Effect of Zn and Co doping on antibacterial efficacy and cytocompatibility of spark plasma sintered hydroxyapatite

Hydroxyapatite [Hap, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] is one of the most preferred bioceramic material for orthopedic implants and coatings due to its stoichiometric similarities with human hard tissues. However, foreign body implantation inside human body sometimes leads to bacterial film formation over the implan...

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Published in:	Journal of the American Ceramic Society Vol. 103; no. 8; pp. 4090 - 4100
Main Authors:	Bhattacharjee, Arjak, Hassan, Rubia, Gupta, Anshul, Verma, Madhu, Murugan, Prem Anand, Sengupta, Pradyut, Saravanan, Matheshwaran, Manna, Indranil, Balani, Kantesh
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Columbus Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.08.2020
Subjects:	antibacterial Bioceramics Biocompatibility Cobalt cytocompatible Densification Dopants Doping E coli Fourier transforms Fracture toughness Fractures Hydroxyapatite Implantation Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Infrared spectroscopy Leaching Mass spectrometry Mechanical properties Orthopaedic implants Orthopedics Plasma sintering Spark plasma sintering Surgical implants Tissue engineering Toxicity Transplants & implants Zinc
ISSN:	0002-7820, 1551-2916
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Abstract	Hydroxyapatite [Hap, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] is one of the most preferred bioceramic material for orthopedic implants and coatings due to its stoichiometric similarities with human hard tissues. However, foreign body implantation inside human body sometimes leads to bacterial film formation over the implant surface causing the implant failure, thereby needing a revision surgery. This study attempts to select the better dopant between zinc (Zn) and cobalt (Co) as per the antibacterial efficacy when doped in Hap. To prepare antibacterial transition‐metal‐doped Hap, Zn and Co are doped in Hap as per the chemical formula Ca10−x Mx(PO4)6(OH)2, (M = Zn or Co and x = 0.24) to improve antibacterial efficacy. Phase and microstructural characterization by Rietveld refinement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) confirms the doping. Evaluation of antibacterial activity against E coli reveals that both Zn‐ and Co‐doped Hap shows antibacterial property with the latter being more effective (zone of inhibition ~3 mm more) for the same level of doping. Inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry confirms the presence of ~676 ppb Co+2 and ~303 ppb Zn+2 after leaching. In addition, cytotoxicity assay with NIH3T3 cell line reveals cytocompatibility of both the compositions with either dopant. The effect of spark plasma sintering on densification and mechanical properties of Co‐doped Hap is investigated for the first time and compared with Hap with the same level of Zn doping. It appears that Co‐doped Hap attains higher densification (~7% more) and fracture toughness (~2 times better) as compared to that of Zn‐doped counterpart (densification: 86% and fracture toughness: 0.75 ± 0.12 MPa √m). Thus, this study suggests that Co‐ and Zn‐doped Hap are promising candidates for bone tissue engineering with improved antibacterial properties and in addition, Co‐doped Hap can attain higher density and offer better fracture toughness than that of Hap doped with Zn. Schematic demonstrating Cobalt doping in Hap shows better antibacterial efficacy as compared to Zinc doped Hap. After spark plasma sintering, better densification and higher K1C value is obtained for Cobalt doped Hap, proving Cobalt a superior dopant as compared to Zinc in Hap.
AbstractList	Hydroxyapatite [Hap, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] is one of the most preferred bioceramic material for orthopedic implants and coatings due to its stoichiometric similarities with human hard tissues. However, foreign body implantation inside human body sometimes leads to bacterial film formation over the implant surface causing the implant failure, thereby needing a revision surgery. This study attempts to select the better dopant between zinc (Zn) and cobalt (Co) as per the antibacterial efficacy when doped in Hap. To prepare antibacterial transition‐metal‐doped Hap, Zn and Co are doped in Hap as per the chemical formula Ca10−x Mx(PO4)6(OH)2, (M = Zn or Co and x = 0.24) to improve antibacterial efficacy. Phase and microstructural characterization by Rietveld refinement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) confirms the doping. Evaluation of antibacterial activity against E coli reveals that both Zn‐ and Co‐doped Hap shows antibacterial property with the latter being more effective (zone of inhibition ~3 mm more) for the same level of doping. Inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry confirms the presence of ~676 ppb Co+2 and ~303 ppb Zn+2 after leaching. In addition, cytotoxicity assay with NIH3T3 cell line reveals cytocompatibility of both the compositions with either dopant. The effect of spark plasma sintering on densification and mechanical properties of Co‐doped Hap is investigated for the first time and compared with Hap with the same level of Zn doping. It appears that Co‐doped Hap attains higher densification (~7% more) and fracture toughness (~2 times better) as compared to that of Zn‐doped counterpart (densification: 86% and fracture toughness: 0.75 ± 0.12 MPa √m). Thus, this study suggests that Co‐ and Zn‐doped Hap are promising candidates for bone tissue engineering with improved antibacterial properties and in addition, Co‐doped Hap can attain higher density and offer better fracture toughness than that of Hap doped with Zn. Hydroxyapatite [Hap, Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ] is one of the most preferred bioceramic material for orthopedic implants and coatings due to its stoichiometric similarities with human hard tissues. However, foreign body implantation inside human body sometimes leads to bacterial film formation over the implant surface causing the implant failure, thereby needing a revision surgery. This study attempts to select the better dopant between zinc (Zn) and cobalt (Co) as per the antibacterial efficacy when doped in Hap. To prepare antibacterial transition‐metal‐doped Hap, Zn and Co are doped in Hap as per the chemical formula Ca 10− x M x (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 , (M = Zn or Co and x = 0.24) to improve antibacterial efficacy. Phase and microstructural characterization by Rietveld refinement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) confirms the doping. Evaluation of antibacterial activity against E coli reveals that both Zn‐ and Co‐doped Hap shows antibacterial property with the latter being more effective (zone of inhibition ~3 mm more) for the same level of doping. Inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry confirms the presence of ~676 ppb Co +2 and ~303 ppb Zn +2 after leaching. In addition, cytotoxicity assay with NIH3T3 cell line reveals cytocompatibility of both the compositions with either dopant. The effect of spark plasma sintering on densification and mechanical properties of Co‐doped Hap is investigated for the first time and compared with Hap with the same level of Zn doping. It appears that Co‐doped Hap attains higher densification (~7% more) and fracture toughness (~2 times better) as compared to that of Zn‐doped counterpart (densification: 86% and fracture toughness: 0.75 ± 0.12 MPa √m). Thus, this study suggests that Co‐ and Zn‐doped Hap are promising candidates for bone tissue engineering with improved antibacterial properties and in addition, Co‐doped Hap can attain higher density and offer better fracture toughness than that of Hap doped with Zn. Hydroxyapatite [Hap, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] is one of the most preferred bioceramic material for orthopedic implants and coatings due to its stoichiometric similarities with human hard tissues. However, foreign body implantation inside human body sometimes leads to bacterial film formation over the implant surface causing the implant failure, thereby needing a revision surgery. This study attempts to select the better dopant between zinc (Zn) and cobalt (Co) as per the antibacterial efficacy when doped in Hap. To prepare antibacterial transition‐metal‐doped Hap, Zn and Co are doped in Hap as per the chemical formula Ca10−x Mx(PO4)6(OH)2, (M = Zn or Co and x = 0.24) to improve antibacterial efficacy. Phase and microstructural characterization by Rietveld refinement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) confirms the doping. Evaluation of antibacterial activity against E coli reveals that both Zn‐ and Co‐doped Hap shows antibacterial property with the latter being more effective (zone of inhibition ~3 mm more) for the same level of doping. Inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry confirms the presence of ~676 ppb Co+2 and ~303 ppb Zn+2 after leaching. In addition, cytotoxicity assay with NIH3T3 cell line reveals cytocompatibility of both the compositions with either dopant. The effect of spark plasma sintering on densification and mechanical properties of Co‐doped Hap is investigated for the first time and compared with Hap with the same level of Zn doping. It appears that Co‐doped Hap attains higher densification (~7% more) and fracture toughness (~2 times better) as compared to that of Zn‐doped counterpart (densification: 86% and fracture toughness: 0.75 ± 0.12 MPa √m). Thus, this study suggests that Co‐ and Zn‐doped Hap are promising candidates for bone tissue engineering with improved antibacterial properties and in addition, Co‐doped Hap can attain higher density and offer better fracture toughness than that of Hap doped with Zn. Schematic demonstrating Cobalt doping in Hap shows better antibacterial efficacy as compared to Zinc doped Hap. After spark plasma sintering, better densification and higher K1C value is obtained for Cobalt doped Hap, proving Cobalt a superior dopant as compared to Zinc in Hap.
Author	Sengupta, Pradyut Saravanan, Matheshwaran Balani, Kantesh Murugan, Prem Anand Hassan, Rubia Gupta, Anshul Bhattacharjee, Arjak Verma, Madhu Manna, Indranil
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Snippet	Hydroxyapatite [Hap, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] is one of the most preferred bioceramic material for orthopedic implants and coatings due to its stoichiometric... Hydroxyapatite [Hap, Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ] is one of the most preferred bioceramic material for orthopedic implants and coatings due to its stoichiometric...
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SubjectTerms	antibacterial Bioceramics Biocompatibility Cobalt cytocompatible Densification Dopants Doping E coli Fourier transforms Fracture toughness Fractures Hydroxyapatite Implantation Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Infrared spectroscopy Leaching Mass spectrometry Mechanical properties Orthopaedic implants Orthopedics Plasma sintering Spark plasma sintering Surgical implants Tissue engineering Toxicity Transplants & implants Zinc
Title	Effect of Zn and Co doping on antibacterial efficacy and cytocompatibility of spark plasma sintered hydroxyapatite
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