Europium, Yttrium, and Indium Recovery from Electronic Wastes
Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has increased in recent decades due to the continuous advancement of technology in the modern world. These residues have various metals that are found in concentrations that make their recovery profitable. A group of metals of interest are the rare ea...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | Metals (Basel ) Jg. 8; H. 10; S. 777 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
MDPI AG
01.10.2018
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| ISSN: | 2075-4701, 2075-4701 |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| Abstract | Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has increased in recent decades due to the continuous advancement of technology in the modern world. These residues have various metals that are found in concentrations that make their recovery profitable. A group of metals of interest are the rare earths such as europium and yttrium, as well as semiconductors such as indium. Yttrium was recovered from cathode ray tubes that were manually dismantled. The resulted powder was leached with HNO3, and then the solution was submitted to solvent extraction with di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (DEHPA) using n-heptane as a diluent. For re-extraction, HNO3 was used again, and yttrium was precipitated by adding four times the stoichiometric amount of oxalic acid, reaching 68% yttrium purity. Indium was recovered from the liquid crystal display (LCD) screens for which the pulverized material was leached with H2SO4. Then, the indium sulfate was subjected to solvent extraction using DEHPA as an extractant, and diesel as a diluent. The re-extraction was carried out again with H2SO4, and the obtained acid solution was evaporated until the indium precipitated, reaching a recovery of 95%. The investigations that were carried out show that it is feasible to recover these metals in the form of oxides or phosphates with high commercial value. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has increased in recent decades due to the continuous advancement of technology in the modern world. These residues have various metals that are found in concentrations that make their recovery profitable. A group of metals of interest are the rare earths such as europium and yttrium, as well as semiconductors such as indium. Yttrium was recovered from cathode ray tubes that were manually dismantled. The resulted powder was leached with HNO3, and then the solution was submitted to solvent extraction with di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (DEHPA) using n-heptane as a diluent. For re-extraction, HNO3 was used again, and yttrium was precipitated by adding four times the stoichiometric amount of oxalic acid, reaching 68% yttrium purity. Indium was recovered from the liquid crystal display (LCD) screens for which the pulverized material was leached with H2SO4. Then, the indium sulfate was subjected to solvent extraction using DEHPA as an extractant, and diesel as a diluent. The re-extraction was carried out again with H2SO4, and the obtained acid solution was evaporated until the indium precipitated, reaching a recovery of 95%. The investigations that were carried out show that it is feasible to recover these metals in the form of oxides or phosphates with high commercial value. |
| Author | De la Torre, Ernesto Vargas, Estefanía Ron, César Gámez, Sebastián |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Ernesto surname: De la Torre fullname: De la Torre, Ernesto – sequence: 2 givenname: Estefanía surname: Vargas fullname: Vargas, Estefanía – sequence: 3 givenname: César surname: Ron fullname: Ron, César – sequence: 4 givenname: Sebastián orcidid: 0000-0002-8850-8604 surname: Gámez fullname: Gámez, Sebastián |
| BookMark | eNptkE9Lw0AQxRepYK29-AlyFqOz2SS7OXiQ0mqhIIginsL-mZUtSbZstkK_vbEVFXEu897w5nd4p2TU-Q4JOadwxVgF1y1GQQE450dknAEv0pwDHf3SJ2Ta92sYRmQlVNWY3My3wW_ctr1MXmMMeyE7kyw7M-jkEbV_x7BLbPBtMm9Qx-A7p5MX2Ufsz8ixlU2P0689Ic-L-dPsPl093C1nt6tUM8ZiytCiVMKyTHND87KiaFWRA2AlOKdcUZWVJVeWK1MwJRlHajRYTrGwpZBsQpYHrvFyXW-Ca2XY1V66en_w4a2WITrdYK0oLZmwYExR5cwKwUojRcGAWktxsBNycWDp4Ps-oP3mUag_e6x_ehzC8CesXZTR-S4G6Zr_Xj4ADs52yQ |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_inoche_2023_111049 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ccr_2024_215699 crossref_primary_10_3390_pr11061847 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jclepro_2020_122868 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scitotenv_2024_171453 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_envpol_2020_115731 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_hydromet_2019_105104 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_desal_2025_118900 crossref_primary_10_1080_10643389_2020_1729073 crossref_primary_10_3390_met11091383 crossref_primary_10_3390_recycling8060097 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.resourpol.2014.03.004 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.10.023 10.1016/j.mineng.2012.10.017 10.2172/1051724 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.04.021 10.1002/clen.200700082 10.1016/S0304-386X(98)00052-8 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.07.004 10.1016/j.mineng.2009.09.007 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.02.001 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.09.012 10.1016/j.resconrec.2007.06.002 10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.04.003 10.1016/B978-0-08-011616-7.50005-X 10.1016/S0892-6875(03)00168-7 10.1016/j.wasman.2005.11.017 10.1016/j.hydromet.2015.05.003 10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.03.002 10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.04.002 10.1177/0734242X07076941 10.1201/b19055 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.06.002 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION DOA |
| DOI | 10.3390/met8100777 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef |
| DatabaseTitleList | CrossRef |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: DOA name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals url: https://www.doaj.org/ sourceTypes: Open Website |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Engineering |
| EISSN | 2075-4701 |
| ExternalDocumentID | oai_doaj_org_article_b11638f0dd5943f8836da85301ff1e88 10_3390_met8100777 |
| GroupedDBID | .4S 5VS 8FE 8FG AADQD AAFWJ AAYXX ABJCF ADBBV ADMLS AENEX AFFHD AFKRA AFPKN AFZYC ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ARCSS BCNDV BENPR BGLVJ CCPQU CITATION D1I GROUPED_DOAJ HCIFZ IPNFZ KB. KQ8 MODMG M~E OK1 PDBOC PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PQGLB PROAC RIG TUS |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c333t-3efeab8f32c7d14691efb5400e987717b1b2667bf7bd53ba37e1dc0f71e5f68a3 |
| IEDL.DBID | DOA |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 10 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000448658700041&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 2075-4701 |
| IngestDate | Fri Oct 03 12:45:30 EDT 2025 Sat Nov 29 07:21:42 EST 2025 Tue Nov 18 22:43:09 EST 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 10 |
| Language | English |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c333t-3efeab8f32c7d14691efb5400e987717b1b2667bf7bd53ba37e1dc0f71e5f68a3 |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8850-8604 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://doaj.org/article/b11638f0dd5943f8836da85301ff1e88 |
| ParticipantIDs | doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_b11638f0dd5943f8836da85301ff1e88 crossref_primary_10_3390_met8100777 crossref_citationtrail_10_3390_met8100777 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2018-10-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2018-10-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 10 year: 2018 text: 2018-10-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2010 |
| PublicationTitle | Metals (Basel ) |
| PublicationYear | 2018 |
| Publisher | MDPI AG |
| Publisher_xml | – name: MDPI AG |
| References | Kahhat (ref_1) 2008; 52 Jordens (ref_15) 2013; 41 Herat (ref_6) 2008; 36 Alex (ref_19) 2001; 50 Koleini (ref_24) 2010; 23 ref_13 ref_12 Ongondo (ref_2) 2011; 31 Oguchi (ref_8) 2012; 32 ref_11 ref_10 ref_32 Li (ref_30) 2015; 156 ref_31 Yot (ref_9) 2006; 26 ref_18 Zhuang (ref_20) 2012; 21 Golev (ref_14) 2014; 41 ref_17 ref_16 Innocenzi (ref_28) 2013; 33 Jorjani (ref_29) 2016; 9 Cui (ref_7) 2008; 158 Babu (ref_3) 2007; 25 Alfantazi (ref_25) 2003; 16 Yang (ref_26) 2016; 166 Ferella (ref_27) 2011; 31 ref_21 Barba (ref_4) 2008; 52 Tolcin (ref_23) 2016; 703 ref_5 Cook (ref_22) 2011; 108 |
| References_xml | – volume: 41 start-page: 52 year: 2014 ident: ref_14 article-title: Rare earths supply chains: Current status, constraints and opportunities publication-title: Resour. Policy doi: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2014.03.004 – volume: 31 start-page: 714 year: 2011 ident: ref_2 article-title: How are WEEE doing? A global review of the management of electrical and electronic wastes publication-title: Waste Manag. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.10.023 – ident: ref_5 – volume: 41 start-page: 97 year: 2013 ident: ref_15 article-title: A review of the beneficiation of rare earth element bearing minerals publication-title: Miner. Eng. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2012.10.017 – ident: ref_32 – ident: ref_10 doi: 10.2172/1051724 – volume: 166 start-page: 117 year: 2016 ident: ref_26 article-title: Recovery of indium and yttrium from Flat Panel Display waste using solvent extraction publication-title: Sep. Purif. Technol. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.04.021 – volume: 36 start-page: 19 year: 2008 ident: ref_6 article-title: Recycling of cathode ray tubes (CRTs) in electronic waste publication-title: Clean-Soil Air Water doi: 10.1002/clen.200700082 – ident: ref_11 – volume: 703 start-page: 80 year: 2016 ident: ref_23 article-title: Mineral Commodities Summary 2016: Indium publication-title: US Geol. Surv. – volume: 50 start-page: 331 year: 2001 ident: ref_19 article-title: Processing of xenotime concentrate publication-title: Hydrometallurgy doi: 10.1016/S0304-386X(98)00052-8 – volume: 31 start-page: 2559 year: 2011 ident: ref_27 article-title: Treatment of exhaust fluorescent lamps to recover yttrium: Experimental and process analyses publication-title: Waste Manag. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.07.004 – volume: 23 start-page: 51 year: 2010 ident: ref_24 article-title: Extraction of indium from zinc plant residues publication-title: Miner. Eng. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2009.09.007 – volume: 158 start-page: 228 year: 2008 ident: ref_7 article-title: Metallurgical recovery of metals from electronic waste: A review publication-title: J. Hazard. Mater. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.02.001 – ident: ref_18 – volume: 21 start-page: 1921 year: 2012 ident: ref_20 article-title: Materials separation from waste liquid crystal displays using combined physical methods publication-title: Pol. J. Environ. Stud. – ident: ref_21 – volume: 32 start-page: 92 year: 2012 ident: ref_8 article-title: Fate of metals contained in waste electrical and electronic equipment in a municipal waste treatment process publication-title: Waste Manag. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.09.012 – volume: 52 start-page: 481 year: 2008 ident: ref_4 article-title: An analysis of some environmental consequences of European electrical and electronic waste regulation publication-title: Resour. Conserv. Recycl. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2007.06.002 – volume: 108 start-page: 226 year: 2011 ident: ref_22 article-title: The mineralogy and mineral chemistry of indium in sulphide deposits and implications for mineral processing publication-title: Hydrometallurgy doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.04.003 – ident: ref_12 doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-011616-7.50005-X – volume: 16 start-page: 687 year: 2003 ident: ref_25 article-title: Processing of indium: A review publication-title: Miner. Eng. doi: 10.1016/S0892-6875(03)00168-7 – volume: 26 start-page: 1468 year: 2006 ident: ref_9 article-title: The characterization of waste cathode-ray tube glass publication-title: Waste Manag. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2005.11.017 – ident: ref_31 – volume: 156 start-page: 1 year: 2015 ident: ref_30 article-title: Direct solvent extraction of indium from a zinc residue reductive leach solution by D2EHPA publication-title: Hydrometallurgy doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2015.05.003 – volume: 52 start-page: 955 year: 2008 ident: ref_1 article-title: Exploring e-waste management systems in the United States publication-title: Resour. Conserv. Recycl. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.03.002 – volume: 9 start-page: S1532 year: 2016 ident: ref_29 article-title: The production of rare earth elements group via tributyl phosphate extraction and precipitation stripping using oxalic acid publication-title: Arabian J. Chem. doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.04.002 – volume: 25 start-page: 307 year: 2007 ident: ref_3 article-title: Electrical and electronic waste: A global environmental problem publication-title: Waste Manag. Res. doi: 10.1177/0734242X07076941 – ident: ref_16 doi: 10.1201/b19055 – ident: ref_13 – ident: ref_17 – volume: 33 start-page: 2390 year: 2013 ident: ref_28 article-title: Recovery of yttrium from cathode ray tubes and lamps’ fluorescent powders: Experimental results and economic simulation publication-title: Waste Manag. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.06.002 |
| SSID | ssj0000826099 |
| Score | 2.160227 |
| Snippet | Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has increased in recent decades due to the continuous advancement of technology in the modern world. These... |
| SourceID | doaj crossref |
| SourceType | Open Website Enrichment Source Index Database |
| StartPage | 777 |
| SubjectTerms | hydrometallurgy indium WEEE yttrium |
| Title | Europium, Yttrium, and Indium Recovery from Electronic Wastes |
| URI | https://doaj.org/article/b11638f0dd5943f8836da85301ff1e88 |
| Volume | 8 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos000448658700041&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVAON databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals customDbUrl: eissn: 2075-4701 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000826099 issn: 2075-4701 databaseCode: DOA dateStart: 20110101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.doaj.org/ providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals – providerCode: PRVHPJ databaseName: ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources customDbUrl: eissn: 2075-4701 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000826099 issn: 2075-4701 databaseCode: M~E dateStart: 20110101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://road.issn.org providerName: ISSN International Centre – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Materials Science Database customDbUrl: eissn: 2075-4701 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000826099 issn: 2075-4701 databaseCode: KB. dateStart: 20110101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://search.proquest.com/materialsscijournals providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: ProQuest Central (subscription) customDbUrl: eissn: 2075-4701 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000826099 issn: 2075-4701 databaseCode: BENPR dateStart: 20110101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/central providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Publicly Available Content Database customDbUrl: eissn: 2075-4701 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000826099 issn: 2075-4701 databaseCode: PIMPY dateStart: 20110101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://search.proquest.com/publiccontent providerName: ProQuest |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV3NS8MwFA-iHvQgfuL8GAG9CJY1S9ukR5UNd3DsoLidSr4eDFyVrRP8731p66wgePEWwiMp7yV5v19Jfo-QS8wAkYpkHJiEuSDCHBmoNDFBJEB3wwQSiExZbEIMh3I8TkeNUl_-TlglD1w5rqOZRwwQWhunEQcpeWIVzhAyAOZk-cw3FGmDTJVnMKJmxD6VHilHXt-ZuUL6GwFC_MhADaH-MqP0d8lODQXpTfUJe2TN5ftkuyEQeECqn-XT5eyaTopiXjaQ-tNBbrFNPXfEpfhB_SMR2ltVtKHPCoO3OCRP_d7j3X1QFzwIDOe8CLgDp7QE3jXC4hGWMgcaIVXoUimQd2mmMZ8KDULbmGvFhWPWhCCYiyGRih-R9fw1d8eEhkYJhFacWcciwUED4G7WGtkWbnLFW-TqywmZqdXAfVGKlwxZgXdY9u2wFrlY2b5VGhi_Wt16X64svG512YHRzOpoZn9F8-Q_BjklWwhrKtVadkbWi_nSnZNN815MF_N2uVDaZGM0eBhNPgF8KsN1 |
| linkProvider | Directory of Open Access Journals |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Europium%2C+Yttrium%2C+and+Indium+Recovery+from+Electronic+Wastes&rft.jtitle=Metals+%28Basel+%29&rft.au=Ernesto+de+la+Torre&rft.au=Estefan%C3%ADa+Vargas&rft.au=C%C3%A9sar+Ron&rft.au=Sebasti%C3%A1n+G%C3%A1mez&rft.date=2018-10-01&rft.pub=MDPI+AG&rft.eissn=2075-4701&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=10&rft.spage=777&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fmet8100777&rft.externalDBID=DOA&rft.externalDocID=oai_doaj_org_article_b11638f0dd5943f8836da85301ff1e88 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2075-4701&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2075-4701&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2075-4701&client=summon |