Post-fire landscape evaluations in Eastern Washington, USA: Assessing the work of contemporary wildfires

•Moderate- and low-severity fire shifted closed- to open-canopy forest.•High- and moderate-severity fire restored patchworks of forest and non-forest.•Very-large patches of high-severity wildfire simplified landscape patterns.•Wildfires reconnected and compounded mismatches between vegetation and to...

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Veröffentlicht in:Forest ecology and management Jg. 504; S. 119796
Hauptverfasser: Churchill, Derek J., Jeronimo, Sean M.A., Hessburg, Paul F., Cansler, C. Alina, Povak, Nicholas A., Kane, Van R., Lutz, James A., Larson, Andrew J.
Format: Journal Article
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: Elsevier B.V 15.01.2022
Schlagworte:
administrative management
aerial photography
canopy
climate
Climate adaptation
data collection
Fire severity
fire weather
forest ecology
forests
grasslands
Landscape pattern
landscapes
prescribed burning
Restoration
shrublands
subwatersheds
Wildfire
wildfires
woodlands
Landscape pattern
Wildfire
Climate adaptation
Fire severity
Restoration
ISSN:0378-1127, 1872-7042
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Abstract •Moderate- and low-severity fire shifted closed- to open-canopy forest.•High- and moderate-severity fire restored patchworks of forest and non-forest.•Very-large patches of high-severity wildfire simplified landscape patterns.•Wildfires reconnected and compounded mismatches between vegetation and topography.•High-severity fire significantly reduced large-tree, closed-canopy forest. In the western US, wildfires are modifying the structure, composition, and patterns of forested landscapes at rates that far exceed mechanical thinning and prescribed fire treatments. There are conflicting narratives as to whether these wildfires are restoring landscape resilience to future climate and wildfires. To evaluate the landscape-level work of wildfires, we assessed four subwatersheds in eastern Washington, USA that experienced large wildfires in 2014, 2015, or 2017 after more than a century of fire exclusion and extensive timber harvest. We compared pre- and post-fire landscape conditions to an ecoregion-specific historical (HRV) and future range of variation (FRV) based on empirically established reference conditions derived from a large dataset of historical aerial photo imagery. These four wildfires proved to be a blunt restoration tool, moving some attributes towards more climate-adapted conditions and setting others back. Fires reduced canopy cover and decreased overall tree size and canopy complexity, which moved them into, or slightly outside, the FRV ranges. Moderate- and low-severity fire generally shifted closed-canopy forest structure to open-canopy classes. Patches of high-severity fire shifted patterns of forest, woodland, grassland, and shrubland towards or beyond the HRV ranges and within the FRV ranges by increasing the total area and size of non-forest patches. However, large patches of high-severity fire in dry and moist mixed-conifer forests homogenized landscape patterns beyond FRV ranges towards simplified conditions dominated by non-forest vegetation types. Fires realigned and reconnected landscape patterns with the topo-edaphic template in some cases, but pre-existing fragmentation and spatial mismatches were compounded in many others. Patches of large-tree, closed-canopy forest were reduced by high-severity fire, and the potential to restore more climate-adapted large-tree, open-canopy forest was lost. Re-establishing landscape patterns with desired patch sizes of forest, in particular patches with large trees, will take many decades to centuries and may not occur in drier locations or where seed trees are no longer present. While large wildfires burning during extreme fire weather conditions can move some attributes towards HRV and FRV ranges, intentionally planned mechanical and prescribed-fire treatments that are integrated with strategic wildfire response will better prepare and adapt landscapes for future wildfires and climate.
AbstractList •Moderate- and low-severity fire shifted closed- to open-canopy forest.•High- and moderate-severity fire restored patchworks of forest and non-forest.•Very-large patches of high-severity wildfire simplified landscape patterns.•Wildfires reconnected and compounded mismatches between vegetation and topography.•High-severity fire significantly reduced large-tree, closed-canopy forest. In the western US, wildfires are modifying the structure, composition, and patterns of forested landscapes at rates that far exceed mechanical thinning and prescribed fire treatments. There are conflicting narratives as to whether these wildfires are restoring landscape resilience to future climate and wildfires. To evaluate the landscape-level work of wildfires, we assessed four subwatersheds in eastern Washington, USA that experienced large wildfires in 2014, 2015, or 2017 after more than a century of fire exclusion and extensive timber harvest. We compared pre- and post-fire landscape conditions to an ecoregion-specific historical (HRV) and future range of variation (FRV) based on empirically established reference conditions derived from a large dataset of historical aerial photo imagery. These four wildfires proved to be a blunt restoration tool, moving some attributes towards more climate-adapted conditions and setting others back. Fires reduced canopy cover and decreased overall tree size and canopy complexity, which moved them into, or slightly outside, the FRV ranges. Moderate- and low-severity fire generally shifted closed-canopy forest structure to open-canopy classes. Patches of high-severity fire shifted patterns of forest, woodland, grassland, and shrubland towards or beyond the HRV ranges and within the FRV ranges by increasing the total area and size of non-forest patches. However, large patches of high-severity fire in dry and moist mixed-conifer forests homogenized landscape patterns beyond FRV ranges towards simplified conditions dominated by non-forest vegetation types. Fires realigned and reconnected landscape patterns with the topo-edaphic template in some cases, but pre-existing fragmentation and spatial mismatches were compounded in many others. Patches of large-tree, closed-canopy forest were reduced by high-severity fire, and the potential to restore more climate-adapted large-tree, open-canopy forest was lost. Re-establishing landscape patterns with desired patch sizes of forest, in particular patches with large trees, will take many decades to centuries and may not occur in drier locations or where seed trees are no longer present. While large wildfires burning during extreme fire weather conditions can move some attributes towards HRV and FRV ranges, intentionally planned mechanical and prescribed-fire treatments that are integrated with strategic wildfire response will better prepare and adapt landscapes for future wildfires and climate.
In the western US, wildfires are modifying the structure, composition, and patterns of forested landscapes at rates that far exceed mechanical thinning and prescribed fire treatments. There are conflicting narratives as to whether these wildfires are restoring landscape resilience to future climate and wildfires. To evaluate the landscape-level work of wildfires, we assessed four subwatersheds in eastern Washington, USA that experienced large wildfires in 2014, 2015, or 2017 after more than a century of fire exclusion and extensive timber harvest. We compared pre- and post-fire landscape conditions to an ecoregion-specific historical (HRV) and future range of variation (FRV) based on empirically established reference conditions derived from a large dataset of historical aerial photo imagery. These four wildfires proved to be a blunt restoration tool, moving some attributes towards more climate-adapted conditions and setting others back. Fires reduced canopy cover and decreased overall tree size and canopy complexity, which moved them into, or slightly outside, the FRV ranges. Moderate- and low-severity fire generally shifted closed-canopy forest structure to open-canopy classes. Patches of high-severity fire shifted patterns of forest, woodland, grassland, and shrubland towards or beyond the HRV ranges and within the FRV ranges by increasing the total area and size of non-forest patches. However, large patches of high-severity fire in dry and moist mixed-conifer forests homogenized landscape patterns beyond FRV ranges towards simplified conditions dominated by non-forest vegetation types. Fires realigned and reconnected landscape patterns with the topo-edaphic template in some cases, but pre-existing fragmentation and spatial mismatches were compounded in many others. Patches of large-tree, closed-canopy forest were reduced by high-severity fire, and the potential to restore more climate-adapted large-tree, open-canopy forest was lost. Re-establishing landscape patterns with desired patch sizes of forest, in particular patches with large trees, will take many decades to centuries and may not occur in drier locations or where seed trees are no longer present. While large wildfires burning during extreme fire weather conditions can move some attributes towards HRV and FRV ranges, intentionally planned mechanical and prescribed-fire treatments that are integrated with strategic wildfire response will better prepare and adapt landscapes for future wildfires and climate.
ArticleNumber 119796
Author Hessburg, Paul F.
Cansler, C. Alina
Larson, Andrew J.
Lutz, James A.
Jeronimo, Sean M.A.
Kane, Van R.
Povak, Nicholas A.
Churchill, Derek J.
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Derek J.
  surname: Churchill
  fullname: Churchill, Derek J.
  email: Derek.Churchill@dnr.wa.gov
  organization: Forest Resiliency Division, Washington Department of Natural Resources, MS 47037, Olympia, WA 98504-7037, United States
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Sean M.A.
  surname: Jeronimo
  fullname: Jeronimo, Sean M.A.
  organization: Resilient Forestry, 3703 S Edmunds St Box 162, Seattle, WA 98115, United States
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Paul F.
  surname: Hessburg
  fullname: Hessburg, Paul F.
  organization: School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100, United States
– sequence: 4
  givenname: C. Alina
  surname: Cansler
  fullname: Cansler, C. Alina
  organization: School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100, United States
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Nicholas A.
  surname: Povak
  fullname: Povak, Nicholas A.
  organization: USDA-FS, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1133 N. Western Avenue, Wenatchee, WA 98801-1229, United States
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Van R.
  surname: Kane
  fullname: Kane, Van R.
  organization: School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100, United States
– sequence: 7
  givenname: James A.
  surname: Lutz
  fullname: Lutz, James A.
  organization: Wildland Resources Department, S.J. & Jessie E. Quinney College of Natural Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5230 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-5230, United States
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Andrew J.
  surname: Larson
  fullname: Larson, Andrew J.
  organization: Department of Forest Management, W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
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Climate adaptation
Fire severity
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SSID ssj0005548
Score 2.4949296
Snippet •Moderate- and low-severity fire shifted closed- to open-canopy forest.•High- and moderate-severity fire restored patchworks of forest and...
In the western US, wildfires are modifying the structure, composition, and patterns of forested landscapes at rates that far exceed mechanical thinning and...
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StartPage 119796
SubjectTerms administrative management
aerial photography
canopy
climate
Climate adaptation
data collection
Fire severity
fire weather
forest ecology
forests
grasslands
Landscape pattern
landscapes
prescribed burning
Restoration
shrublands
subwatersheds
Wildfire
wildfires
woodlands
Title Post-fire landscape evaluations in Eastern Washington, USA: Assessing the work of contemporary wildfires
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