A Tutorial on Testing, Visualizing, and Probing an Interaction Involving a Multicategorical Variable in Linear Regression Analysis

Empirical communication scholars and scientists in other fields regularly use regression models to test moderation hypotheses. When the independent variable X and moderator M are dichotomous or continuous, the practice of testing a linear moderation hypothesis using regression analysis by including...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Communication methods and measures Vol. 11; no. 1; pp. 1 - 30
Main Authors:	Hayes, Andrew F., Montoya, Amanda K.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Philadelphia Routledge 02.01.2017 Taylor & Francis Ltd
Subjects:	Communication Dependent variables Empirical analysis Hypotheses Independent variables Iterative methods Moderators Regression analysis Regression models Spreadsheets
ISSN:	1931-2458, 1931-2466
Online Access:	Get full text
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Abstract	Empirical communication scholars and scientists in other fields regularly use regression models to test moderation hypotheses. When the independent variable X and moderator M are dichotomous or continuous, the practice of testing a linear moderation hypothesis using regression analysis by including the product of X and M in a model of dependent variable Y is widespread. However, many research designs include multicategorical independent variables or moderators, such as in an experiment with three or more versions of a stimulus where participants are randomly assigned to one of them. Researchers are less likely to receive training about how to properly test a moderation hypothesis using regression analysis in such a situation. In this tutorial, we explain how to test, visualize, and probe interactions involving a multicategorical variable using linear regression analysis. While presenting and discussing the fundamentals-fundamentals that are not software specific-we emphasize the use of the PROCESS macro for SPSS and SAS, as it greatly simplifies the computations and potential for error that exists when doing computations by hand or using spreadsheets based on formulas in existing books on this topic. We also introduce an iterative computational implementation of the Johnson-Neyman technique for finding regions of significance of the effect of a multicategorical independent variable when the moderator is continuous.
AbstractList	Empirical communication scholars and scientists in other fields regularly use regression models to test moderation hypotheses. When the independent variable X and moderator M are dichotomous or continuous, the practice of testing a linear moderation hypothesis using regression analysis by including the product of X and M in a model of dependent variable Y is widespread. However, many research designs include multicategorical independent variables or moderators, such as in an experiment with three or more versions of a stimulus where participants are randomly assigned to one of them. Researchers are less likely to receive training about how to properly test a moderation hypothesis using regression analysis in such a situation. In this tutorial, we explain how to test, visualize, and probe interactions involving a multicategorical variable using linear regression analysis. While presenting and discussing the fundamentals-fundamentals that are not software specific-we emphasize the use of the PROCESS macro for SPSS and SAS, as it greatly simplifies the computations and potential for error that exists when doing computations by hand or using spreadsheets based on formulas in existing books on this topic. We also introduce an iterative computational implementation of the Johnson-Neyman technique for finding regions of significance of the effect of a multicategorical independent variable when the moderator is continuous.
Author	Montoya, Amanda K. Hayes, Andrew F.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Andrew F. surname: Hayes fullname: Hayes, Andrew F. email: hayes.338@osu.edu organization: Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University – sequence: 2 givenname: Amanda K. surname: Montoya fullname: Montoya, Amanda K. organization: Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University
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Snippet	Empirical communication scholars and scientists in other fields regularly use regression models to test moderation hypotheses. When the independent variable X...
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SubjectTerms	Communication Dependent variables Empirical analysis Hypotheses Independent variables Iterative methods Moderators Regression analysis Regression models Spreadsheets
Title	A Tutorial on Testing, Visualizing, and Probing an Interaction Involving a Multicategorical Variable in Linear Regression Analysis
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