An overview of influenza A virus genes, protein functions, and replication cycle highlighting important updates

The recent research findings on influenza A virus (IAV) genome biology prompted us to present a comprehensive overview of IAV genes, protein functions, and replication cycle. The eight gene segments of the IAV genome encode 17 proteins, each having unique functions contributing to virus fitness in t...

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Published in:Virus genes Vol. 58; no. 4; pp. 255 - 269
Main Authors: Chauhan, Ravendra P., Gordon, Michelle L.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: New York Springer US 01.08.2022
Springer Nature B.V
Subjects:
Adaptation
Antiviral agents
Antiviral drugs
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biomedicine
burden of disease
disease transmission
Exo-a-sialidase
genes
Genomes
Glycoproteins
Hemagglutinins
Infections
Influenza
Influenza A
Influenza A virus
Medical Microbiology
Pathogenicity
Plant Sciences
Replication
Review Paper
Ribonucleoproteins
sialidase
Virions
Virology
Virulence
Viruses
RdRp complex
IAV evolution
Influenza A virus
IAV replication cycle
IAV genome biology
Viral ribonucleoprotein
IAV genes and proteins
ISSN:0920-8569, 1572-994X, 1572-994X
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Abstract The recent research findings on influenza A virus (IAV) genome biology prompted us to present a comprehensive overview of IAV genes, protein functions, and replication cycle. The eight gene segments of the IAV genome encode 17 proteins, each having unique functions contributing to virus fitness in the host. The polymerase genes are essential determinants of IAV pathogenicity and virulence; however, other viral components also play crucial roles in the IAV replication, transmission, and adaptation. Specific adaptive mutations within polymerase (PB2, PB1, and PA) and glycoprotein—hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes, may facilitate interspecies transmission and adaptation of IAV. The HA-NA interplay is essential for establishing the IAV infection; the low pH triggers the inactivation of HA-receptor binding, leading to significantly lower NA activities, indicating that the enzymatic function of NA is dependent on HA binding. While the HA and NA glycoproteins are required to initiate infection, M1, M2, NS1, and NEP proteins are essential for cytoplasmic trafficking of viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs) and the assembly of the IAV virions. The mechanisms that enable IAV to exploit the host cell resources to advance the infection are discussed. A comprehensive understanding of IAV genome biology is essential for developing antivirals to combat the IAV disease burden.
AbstractList The recent research findings on influenza A virus (IAV) genome biology prompted us to present a comprehensive overview of IAV genes, protein functions, and replication cycle. The eight gene segments of the IAV genome encode 17 proteins, each having unique functions contributing to virus fitness in the host. The polymerase genes are essential determinants of IAV pathogenicity and virulence; however, other viral components also play crucial roles in the IAV replication, transmission, and adaptation. Specific adaptive mutations within polymerase (PB2, PB1, and PA) and glycoprotein—hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes, may facilitate interspecies transmission and adaptation of IAV. The HA-NA interplay is essential for establishing the IAV infection; the low pH triggers the inactivation of HA-receptor binding, leading to significantly lower NA activities, indicating that the enzymatic function of NA is dependent on HA binding. While the HA and NA glycoproteins are required to initiate infection, M1, M2, NS1, and NEP proteins are essential for cytoplasmic trafficking of viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs) and the assembly of the IAV virions. The mechanisms that enable IAV to exploit the host cell resources to advance the infection are discussed. A comprehensive understanding of IAV genome biology is essential for developing antivirals to combat the IAV disease burden.
The recent research findings on influenza A virus (IAV) genome biology prompted us to present a comprehensive overview of IAV genes, protein functions, and replication cycle. The eight gene segments of the IAV genome encode 17 proteins, each having unique functions contributing to virus fitness in the host. The polymerase genes are essential determinants of IAV pathogenicity and virulence; however, other viral components also play crucial roles in the IAV replication, transmission, and adaptation. Specific adaptive mutations within polymerase (PB2, PB1, and PA) and glycoprotein-hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes, may facilitate interspecies transmission and adaptation of IAV. The HA-NA interplay is essential for establishing the IAV infection; the low pH triggers the inactivation of HA-receptor binding, leading to significantly lower NA activities, indicating that the enzymatic function of NA is dependent on HA binding. While the HA and NA glycoproteins are required to initiate infection, M1, M2, NS1, and NEP proteins are essential for cytoplasmic trafficking of viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs) and the assembly of the IAV virions. The mechanisms that enable IAV to exploit the host cell resources to advance the infection are discussed. A comprehensive understanding of IAV genome biology is essential for developing antivirals to combat the IAV disease burden.The recent research findings on influenza A virus (IAV) genome biology prompted us to present a comprehensive overview of IAV genes, protein functions, and replication cycle. The eight gene segments of the IAV genome encode 17 proteins, each having unique functions contributing to virus fitness in the host. The polymerase genes are essential determinants of IAV pathogenicity and virulence; however, other viral components also play crucial roles in the IAV replication, transmission, and adaptation. Specific adaptive mutations within polymerase (PB2, PB1, and PA) and glycoprotein-hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes, may facilitate interspecies transmission and adaptation of IAV. The HA-NA interplay is essential for establishing the IAV infection; the low pH triggers the inactivation of HA-receptor binding, leading to significantly lower NA activities, indicating that the enzymatic function of NA is dependent on HA binding. While the HA and NA glycoproteins are required to initiate infection, M1, M2, NS1, and NEP proteins are essential for cytoplasmic trafficking of viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs) and the assembly of the IAV virions. The mechanisms that enable IAV to exploit the host cell resources to advance the infection are discussed. A comprehensive understanding of IAV genome biology is essential for developing antivirals to combat the IAV disease burden.
Author Chauhan, Ravendra P.
Gordon, Michelle L.
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Ravendra P.
  orcidid: 0000-0002-4674-8255
  surname: Chauhan
  fullname: Chauhan, Ravendra P.
  organization: School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Michelle L.
  orcidid: 0000-0001-9945-1394
  surname: Gordon
  fullname: Gordon, Michelle L.
  email: Tarinm@ukzn.ac.za
  organization: School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35471490$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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ContentType Journal Article
Copyright The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2022
2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
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ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c338t-37001648d58f6f8dd6fce1d86ba192fe056840edd4bcc56ad5f17e78602ed1ff3
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ISICitedReferencesCount 64
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ISSN 0920-8569
1572-994X
IngestDate Sun Nov 09 13:40:39 EST 2025
Thu Oct 02 04:14:35 EDT 2025
Wed Nov 05 08:40:46 EST 2025
Wed Feb 19 02:25:09 EST 2025
Sat Nov 29 04:53:37 EST 2025
Tue Nov 18 21:34:57 EST 2025
Fri Feb 21 02:45:30 EST 2025
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 4
Keywords RdRp complex
IAV evolution
Influenza A virus
IAV replication cycle
IAV genome biology
Viral ribonucleoprotein
IAV genes and proteins
Language English
License 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
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crossref_citationtrail_10_1007_s11262_022_01904_w
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11262_022_01904_w
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PublicationDate 2022-08-01
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  day: 01
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PublicationTitle Virus genes
PublicationTitleAbbrev Virus Genes
PublicationTitleAlternate Virus Genes
PublicationYear 2022
Publisher Springer US
Springer Nature B.V
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Snippet The recent research findings on influenza A virus (IAV) genome biology prompted us to present a comprehensive overview of IAV genes, protein functions, and...
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SubjectTerms Adaptation
Antiviral agents
Antiviral drugs
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biomedicine
burden of disease
disease transmission
Exo-a-sialidase
genes
Genomes
Glycoproteins
Hemagglutinins
Infections
Influenza
Influenza A
Influenza A virus
Medical Microbiology
Pathogenicity
Plant Sciences
Replication
Review Paper
Ribonucleoproteins
sialidase
Virions
Virology
Virulence
Viruses
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Title An overview of influenza A virus genes, protein functions, and replication cycle highlighting important updates
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Volume 58
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