LPWAN Technologies: Emerging Application Characteristics, Requirements, and Design Considerations

Low power wide area network (LPWAN) is a promising solution for long range and low power Internet of Things (IoT) and machine to machine (M2M) communication applications. This paper focuses on defining a systematic and powerful approach of identifying the key characteristics of such applications, tr...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published in:Future internet Vol. 12; no. 3; p. 46
Main Authors: Chaudhari, Bharat S., Zennaro, Marco, Borkar, Suresh
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 01.03.2020
Subjects:
application requirements, architectures and design requirements
internet of things (iot)
lpwan
lpwan technologies
m2m
wireless access
ISSN:1999-5903, 1999-5903
Online Access:Get full text
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
Abstract Low power wide area network (LPWAN) is a promising solution for long range and low power Internet of Things (IoT) and machine to machine (M2M) communication applications. This paper focuses on defining a systematic and powerful approach of identifying the key characteristics of such applications, translating them into explicit requirements, and then deriving the associated design considerations. LPWANs are resource-constrained networks and are primarily characterized by long battery life operation, extended coverage, high capacity, and low device and deployment costs. These characteristics translate into a key set of requirements including M2M traffic management, massive capacity, energy efficiency, low power operations, extended coverage, security, and interworking. The set of corresponding design considerations is identified in terms of two categories, desired or expected ones and enhanced ones, which reflect the wide range of characteristics associated with LPWAN-based applications. Prominent design constructs include admission and user traffic management, interference management, energy saving modes of operation, lightweight media access control (MAC) protocols, accurate location identification, security coverage techniques, and flexible software re-configurability. Topological and architectural options for interconnecting LPWAN entities are discussed. The major proprietary and standards-based LPWAN technology solutions available in the marketplace are presented. These include Sigfox, LoRaWAN, Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), and long term evolution (LTE)-M, among others. The relevance of upcoming cellular 5G technology and its complementary relationship with LPWAN technology are also discussed.
AbstractList Low power wide area network (LPWAN) is a promising solution for long range and low power Internet of Things (IoT) and machine to machine (M2M) communication applications. This paper focuses on defining a systematic and powerful approach of identifying the key characteristics of such applications, translating them into explicit requirements, and then deriving the associated design considerations. LPWANs are resource-constrained networks and are primarily characterized by long battery life operation, extended coverage, high capacity, and low device and deployment costs. These characteristics translate into a key set of requirements including M2M traffic management, massive capacity, energy efficiency, low power operations, extended coverage, security, and interworking. The set of corresponding design considerations is identified in terms of two categories, desired or expected ones and enhanced ones, which reflect the wide range of characteristics associated with LPWAN-based applications. Prominent design constructs include admission and user traffic management, interference management, energy saving modes of operation, lightweight media access control (MAC) protocols, accurate location identification, security coverage techniques, and flexible software re-configurability. Topological and architectural options for interconnecting LPWAN entities are discussed. The major proprietary and standards-based LPWAN technology solutions available in the marketplace are presented. These include Sigfox, LoRaWAN, Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), and long term evolution (LTE)-M, among others. The relevance of upcoming cellular 5G technology and its complementary relationship with LPWAN technology are also discussed.
Author Borkar, Suresh
Chaudhari, Bharat S.
Zennaro, Marco
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Bharat S.
  orcidid: 0000-0003-2401-8996
  surname: Chaudhari
  fullname: Chaudhari, Bharat S.
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Marco
  orcidid: 0000-0002-0578-0830
  surname: Zennaro
  fullname: Zennaro, Marco
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Suresh
  orcidid: 0000-0003-0765-8799
  surname: Borkar
  fullname: Borkar, Suresh
BookMark eNptUMFOwzAMjdCQGGMXvqBnxCCp267hNo0BkyZAaIhj5SZOl6lrRlIO_D1lQ4AQvvjZfu_J9jHrNa4hxk4FvwCQ_NJYEXPgPMkOWF9IKUep5ND7hY_YMIQ17wJknGXjPsPF48vkPlqSWjWudpWlcBXNNuQr21TRZLutrcLWuiaartCjasnb0FoVzqMnen2znjbUtF2FjY6uKdiqY7omWE1-pwsn7NBgHWj4lQfs-Wa2nN6NFg-38-lkMVIA0I5Ql-MSBCrQvMwNJwOQkkhLMjLJCRGUTqiUKtcZ5B2Ky4SjTLoxiDwzMGDzva92uC623m7QvxcObbFrOF8V6LvNayoUkNCJESgEJGlsZF6SyjI-RpHGmied19neS3kXgifz7Sd48fnr4ufXHZn_ISvb7m5vPdr6P8kH6lWEQg
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_3390_s23208440
crossref_primary_10_3390_s25092748
crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2024_3352508
crossref_primary_10_3390_s21010293
crossref_primary_10_3390_fi15080270
crossref_primary_10_1109_JSEN_2024_3461833
crossref_primary_10_32604_cmc_2022_019705
crossref_primary_10_3390_fire8070250
crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2022_3196182
crossref_primary_10_3390_app13042242
crossref_primary_10_3390_s24175523
crossref_primary_10_3390_s23031282
crossref_primary_10_3390_s24041227
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_asr_2021_11_043
crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2021_3119775
crossref_primary_10_1002_dac_5965
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10661_023_11756_y
crossref_primary_10_3390_machines11010012
crossref_primary_10_3390_s20216225
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_adhoc_2023_103121
crossref_primary_10_1080_17480930_2025_2455587
crossref_primary_10_1007_s41870_023_01453_x
crossref_primary_10_3390_s24082509
crossref_primary_10_3390_s21196478
crossref_primary_10_3390_fi17090388
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_enbuild_2024_114852
crossref_primary_10_1109_JSYST_2023_3302876
crossref_primary_10_3390_technologies12090166
crossref_primary_10_1109_JIOT_2022_3185750
crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2022_3188862
crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2022_3205009
crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics11111764
crossref_primary_10_3390_s24144482
crossref_primary_10_3390_s23083876
crossref_primary_10_1007_s43926_025_00097_6
crossref_primary_10_1109_JIOT_2024_3488290
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_comnet_2025_111476
crossref_primary_10_3390_s20092663
crossref_primary_10_3390_s22239485
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eswa_2023_122862
crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics10141615
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ecoinf_2025_103231
crossref_primary_10_3390_fi17030122
crossref_primary_10_1109_COMST_2022_3144473
crossref_primary_10_3390_s22155561
crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2020_3029847
crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics13244863
crossref_primary_10_32604_cmc_2022_020027
crossref_primary_10_3390_s22135065
crossref_primary_10_3390_s24175770
crossref_primary_10_3390_s24206673
crossref_primary_10_3390_s22093438
crossref_primary_10_1186_s13174_021_00138_7
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11235_025_01326_7
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scs_2021_103442
crossref_primary_10_3390_s22228685
crossref_primary_10_3390_technologies13060255
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eswa_2021_115500
crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2022_3206030
crossref_primary_10_3390_app15094856
crossref_primary_10_1002_dac_5421
crossref_primary_10_3390_agronomy11050820
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11227_024_06571_2
crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2022_3160193
crossref_primary_10_3390_jlpea12030047
crossref_primary_10_1109_JIOT_2023_3298017
crossref_primary_10_3390_s22176461
crossref_primary_10_3390_mca29040049
crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics10091078
crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2023_3345025
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_adhoc_2023_103283
crossref_primary_10_3390_s21175838
crossref_primary_10_3390_fire5010011
crossref_primary_10_3390_s22166313
crossref_primary_10_3233_ICA_230716
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11036_021_01747_z
crossref_primary_10_3390_s22114159
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_compag_2024_109289
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11227_022_04722_x
crossref_primary_10_1007_s12652_020_02769_3
crossref_primary_10_1088_1742_6596_2550_1_012015
crossref_primary_10_3390_s23167278
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_adhoc_2025_103838
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_compbiomed_2025_109653
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jnca_2024_103945
crossref_primary_10_48175_IJARSCT_8349M
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eswa_2022_116703
crossref_primary_10_1155_2023_5183062
crossref_primary_10_1007_s42979_023_02392_x
crossref_primary_10_3390_network1030017
crossref_primary_10_3390_s21124034
crossref_primary_10_3390_su13010338
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11277_024_11613_2
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41597_025_05802_2
crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2021_3137841
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_comnet_2023_109855
crossref_primary_10_3390_s23042078
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_adhoc_2025_103815
crossref_primary_10_3390_su16229683
crossref_primary_10_1109_TNSM_2022_3228291
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_future_2022_10_018
crossref_primary_10_1109_COMST_2022_3199901
crossref_primary_10_1002_dac_5036
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_icte_2024_03_003
crossref_primary_10_32604_cmc_2022_028503
crossref_primary_10_3390_network2010003
Cites_doi 10.3390/s19030585
10.1016/j.icte.2017.12.005
10.1109/MNET.2017.1700082
10.1109/VTS-APWCS.2019.8851631
10.1109/MWC.2019.8752473
10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2779844
10.3390/s19214651
10.1002/9781119471509.w5GRef032
10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600613
10.1109/WCNC.2018.8377168
10.1109/ICTC46691.2019.8939944
10.3390/s19040838
10.1109/MWC.2016.7721743
10.1109/COMST.2017.2652320
10.1088/1757-899X/396/1/012027
10.3390/app9163289
10.1109/TGCN.2018.2873783
10.1109/LCOMM.2018.2797057
10.1109/COMST.2019.2916177
10.1007/s11235-019-00557-9
10.3390/s19030675
10.1109/MCOMSTD.2017.1600002ST
10.1155/2013/870430
ContentType Journal Article
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
DOA
DOI 10.3390/fi12030046
DatabaseName CrossRef
DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
DatabaseTitleList CrossRef
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: DOA
  name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  url: https://www.doaj.org/
  sourceTypes: Open Website
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Engineering
EISSN 1999-5903
ExternalDocumentID oai_doaj_org_article_c3e1d4f1a113452f98bec6607a152d04
10_3390_fi12030046
GroupedDBID -DT
.4I
5VS
7WY
8FE
8FG
8FL
AADQD
AAFWJ
AAKPC
AAYXX
ABDBF
ABUWG
ACIHN
ADBBV
ADMLS
AEAQA
AFFHD
AFKRA
AFPKN
AFZYC
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
ARAPS
AZQEC
BCNDV
BENPR
BEZIV
BGLVJ
BPHCQ
CCPQU
CITATION
DWQXO
E3Z
EAP
EBS
EJD
ESX
FRNLG
GNUQQ
GROUPED_DOAJ
HCIFZ
IAO
K60
K6V
K6~
K7-
KQ8
M0C
MODMG
M~E
OK1
P62
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PQBIZ
PQBZA
PQGLB
PQQKQ
PROAC
RNS
TR2
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c333t-adb7b31ac3d0b8f0ef335e15bef948eaa3cd4eb9c8d6384eb2b40a94ef93186f3
IEDL.DBID DOA
ISICitedReferencesCount 148
ISICitedReferencesURI http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000524337000015&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN 1999-5903
IngestDate Fri Oct 03 12:45:37 EDT 2025
Tue Nov 18 21:40:00 EST 2025
Sat Nov 29 07:16:37 EST 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 3
Language English
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c333t-adb7b31ac3d0b8f0ef335e15bef948eaa3cd4eb9c8d6384eb2b40a94ef93186f3
ORCID 0000-0003-2401-8996
0000-0002-0578-0830
0000-0003-0765-8799
OpenAccessLink https://doaj.org/article/c3e1d4f1a113452f98bec6607a152d04
ParticipantIDs doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_c3e1d4f1a113452f98bec6607a152d04
crossref_primary_10_3390_fi12030046
crossref_citationtrail_10_3390_fi12030046
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2020-03-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2020-03-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 03
  year: 2020
  text: 2020-03-01
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationTitle Future internet
PublicationYear 2020
Publisher MDPI AG
Publisher_xml – name: MDPI AG
References ref_14
ref_13
ref_35
ref_34
Kim (ref_44) 2019; 26
ref_33
ref_10
ref_30
Chacko (ref_12) 2018; 396
Centenaro (ref_19) 2016; 23
Thubert (ref_11) 2017; 1
ref_18
ref_17
ref_39
ref_38
ref_15
ref_37
Akpakwu (ref_9) 2017; 6
Ferran (ref_31) 2017; 55
Hoglund (ref_32) 2017; 31
ref_25
ref_24
ref_23
ref_22
Croce (ref_28) 2018; 22
ref_43
ref_20
ref_42
ref_41
Raza (ref_6) 2017; 19
ref_40
ref_1
Mekki (ref_8) 2019; 5
ref_3
ref_2
Chen (ref_16) 2018; 3
Gia (ref_21) 2019; 155
ref_29
ref_27
ref_26
Bembe (ref_36) 2019; 71
ref_5
ref_4
ref_7
References_xml – ident: ref_7
– ident: ref_13
  doi: 10.3390/s19030585
– ident: ref_30
– volume: 5
  start-page: 1
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_8
  article-title: A comparative study of LPWAN technologies for large-scale IoT deployment
  publication-title: ICT Express
  doi: 10.1016/j.icte.2017.12.005
– ident: ref_5
– ident: ref_3
– ident: ref_24
– volume: 31
  start-page: 16
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_32
  article-title: Overview of 3GPP release 14 enhanced NB-IoT
  publication-title: IEEE Netw.
  doi: 10.1109/MNET.2017.1700082
– ident: ref_38
  doi: 10.1109/VTS-APWCS.2019.8851631
– volume: 155
  start-page: 43
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_21
  article-title: Comparative study of LPWAN technologies on unlicensed bands for M2M communication in the IoT: Beyond LoRa and LoRaWAN
  publication-title: Procedia Comput. Sci.
– ident: ref_39
– ident: ref_40
– ident: ref_14
– volume: 26
  start-page: 2
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_44
  article-title: New Radio (NR) and its Evolution toward 5G-Advanced
  publication-title: IEEE Wirel. Commun.
  doi: 10.1109/MWC.2019.8752473
– ident: ref_42
– ident: ref_1
– volume: 6
  start-page: 3619
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_9
  article-title: A survey on 5G networks for the Internet of Things: Communication technologies and challenges
  publication-title: IEEE Access
  doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2779844
– ident: ref_18
  doi: 10.3390/s19214651
– ident: ref_23
– ident: ref_10
  doi: 10.1002/9781119471509.w5GRef032
– volume: 55
  start-page: 34
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_31
  article-title: Understanding the limits of LoRaWAN
  publication-title: IEEE Commun. Mag.
  doi: 10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600613
– ident: ref_37
  doi: 10.1109/WCNC.2018.8377168
– ident: ref_25
– ident: ref_26
  doi: 10.1109/ICTC46691.2019.8939944
– ident: ref_4
– ident: ref_29
– ident: ref_27
– ident: ref_2
– ident: ref_35
  doi: 10.3390/s19040838
– volume: 23
  start-page: 60
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_19
  article-title: Long-range communications in unlicensed bands: The rising stars in the IoT and smart city scenarios
  publication-title: IEEE Wirel. Commun.
  doi: 10.1109/MWC.2016.7721743
– volume: 19
  start-page: 855
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_6
  article-title: Low power wide area networks: An overview
  publication-title: IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor.
  doi: 10.1109/COMST.2017.2652320
– ident: ref_17
– volume: 396
  start-page: 012027
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_12
  article-title: Security mechanisms and Vulnerabilities in LPWAN
  publication-title: IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng.
  doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/396/1/012027
– ident: ref_41
  doi: 10.3390/app9163289
– ident: ref_43
– volume: 3
  start-page: 409
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_16
  article-title: Cognitive-LPWAN: Towards intelligent wireless services in hybrid low power wide area networks
  publication-title: IEEE Trans. Green Commun. Netw.
  doi: 10.1109/TGCN.2018.2873783
– ident: ref_22
– volume: 22
  start-page: 796
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_28
  article-title: Impact of LoRa imperfect orthogonality: Analysis of link-level performance
  publication-title: IEEE Commun. Lett.
  doi: 10.1109/LCOMM.2018.2797057
– ident: ref_33
  doi: 10.1109/COMST.2019.2916177
– volume: 71
  start-page: 249
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_36
  article-title: A survey on low-power wide area networks for IoT applications
  publication-title: Telecommun. Syst.
  doi: 10.1007/s11235-019-00557-9
– ident: ref_20
– ident: ref_15
  doi: 10.3390/s19030675
– volume: 1
  start-page: 76
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_11
  article-title: Low-power wide-area networks at the IETF
  publication-title: IEEE Commun. Stand. Mag.
  doi: 10.1109/MCOMSTD.2017.1600002ST
– ident: ref_34
  doi: 10.1155/2013/870430
SSID ssj0000392667
Score 2.5521564
SecondaryResourceType review_article
Snippet Low power wide area network (LPWAN) is a promising solution for long range and low power Internet of Things (IoT) and machine to machine (M2M) communication...
SourceID doaj
crossref
SourceType Open Website
Enrichment Source
Index Database
StartPage 46
SubjectTerms application requirements, architectures and design requirements
internet of things (iot)
lpwan
lpwan technologies
m2m
wireless access
Title LPWAN Technologies: Emerging Application Characteristics, Requirements, and Design Considerations
URI https://doaj.org/article/c3e1d4f1a113452f98bec6607a152d04
Volume 12
WOSCitedRecordID wos000524337000015&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights – providerCode: PRVAON
  databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1999-5903
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0000392667
  issn: 1999-5903
  databaseCode: DOA
  dateStart: 20090101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.doaj.org/
  providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals
– providerCode: PRVHPJ
  databaseName: ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1999-5903
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0000392667
  issn: 1999-5903
  databaseCode: M~E
  dateStart: 20090101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://road.issn.org
  providerName: ISSN International Centre
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: ABI/INFORM Collection
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1999-5903
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0000392667
  issn: 1999-5903
  databaseCode: 7WY
  dateStart: 20090101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/abicomplete
  providerName: ProQuest
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: ABI/INFORM Global
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1999-5903
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0000392667
  issn: 1999-5903
  databaseCode: M0C
  dateStart: 20090101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/abiglobal
  providerName: ProQuest
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1999-5903
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0000392667
  issn: 1999-5903
  databaseCode: P5Z
  dateStart: 20090101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/hightechjournals
  providerName: ProQuest
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: Computer Science Database
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1999-5903
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0000392667
  issn: 1999-5903
  databaseCode: K7-
  dateStart: 20090101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: http://search.proquest.com/compscijour
  providerName: ProQuest
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: ProQuest Central
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1999-5903
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0000392667
  issn: 1999-5903
  databaseCode: BENPR
  dateStart: 20090101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/central
  providerName: ProQuest
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: Publicly Available Content Database
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1999-5903
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0000392667
  issn: 1999-5903
  databaseCode: PIMPY
  dateStart: 20090101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: http://search.proquest.com/publiccontent
  providerName: ProQuest
link http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1JS8QwFA4yeNCDuOK4EdCLYJhsTVpv4-ggKMMginMrWWFAqoyjv98k7WwgePFS2uTRlPeavqWP7wPgglITA1eNBPYaRfQ7lBfSIeYpdZholWGTyCbkYJCPRsVwieor9oTV8MC14jqGOWK5J4oQxjPqizysKgSWKngeWyOBhqhnKZlK3-Dg9oWQNR4pC3l9x48JxRFeSqx4oCWg_uRR-ttgqwkFYbd-hB2w5qpdsLkEELgH1OPwtTuA8_p3SGuvYawjRWoh2F38fIa9VeDlK_jkYo9vKv6FK1VZeJuaNeCMorMu1e2Dl_7dc-8eNaQIyDDGpkhZLTUjyjCLde6x84xljmTa-YLnTilmLHe6MLkNWyucUc2xKniYDttXeHYAWtV75Q4BDKGhFE5hohTnUmElHMbKZ5owwbW0bXA5U1RpGsTwSFzxVobMISq1XCi1Dc7nsh81TsavUjdR33OJiG2dBoLFy8bi5V8WP_qPmxyDDRoz59RNdgJa08mXOwXr5ns6_pycpZcpHB8k-gGSaNAQ
linkProvider Directory of Open Access Journals
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=LPWAN+Technologies%3A+Emerging+Application+Characteristics%2C+Requirements%2C+and+Design+Considerations&rft.jtitle=Future+internet&rft.au=Bharat+S.+Chaudhari&rft.au=Marco+Zennaro&rft.au=Suresh+Borkar&rft.date=2020-03-01&rft.pub=MDPI+AG&rft.eissn=1999-5903&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=46&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Ffi12030046&rft.externalDBID=DOA&rft.externalDocID=oai_doaj_org_article_c3e1d4f1a113452f98bec6607a152d04
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1999-5903&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1999-5903&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1999-5903&client=summon