity and success of reforestation efforts in many dry, western U.S. forests. Challenges to reforestation include the cost and safety concerns of replanting large areas of standing dead trees, and high seedling and sapling mortality rates due to water stress, competing vegetation, and repeat fires that burn young plantations. Standard reforestation practices have emphasized establishing dense conifer cover with gridded planting, sometimes called 'pines in lines', followed by shrub control and pre-commercial thinning. Resources for such intensive management are increasingly limited, reducing the capacity for young plantations to develop early resilience to fire and drought. This paper summarizes recent research on the conditions under which current standard reforestation practices in the western U.S. may need adjustment, and suggests how these practices might be modified to improve their success. In particular we examine where and when plantations with regular tree spacing elevate the risk of future mortality, and how planting density, spatial arrangement, and species composition might be modified to increase seedling and sapling survival through recurring drought and fire events. Within large areas of contiguous mortality, we suggest a “three zone” approach to reforestation following a major disturbance that includes; (a) working with natural recruitment within a peripheral zone near live tree seed sources; (b) in a second zone, beyond effective seed dispersal range but in accessible areas, planting a combination of clustered and regularly spaced seedlings that varies with microsite water availability and potential fire behavior; and (c) a final zone defined by remote, steep terrain that in practice limits reforestation efforts to the establishment of founder stands. We also emphasize the early use of prescribed fire to build resilience in developing stands subject to increasingly common wildfires and drought events. Finally, we highlight limits to our current understanding of how young stands may respond and develop under these proposed planting and silvicultural practices, and identify areas where new research could help refine them. |
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| AbstractList | The increasing frequency and severity of fire and drought events have negatively impacted the capacity and success of reforestation efforts in many dry, western U.S. forests. Challenges to reforestation include the cost and safety concerns of replanting large areas of standing dead trees, and high seedling and sapling mortality rates due to water stress, competing vegetation, and repeat fires that burn young plantations. Standard reforestation practices have emphasized establishing dense conifer cover with gridded planting, sometimes called 'pines in lines', followed by shrub control and pre-commercial thinning. Resources for such intensive management are increasingly limited, reducing the capacity for young plantations to develop early resilience to fire and drought. This paper summarizes recent research on the conditions under which current standard reforestation practices in the western U.S. may need adjustment, and suggests how these practices might be modified to improve their success. In particular we examine where and when plantations with regular tree spacing elevate the risk of future mortality, and how planting density, spatial arrangement, and species composition might be modified to increase seedling and sapling survival through recurring drought and fire events. Within large areas of contiguous mortality, we suggest a “three zone” approach to reforestation following a major disturbance that includes; (a) working with natural recruitment within a peripheral zone near live tree seed sources; (b) in a second zone, beyond effective seed dispersal range but in accessible areas, planting a combination of clustered and regularly spaced seedlings that varies with microsite water availability and potential fire behavior; and (c) a final zone defined by remote, steep terrain that in practice limits reforestation efforts to the establishment of founder stands. We also emphasize the early use of prescribed fire to build resilience in developing stands subject to increasingly common wildfires and drought events. Finally, we highlight limits to our current understanding of how young stands may respond and develop under these proposed planting and silvicultural practices, and identify areas where new research could help refine them. •Current reforestation often focuses on planting regularly-spaced pine seedlings.•‘Course correction’ depends on increasingly rare follow-up treatments.•This approach may not build early resilience to fire and drought stress.•An alternative is suggested that includes dividing replanting areas into three zones.•We also emphasize including cluster planting in mesic microsites.•Using prescribed fire to reduce fuels, competing vegetation and build resilience.•Limitations and areas that need further research are highlighted. The increasing frequency and severity of fire and drought events have negatively impacted the capacity and success of reforestation efforts in many dry, western U.S. forests. Challenges to reforestation include the cost and safety concerns of replanting large areas of standing dead trees, and high seedling and sapling mortality rates due to water stress, competing vegetation, and repeat fires that burn young plantations. Standard reforestation practices have emphasized establishing dense conifer cover with gridded planting, sometimes called 'pines in lines', followed by shrub control and pre-commercial thinning. Resources for such intensive management are increasingly limited, reducing the capacity for young plantations to develop early resilience to fire and drought. This paper summarizes recent research on the conditions under which current standard reforestation practices in the western U.S. may need adjustment, and suggests how these practices might be modified to improve their success. In particular we examine where and when plantations with regular tree spacing elevate the risk of future mortality, and how planting density, spatial arrangement, and species composition might be modified to increase seedling and sapling survival through recurring drought and fire events. Within large areas of contiguous mortality, we suggest a “three zone” approach to reforestation following a major disturbance that includes; (a) working with natural recruitment within a peripheral zone near live tree seed sources; (b) in a second zone, beyond effective seed dispersal range but in accessible areas, planting a combination of clustered and regularly spaced seedlings that varies with microsite water availability and potential fire behavior; and (c) a final zone defined by remote, steep terrain that in practice limits reforestation efforts to the establishment of founder stands. We also emphasize the early use of prescribed fire to build resilience in developing stands subject to increasingly common wildfires and drought events. Finally, we highlight limits to our current understanding of how young stands may respond and develop under these proposed planting and silvicultural practices, and identify areas where new research could help refine them. |
| Author | Long, Jonathan W. Walsh, Dana Young, Derek J.N. Knapp, Eric E. Meyer, Marc D. Axelson, Jodi N. Safford, Hugh D. Restaino, Christina M. Welch, Kevin R. Wyrsch, Peter Coppoletta, Michelle Tompkins, Ryan E. York, Rob A. Vice, Heather Stevens, Jens T. Werner, Chhaya M. Latimer, Andrew M. Tubbesing, Carmen L. Estes, Becky L. Buckley, Tom N. Shive, Kristen L. Hager, Rachel N. North, Malcolm P. Greene, David F. Ostoja, Steven M. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Malcolm P. surname: North fullname: North, Malcolm P. email: mnorth@ucdavis.edu organization: Dept of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States – sequence: 2 givenname: Jens T. surname: Stevens fullname: Stevens, Jens T. organization: Environmental Science, Policy, and Management Dept., University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States – sequence: 3 givenname: David F. surname: Greene fullname: Greene, David F. organization: Dept. of Forestry and Wildland Resources, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA 95521, United States – sequence: 4 givenname: Michelle surname: Coppoletta fullname: Coppoletta, Michelle organization: USDA Forest Service, Sierra Cascade Regional Ecology Program, Quincy, CA 95971, United States – sequence: 5 givenname: Eric E. surname: Knapp fullname: Knapp, Eric E. organization: USDA Forest Service, PSW Research Station, Redding, CA 96002, United States – sequence: 6 givenname: Andrew M. surname: Latimer fullname: Latimer, Andrew M. organization: Dept of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States – sequence: 7 givenname: Christina M. surname: Restaino fullname: Restaino, Christina M. organization: Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, Stateline, NV 89449, United States – sequence: 8 givenname: Ryan E. surname: Tompkins fullname: Tompkins, Ryan E. organization: USDA Forest Service, Plumas N.F., Quincy, CA 95971, United States – sequence: 9 givenname: Kevin R. surname: Welch fullname: Welch, Kevin R. organization: Dept of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States – sequence: 10 givenname: Rob A. surname: York fullname: York, Rob A. organization: Environmental Science, Policy, and Management Dept., University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States – sequence: 11 givenname: Derek J.N. surname: Young fullname: Young, Derek J.N. organization: Dept of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States – sequence: 12 givenname: Jodi N. orcidid: 0000-0002-1799-6364 surname: Axelson fullname: Axelson, Jodi N. organization: Environmental Science, Policy, and Management Dept., University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States – sequence: 13 givenname: Tom N. surname: Buckley fullname: Buckley, Tom N. organization: Dept of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States – sequence: 14 givenname: Becky L. surname: Estes fullname: Estes, Becky L. organization: USDA Forest Service, Central Sierra Regional Ecology Program, Placerville, CA 95667, United States – sequence: 15 givenname: Rachel N. surname: Hager fullname: Hager, Rachel N. organization: Dept. of Watershed Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84321, United States – sequence: 16 givenname: Jonathan W. surname: Long fullname: Long, Jonathan W. organization: USDA Forest Service, PSW Research Station, Davis, CA 95618, United States – sequence: 17 givenname: Marc D. surname: Meyer fullname: Meyer, Marc D. organization: USDA Forest Service, Southern Sierra Regional Ecology Program, Bishop, CA 93514, United States – sequence: 18 givenname: Steven M. surname: Ostoja fullname: Ostoja, Steven M. organization: USDA California Climate Hub, Agricultural Research Service, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States – sequence: 19 givenname: Hugh D. surname: Safford fullname: Safford, Hugh D. organization: USDA Forest Service, Regional Ecology Program, Vallejo, CA 94592, United States – sequence: 20 givenname: Kristen L. surname: Shive fullname: Shive, Kristen L. organization: Environmental Science, Policy, and Management Dept., University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States – sequence: 21 givenname: Carmen L. surname: Tubbesing fullname: Tubbesing, Carmen L. organization: Environmental Science, Policy, and Management Dept., University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States – sequence: 22 givenname: Heather surname: Vice fullname: Vice, Heather organization: Dept of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States – sequence: 23 givenname: Dana surname: Walsh fullname: Walsh, Dana organization: USDA Forest Service, Eldorado N.F., Georgetown, CA 95634, United States – sequence: 24 givenname: Chhaya M. surname: Werner fullname: Werner, Chhaya M. organization: Environmental Science, Policy, and Management Dept., University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States – sequence: 25 givenname: Peter surname: Wyrsch fullname: Wyrsch, Peter organization: Environmental Science, Policy, and Management Dept., University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2018 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2018 |
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| DOI | 10.1016/j.foreco.2018.09.007 |
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| Discipline | Biology Forestry |
| EISSN | 1872-7042 |
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| Snippet | •Current reforestation often focuses on planting regularly-spaced pine seedlings.•‘Course correction’ depends on increasingly rare follow-up treatments.•This... The increasing frequency and severity of fire and drought events have negatively impacted the capacity and success of reforestation efforts in many dry,... |
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| SubjectTerms | Climate change conifers dead wood Drought Fire fire behavior forests landscapes mortality plant density plantations planting density prescribed burning reforestation risk seed dispersal seedlings shrubs silvicultural practices Spatial heterogeneity species diversity Tree mortality Tree regeneration trees water stress Western United States wildfires Young plantations |
| Title | Tamm Review: Reforestation for resilience in dry western U.S. forests |
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