Process-based vegetative growth model for cereal rye winter cover crop using object-oriented programming and linked-list data structure

•A cereal rye cover crop model is developed using object-oriented programming.•Organs are assembled based on a tiller hierarchy as the entire plant architecture.•The “representative plant” bridges individual and field-scale plant morphology. Cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) has been extensively studie...

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Published in:	Computers and electronics in agriculture Vol. 231; p. 109964
Main Authors:	Wang, Zhuangji, Timlin, Dennis, Thapa, Resham, Fleisher, David, Beegum, Sahila, Han, Eunjin, Schomberg, Harry, Mirsky, Steven, Sun, Wenguang, Reddy, Vangimalla, Horton, Robert, Tully, Katherine
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Elsevier B.V 01.04.2025
Subjects:	aboveground biomass agricultural conservation practice agriculture carbon dioxide fixation cash crops Cereal Rye Cover Crop cover crops Crop Growth Model crop models electronics Mid-Atlantic region nitrogen Object-Oriented Programming photosynthesis plant architecture Plant Botanical Structures rye Secale cereale soil Tiller Hierarchy transpiration vegetative growth Mid-Atlantic region Cereal Rye Cover Crop Tiller Hierarchy Object-Oriented Programming Crop Growth Model Plant Botanical Structures
ISSN:	0168-1699
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Abstract	•A cereal rye cover crop model is developed using object-oriented programming.•Organs are assembled based on a tiller hierarchy as the entire plant architecture.•The “representative plant” bridges individual and field-scale plant morphology. Cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) has been extensively studied as a winter cover crop in conservation agriculture using experimental and modeling approaches. Previous studies generally modeled cereal rye by modifying existing cash crop models. This study aims to develop a new cereal rye vegetative growth model and evaluate model accuracy. The new model, namely RYESIM, employs object-oriented programming techniques and a linked-list data structure to present the emergence order of cereal rye organs, such as leaves, internodes, and tillers. Individual organs are abstracted as “classes,” which encapsulate organs’ morphological features and emergence-growth-senescence processes as member variables and functions. Multiple organs are assembled based on the tiller hierarchy to formulate the cereal rye plant architecture. RYESIM also contains “representative plant” as an average process among multiple individual plants, which bridges individual organs’ growth and field-scale averaged plant morphology, as well as ensuring plant-level biomass and nitrogen (N) mass balance. Existing soil (2DSOIL) and biochemical photosynthesis models are incorporated to estimate soil water-nutrient supply, carbon assimilation and transpiration. RYESIM was evaluated using published field data measured in the Mid-Atlantic region of the USA. Compared to observed values, the relative mean absolute errors of RYESIM for tiller number, aboveground biomass and N mass were within 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 (with exceptions), and the RYESIM simulated values fell within the value ranges from literature results. Therefore, RYESIM provides effective simulations on cereal rye vegetative growth, and the RYESIM model structure also provides a paradigm for future “multi-tiller” cash crop model development.
AbstractList	Cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) has been extensively studied as a winter cover crop in conservation agriculture using experimental and modeling approaches. Previous studies generally modeled cereal rye by modifying existing cash crop models. This study aims to develop a new cereal rye vegetative growth model and evaluate model accuracy. The new model, namely RYESIM, employs object-oriented programming techniques and a linked-list data structure to present the emergence order of cereal rye organs, such as leaves, internodes, and tillers. Individual organs are abstracted as "classes," which encapsulate organs' morphological features and emergence-growth-senescence processes as member variables and functions. Multiple organs are assembled based on the tiller hierarchy to formulate the cereal rye plant architecture. RYESIM also contains "representative plant" as an average process among multiple individual plants, which bridges individual organs' growth and field-scale averaged plant morphology, as well as ensuring plant-level biomass and nitrogen (N) mass balance. Existing soil (2DSOIL) and biochemical photosynthesis models are incorporated to estimate soil water-nutrient supply, carbon assimilation and transpiration. RYESIM was evaluated using published field data measured in the Mid-Atlantic region of the USA. Compared to observed values, the relative mean absolute errors of RYESIM for tiller number, aboveground biomass and N mass were within 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 (with exceptions), and the RYESIM simulated values fell within the value ranges from literature results. Therefore, RYESIM provides effective simulations on cereal rye vegetative growth, and the RYESIM model structure also provides a paradigm for future "multi-tiller" cash crop model development. •A cereal rye cover crop model is developed using object-oriented programming.•Organs are assembled based on a tiller hierarchy as the entire plant architecture.•The “representative plant” bridges individual and field-scale plant morphology. Cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) has been extensively studied as a winter cover crop in conservation agriculture using experimental and modeling approaches. Previous studies generally modeled cereal rye by modifying existing cash crop models. This study aims to develop a new cereal rye vegetative growth model and evaluate model accuracy. The new model, namely RYESIM, employs object-oriented programming techniques and a linked-list data structure to present the emergence order of cereal rye organs, such as leaves, internodes, and tillers. Individual organs are abstracted as “classes,” which encapsulate organs’ morphological features and emergence-growth-senescence processes as member variables and functions. Multiple organs are assembled based on the tiller hierarchy to formulate the cereal rye plant architecture. RYESIM also contains “representative plant” as an average process among multiple individual plants, which bridges individual organs’ growth and field-scale averaged plant morphology, as well as ensuring plant-level biomass and nitrogen (N) mass balance. Existing soil (2DSOIL) and biochemical photosynthesis models are incorporated to estimate soil water-nutrient supply, carbon assimilation and transpiration. RYESIM was evaluated using published field data measured in the Mid-Atlantic region of the USA. Compared to observed values, the relative mean absolute errors of RYESIM for tiller number, aboveground biomass and N mass were within 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 (with exceptions), and the RYESIM simulated values fell within the value ranges from literature results. Therefore, RYESIM provides effective simulations on cereal rye vegetative growth, and the RYESIM model structure also provides a paradigm for future “multi-tiller” cash crop model development.
ArticleNumber	109964
Author	Reddy, Vangimalla Han, Eunjin Horton, Robert Schomberg, Harry Tully, Katherine Wang, Zhuangji Beegum, Sahila Thapa, Resham Timlin, Dennis Fleisher, David Sun, Wenguang Mirsky, Steven
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Zhuangji surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Zhuangji organization: Adaptive Cropping System Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA 20705 – sequence: 2 givenname: Dennis orcidid: 0000-0003-4883-4664 surname: Timlin fullname: Timlin, Dennis email: Dennis.Timlin@usda.gov organization: Adaptive Cropping System Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA 20705 – sequence: 3 givenname: Resham surname: Thapa fullname: Thapa, Resham organization: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, USA 37209 – sequence: 4 givenname: David surname: Fleisher fullname: Fleisher, David organization: Adaptive Cropping System Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA 20705 – sequence: 5 givenname: Sahila surname: Beegum fullname: Beegum, Sahila organization: Adaptive Cropping System Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA 20705 – sequence: 6 givenname: Eunjin surname: Han fullname: Han, Eunjin organization: Adaptive Cropping System Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA 20705 – sequence: 7 givenname: Harry surname: Schomberg fullname: Schomberg, Harry organization: Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA 20705 – sequence: 8 givenname: Steven surname: Mirsky fullname: Mirsky, Steven organization: Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA 20705 – sequence: 9 givenname: Wenguang surname: Sun fullname: Sun, Wenguang organization: Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523 – sequence: 10 givenname: Vangimalla surname: Reddy fullname: Reddy, Vangimalla organization: Adaptive Cropping System Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA 20705 – sequence: 11 givenname: Robert surname: Horton fullname: Horton, Robert organization: Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA 50011 – sequence: 12 givenname: Katherine surname: Tully fullname: Tully, Katherine organization: Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA 20742
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Keywords	Cereal Rye Cover Crop Tiller Hierarchy Object-Oriented Programming Crop Growth Model Plant Botanical Structures
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Snippet	•A cereal rye cover crop model is developed using object-oriented programming.•Organs are assembled based on a tiller hierarchy as the entire plant... Cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) has been extensively studied as a winter cover crop in conservation agriculture using experimental and modeling approaches....
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SubjectTerms	aboveground biomass agricultural conservation practice agriculture carbon dioxide fixation cash crops Cereal Rye Cover Crop cover crops Crop Growth Model crop models electronics Mid-Atlantic region nitrogen Object-Oriented Programming photosynthesis plant architecture Plant Botanical Structures rye Secale cereale soil Tiller Hierarchy transpiration vegetative growth
Title	Process-based vegetative growth model for cereal rye winter cover crop using object-oriented programming and linked-list data structure
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