An Intelligent Heuristic Algorithm for a Multi-Objective Optimization Model of Urban Rail Transit Operation Plans

Urban rail transit (URT) systems frequently face operational challenges arising from temporal and spatial imbalances in passenger demand, resulting in inefficiencies in train scheduling and resource utilization. To address these issues, this study proposes a multi-objective optimization model that j...

Celý popis

Uložené v:

Podrobná bibliografia
Vydané v:	Sustainability Ročník 17; číslo 10; s. 4617
Hlavní autori:	Han, Weisong, Shi, Zhihan, Lv, Xiaodong, Zhang, Guangming
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	Basel MDPI AG 01.05.2025
Predmet:	Accuracy Algorithms Efficiency Energy consumption Flexibility Foraging behavior Genetic algorithms Heuristic Light rail transit Linear programming Mathematical functions Mathematical optimization Optimization algorithms Passengers Planning Quality of service Scheduling China
ISSN:	2071-1050, 2071-1050
On-line prístup:	Získať plný text
Tagy:	Pridať tag Žiadne tagy, Buďte prvý, kto otaguje tento záznam!

Abstract	Urban rail transit (URT) systems frequently face operational challenges arising from temporal and spatial imbalances in passenger demand, resulting in inefficiencies in train scheduling and resource utilization. To address these issues, this study proposes a multi-objective optimization model that jointly plans short-turn and full-length train services. The objectives of the model are to minimize total passenger waiting time and train mileage while improving passenger load distribution across the rail line, subject to practical constraints such as departure frequency limitations, rolling stock availability, and coverage of short-turn services. To efficiently solve this model, an improved Pelican Optimization Algorithm (POA) is developed, incorporating techniques such as Tent chaotic mapping, nonlinear weight adjustment, Cauchy mutation, and the sparrow alert mechanism, significantly enhancing convergence accuracy and computational efficiency. A real-world case study based on Nanjing Metro Line 1 demonstrates that the proposed framework substantially reduces average passenger waiting times and overall train mileage, achieving a more balanced distribution of passenger loads. In addition, the study reveals that flexible-ratio dispatching strategies, representing theoretically optimal solutions, outperform integer-ratio dispatching schemes that reflect real-world operational constraints. This finding underscores that investigating the practical feasibility and optimization potential of flexible-ratio scheduling strategies constitutes a valuable direction for future research. The outcomes of this study provide a scalable and intelligent decision-support framework for train scheduling in URT systems, effectively contributing to the sustainable and intelligent development of rail operations.
AbstractList	Urban rail transit (URT) systems frequently face operational challenges arising from temporal and spatial imbalances in passenger demand, resulting in inefficiencies in train scheduling and resource utilization. To address these issues, this study proposes a multi-objective optimization model that jointly plans short-turn and full-length train services. The objectives of the model are to minimize total passenger waiting time and train mileage while improving passenger load distribution across the rail line, subject to practical constraints such as departure frequency limitations, rolling stock availability, and coverage of short-turn services. To efficiently solve this model, an improved Pelican Optimization Algorithm (POA) is developed, incorporating techniques such as Tent chaotic mapping, nonlinear weight adjustment, Cauchy mutation, and the sparrow alert mechanism, significantly enhancing convergence accuracy and computational efficiency. A real-world case study based on Nanjing Metro Line 1 demonstrates that the proposed framework substantially reduces average passenger waiting times and overall train mileage, achieving a more balanced distribution of passenger loads. In addition, the study reveals that flexible-ratio dispatching strategies, representing theoretically optimal solutions, outperform integer-ratio dispatching schemes that reflect real-world operational constraints. This finding underscores that investigating the practical feasibility and optimization potential of flexible-ratio scheduling strategies constitutes a valuable direction for future research. The outcomes of this study provide a scalable and intelligent decision-support framework for train scheduling in URT systems, effectively contributing to the sustainable and intelligent development of rail operations.
Audience	Academic
Author	Lv, Xiaodong Shi, Zhihan Han, Weisong Zhang, Guangming
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Weisong surname: Han fullname: Han, Weisong – sequence: 2 givenname: Zhihan surname: Shi fullname: Shi, Zhihan – sequence: 3 givenname: Xiaodong surname: Lv fullname: Lv, Xiaodong – sequence: 4 givenname: Guangming orcidid: 0000-0002-9566-7865 surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Guangming
BookMark	eNpVkdtKxDAQhoMoqKs3PkHAK4VqDm3TXi7iYUFZ8XBd0nSyZskma5KK-vRGVlBnLmb4-f4ZmNlH2847QOiIkjPOW3IeRyooKWsqttAeI4IWlFRk-0-_iw5jXJIcnNOW1nvoderwzCWw1izAJXwDYzAxGYWnduGDSS8rrH3AEt-NNpli3i9BJfMGeL5OZmU-ZTLe4Ts_gMVe4-fQS4cfpLH4KUgXTcoghA11b7NygHa0tBEOf-oEPV9dPl3cFLfz69nF9LZQnLWpKDlUjEpK2rLRPWsH3apW1NAPVQkDk00t-17WStSqEqB11ei2IpUstdCiHHo-QcebuevgX0eIqVv6Mbi8suOMMsqpEFWmzjbUQlrojNM-BalyDrAyKt9Xm6xPm5IJIljDsuHknyEzCd7TQo4xdrPHh__s6YZVwccYQHfrYFYyfHSUdN8v635fxr8AfCGKRg
Cites_doi	10.1016/j.tra.2024.104152 10.1016/j.cie.2023.109657 10.1061/JTEPBS.TEENG-8407 10.1016/j.cor.2022.106116 10.3390/app13042454 10.1016/j.ress.2023.109726 10.1007/s00500-023-08205-w 10.3390/s22030855 10.1109/ICCECT57938.2023.10140408 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2023.103791 10.1016/j.ejtl.2024.100149 10.3390/app14146273 10.1016/j.tbs.2023.100733 10.1007/s40864-021-00157-4 10.1007/s40864-024-00212-w 10.1177/03611981231167428 10.3390/su142114235 10.3390/biomimetics9100647 10.1371/journal.pone.0287573 10.1016/j.chaos.2023.113636 10.3390/su142215075 10.1155/atr/7897020 10.1016/j.cie.2025.111018 10.1016/j.jpubtr.2023.100064 10.1016/j.omega.2018.10.020 10.1016/j.advengsoft.2024.103694 10.1016/j.simpat.2023.102857 10.1016/j.omega.2023.102968
ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	COPYRIGHT 2025 MDPI AG 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
Copyright_xml	– notice: COPYRIGHT 2025 MDPI AG – notice: 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
DBID	AAYXX CITATION ISR 4U- ABUWG AFKRA AZQEC BENPR CCPQU DWQXO PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PKEHL PQEST PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS
DOI	10.3390/su17104617
DatabaseName	CrossRef Gale In Context: Science University Readers ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest Central UK/Ireland ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Central (ProQuest) ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Central ProQuest Central Premium ProQuest One Academic Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Academic (retired) ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central China
DatabaseTitle	CrossRef Publicly Available Content Database University Readers ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Central China ProQuest Central ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central Korea ProQuest Central (New) ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic (New)
DatabaseTitleList	Publicly Available Content Database CrossRef
Database_xml	– sequence: 1 dbid: PIMPY name: ProQuest Publicly Available Content url: http://search.proquest.com/publiccontent sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod	fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline	Economics Environmental Sciences
EISSN	2071-1050
ExternalDocumentID	A842707282 10_3390_su17104617
GeographicLocations	China
GeographicLocations_xml	– name: China
GroupedDBID	29Q 2WC 2XV 4P2 5VS 7XC 8FE 8FH A8Z AAHBH AAYXX ACHQT ADBBV ADMLS AENEX AFFHD AFKRA AFMMW ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS BCNDV BENPR CCPQU CITATION E3Z ECGQY ESTFP FRS GX1 IAO IEP ISR ITC KQ8 ML. MODMG M~E OK1 P2P PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PROAC TR2 4U- ABUWG AZQEC DWQXO PKEHL PQEST PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS
ID	FETCH-LOGICAL-c329t-43e521a10948fb29df9c976ebd54ed2a86abba6c76c57eff58f9505a4f7f74db3
IEDL.DBID	BENPR
ISICitedReferencesCount	0
ISICitedReferencesURI	http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=001496877900001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN	2071-1050
IngestDate	Mon Jun 30 07:41:35 EDT 2025 Tue Nov 04 18:10:18 EST 2025 Thu Nov 13 15:54:32 EST 2025 Sat Nov 29 07:15:10 EST 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess	true
IsOpenAccess	true
IsPeerReviewed	true
IsScholarly	true
Issue	10
Language	English
LinkModel	DirectLink
MergedId	FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c329t-43e521a10948fb29df9c976ebd54ed2a86abba6c76c57eff58f9505a4f7f74db3
Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14
ORCID	0000-0002-9566-7865
OpenAccessLink	https://www.proquest.com/docview/3212131775?pq-origsite=%requestingapplication%
PQID	3212131775
PQPubID	2032327
ParticipantIDs	proquest_journals_3212131775 gale_infotracacademiconefile_A842707282 gale_incontextgauss_ISR_A842707282 crossref_primary_10_3390_su17104617
PublicationCentury	2000
PublicationDate	2025-05-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD	2025-05-01
PublicationDate_xml	– month: 05 year: 2025 text: 2025-05-01 day: 01
PublicationDecade	2020
PublicationPlace	Basel
PublicationPlace_xml	– name: Basel
PublicationTitle	Sustainability
PublicationYear	2025
Publisher	MDPI AG
Publisher_xml	– name: MDPI AG
References	Bian (ref_6) 2021; 8 Zhang (ref_3) 2024; 115 Li (ref_8) 2023; 185 Song (ref_31) 2023; 27 Chen (ref_5) 2024; 186 ref_11 ref_33 ref_10 ref_30 Li (ref_17) 2024; 313 He (ref_14) 2024; 10 ref_18 Liu (ref_12) 2020; 90 Shih (ref_13) 2024; 35 He (ref_16) 2024; 2678 Sahachaiseree (ref_24) 2025; 14 Wang (ref_26) 2024; 195 Zhang (ref_1) 2024; 130 Liu (ref_4) 2021; 22 Ge (ref_32) 2023; 173 Wang (ref_2) 2017; 12 Hu (ref_22) 2023; 151 ref_21 Ren (ref_20) 2021; 7 Lu (ref_9) 2024; 242 Bai (ref_28) 2025; 2025 ref_29 Yang (ref_7) 2024; 122 Wen (ref_19) 2024; 150 ref_27 Peftitsi (ref_23) 2023; 25 Zhang (ref_15) 2025; 203 Wei (ref_25) 2020; 11
References_xml	– volume: 186 start-page: 104152 year: 2024 ident: ref_5 article-title: The Sustainability Appeal of Urban Rail Transit publication-title: Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2024.104152 – volume: 8 start-page: 1 year: 2021 ident: ref_6 article-title: Analysis on the Development of Tokyo Rail Transit and Its Enlightenment to Chengdu publication-title: Open Access Libr. J. – volume: 185 start-page: 109657 year: 2023 ident: ref_8 article-title: Optimization of System Resilience in Urban Rail Systems: Train Rescheduling Considering Congestions of Stations publication-title: Comput. Ind. Eng. doi: 10.1016/j.cie.2023.109657 – volume: 150 start-page: 04024046 year: 2024 ident: ref_19 article-title: Real-Time Optimization of Urban Rail Transit Train Scheduling via Advantage Actor–Critic Deep Reinforcement Learning publication-title: J. Transp. Eng. Part A Syst. doi: 10.1061/JTEPBS.TEENG-8407 – volume: 11 start-page: 87 year: 2020 ident: ref_25 article-title: Particle swarm optimization for train schedule of Y-type train routing in urban rail transit publication-title: J. Meas. Sci. Instrum. – volume: 151 start-page: 106116 year: 2023 ident: ref_22 article-title: Robust metro train scheduling integrated with skip-stop pattern and passenger flow control strategy under uncertain passenger demands publication-title: Comput. Oper. Res. doi: 10.1016/j.cor.2022.106116 – volume: 12 start-page: 73 year: 2017 ident: ref_2 article-title: Research on the Urban Rail Transit Design between Subcenter and Center of City publication-title: J. Railw. Eng. Soc. – ident: ref_11 doi: 10.3390/app13042454 – volume: 242 start-page: 109726 year: 2024 ident: ref_9 article-title: Modeling Cascading Failures of Urban Rail Transit Network Based on Passenger Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity publication-title: Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. doi: 10.1016/j.ress.2023.109726 – volume: 27 start-page: 10607 year: 2023 ident: ref_31 article-title: Improved Pelican Optimization Algorithm with Chaotic Interference Factor and Elementary Mathematical Function publication-title: Soft Comput. doi: 10.1007/s00500-023-08205-w – ident: ref_29 doi: 10.3390/s22030855 – ident: ref_10 doi: 10.1109/ICCECT57938.2023.10140408 – volume: 115 start-page: 103791 year: 2024 ident: ref_3 article-title: Enhancing Accessibility through Rail Transit in Congested Urban Areas: A Cross-Regional Analysis publication-title: J. Transp. Geogr. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2023.103791 – volume: 14 start-page: 100149 year: 2025 ident: ref_24 article-title: Stop plan optimisation for three-pattern skip-stop schemes for urban rail transit systems publication-title: EURO J. Transp. Logist. doi: 10.1016/j.ejtl.2024.100149 – ident: ref_27 doi: 10.3390/app14146273 – volume: 22 start-page: 605 year: 2021 ident: ref_4 article-title: Study on the Selection of Middle Urban Mass Rapid Transit System and Adaptability Analysis publication-title: J. Internet Technol. – volume: 35 start-page: 100733 year: 2024 ident: ref_13 article-title: Modeling non-compensatory strategies on path choices in a complex urban rail transit network considering characteristics of transfer passengers and trips publication-title: Travel Behav. Soc. doi: 10.1016/j.tbs.2023.100733 – volume: 7 start-page: 257 year: 2021 ident: ref_20 article-title: Two-step optimization of urban rail transit marshalling and real-time station control at a comprehensive transportation hub publication-title: Urban Rail Transit. doi: 10.1007/s40864-021-00157-4 – volume: 10 start-page: 160 year: 2024 ident: ref_14 article-title: A Local Line Optimization Model for Urban Rail Considering Passenger Flow Allocation publication-title: Urban Rail Transit. doi: 10.1007/s40864-024-00212-w – volume: 2678 start-page: 2125 year: 2024 ident: ref_16 article-title: Train operation scheme of short-turning routing in urban rail transit based on passenger travel publication-title: Transp. Res. Rec. doi: 10.1177/03611981231167428 – ident: ref_18 doi: 10.3390/su142114235 – ident: ref_30 doi: 10.3390/biomimetics9100647 – volume: 313 start-page: 1276 year: 2024 ident: ref_17 article-title: Real-time train timetabling with virtual coupling operations on a Y-type urban rail transit line publication-title: Eur. J. Oper. Res. – ident: ref_33 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287573 – volume: 173 start-page: 113636 year: 2023 ident: ref_32 article-title: A hyperchaotic map with distance-increasing pairs of coexisting attractors and its application in the pelican optimization algorithm publication-title: Chaos Solitons Fractals doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2023.113636 – ident: ref_21 doi: 10.3390/su142215075 – volume: 2025 start-page: 7897020 year: 2025 ident: ref_28 article-title: Optimization of Skip-Stop Train Schedule in Urban Rail Transit Under Virtual Coupling publication-title: J. Adv. Transp. doi: 10.1155/atr/7897020 – volume: 203 start-page: 111018 year: 2025 ident: ref_15 article-title: Train service replanning in urban rail transit system: An integrated operation mode that combines express/local and short-turning strategies publication-title: Comput. Ind. Eng. doi: 10.1016/j.cie.2025.111018 – volume: 25 start-page: 100064 year: 2023 ident: ref_23 article-title: Evaluating skip-stop policy in urban rail transit systems based on passenger cost publication-title: J. Public Transp. doi: 10.1016/j.jpubtr.2023.100064 – volume: 90 start-page: 101990 year: 2020 ident: ref_12 article-title: Collaborative optimization for metro train scheduling and train connections combined with passenger flow control strategy publication-title: Omega doi: 10.1016/j.omega.2018.10.020 – volume: 195 start-page: 103694 year: 2024 ident: ref_26 article-title: Arctic puffin optimization: A bio-inspired metaheuristic algorithm for solving engineering design optimization publication-title: Adv. Eng. Softw. doi: 10.1016/j.advengsoft.2024.103694 – volume: 130 start-page: 102857 year: 2024 ident: ref_1 article-title: Simulation-Based Optimization of Timetables Coordination in an Urban Rail Transit Network publication-title: Simul. Model. Pract. Theory doi: 10.1016/j.simpat.2023.102857 – volume: 122 start-page: 102968 year: 2024 ident: ref_7 article-title: Integrated optimization of train timetable and train unit circulation for a Y-type urban rail transit system with flexible train composition mode publication-title: Omega doi: 10.1016/j.omega.2023.102968
SSID	ssj0000331916
Score	2.3652964
Snippet	Urban rail transit (URT) systems frequently face operational challenges arising from temporal and spatial imbalances in passenger demand, resulting in...
SourceID	proquest gale crossref
SourceType	Aggregation Database Index Database
StartPage	4617
SubjectTerms	Accuracy Algorithms Efficiency Energy consumption Flexibility Foraging behavior Genetic algorithms Heuristic Light rail transit Linear programming Mathematical functions Mathematical optimization Optimization algorithms Passengers Planning Quality of service Scheduling
Title	An Intelligent Heuristic Algorithm for a Multi-Objective Optimization Model of Urban Rail Transit Operation Plans
URI	https://www.proquest.com/docview/3212131775
Volume	17
WOSCitedRecordID	wos001496877900001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText	1
inHoldings	1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights	– providerCode: PRVHPJ databaseName: ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources customDbUrl: eissn: 2071-1050 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000331916 issn: 2071-1050 databaseCode: M~E dateStart: 20090101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://road.issn.org providerName: ISSN International Centre – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: ProQuest Central (ProQuest) customDbUrl: eissn: 2071-1050 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000331916 issn: 2071-1050 databaseCode: BENPR dateStart: 20090301 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/central providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: ProQuest Publicly Available Content customDbUrl: eissn: 2071-1050 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000331916 issn: 2071-1050 databaseCode: PIMPY dateStart: 20090301 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://search.proquest.com/publiccontent providerName: ProQuest
link	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV3Nb9MwFH9iHdK4ABubKIzJYkg7RSSOE8cnVFCn9dAPFSptp8h27K1Tl25NypG_nefEbYWEuHCM8pxYes_vw_b7_QA-iSIJdaqjIAmtCJjhaSBdx7JCWzFU2Zgp1ZBN8NEou74WE7_hVvlrlRuf2DjqYqndHvnnmDrwsYjz5MvjU-BYo9zpqqfQ2IN9h1TGOrD_tT-aTLe7LGGMJhalLS5pjPU96jfi7lyzYSjbRaK_--MmyFy--t_pvYaXPr0kvdYeDuGZKY_gYNN9XB3BSX_X2YaCfmlXb-CpV5LBFp-zJldm3YI4k97iFv9U3z0QTHCJJE3PbjBW962vJGP0Og--nZM4brUFWVoyWylZkqmcL0gTD-c1CprW3oijSqqOYXbZ__HtKvB8DIGOqagDFhsM9jLCijCziorCCo3ZjFFFwkxBZZZKpWSqeaoTbqxNMiswwZLMcstZoeIT6JTL0rwFIqTIQhUnWaYVCxlTON4mnIb4xcJS1YXzjW7yxxZ2I8dyxWkw32mwCx-d2nKHY1G6izK3cl1V-eD7NO9ljPKQY0HZhQsvZJf1Smrp-w5wIg766g_J041uc7-Sq3yn2Hf_fv0eXlDHDdxchjyFTr1amw_wXP-s59XqzBvmGewNf_XxaTIYTm5-A-u58oI
linkProvider	ProQuest
linkToHtml	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1Nb9QwEB2VLVK5FChULC1g8SFOEYnjxPEBoRW02qjtdlVaqZxS27HLom223WRB_VP9jYzz0RUS4tYD50ysxH6e8dh-8wDeijzydawDL_Kt8JjhsScdY1khVgxVNmRK1WITfDRKTk_FeAVuOi6Mu1bZ-cTaUecz7fbIP4TUFR8LOI8-XV55TjXKna52EhoNLPbM9S9M2cqP6Rcc33eU7u4cfx56raqAp0MqKo-FBkOWDDCvSayiIrdCY0w2Ko-YyalMYqmUjDWPdcSNtVFiBS4TJLPccparENu9B6sMwZ70YHWcHoy_3e7q-CFCOoibOqhhKHzEU8DdOWqtiLaMfH_3_3VQ2334v3XHI1hvl89k0OD9MayYYgPWOnZ1uQGbO0vmHhq2rqt8AleDgqS39UcrMjSLpkg1GUzP8c-q7xcEF_BEkpqT7B2qH00sIIfoVS9auipx2nFTMrPkZK5kQY7kZErqeD-p0NA084k4KajyKZzcSVdsQq-YFeYZECFF4qswShKtmM-YwvdtxKmPLeaWqj686bCQXTZlRTJMxxxisiVi-vDawSRzdToKdxHoXC7KMku_HmWDhFHuc0yY-_C-NbKzai61bHkV-CGutNcfltsdlrLWU5XZEkjP__34FawNjw_2s_10tLcFD6jTQa4vfm5Dr5ovzAu4r39Wk3L-sp0UBM7uGni_AboZTx0
linkToPdf	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1Lb9QwEB6VFgEXHoWKhQIWD3GKmthOHB8QWtGuGhW2q0Klcgq2Y5dF22y7yYL4a_w6xnl0hYS49cA5Eyuxv3nZnvkAXsoiDk1ioiAOnQy4FUmgfMWyRqxYqh3jWjdkE2I8Tk9O5GQNfvW1MP5aZW8TG0NdzI3fI99h1Dcfi4SId1x3LWKyO3p7fhF4Bil_0trTabQQObA_f2D6Vr3JdnGtX1E62vv0bj_oGAYCw6isA84sui8VYY6TOk1l4aRB_2x1EXNbUJUmSmuVGJGYWFjn4tRJDBkUd8IJXmiG416DDQzJOerYxiT7MPl8ucMTMoR3lLQ9URmTIWIrEv5MtWFHW3nBv_uCxsGN7vzPU3MXbndhNRm2enAP1my5CTf7qutqE7b2VhV9KNiZtOo-XAxLkl32Ja3Jvl22zavJcHaKf1Z_PSMY2BNFmlrl4FB_a30EOURre9aVsRLPKTcjc0eOF1qV5EhNZ6SJA6Y1CtpWz4iniKoewPGVTMUWrJfz0j4EIpVMQ83iNDWah5xrfN_FgoY4YuGoHsCLHhf5edtuJMc0zaMnX6FnAM89ZHLfv6P0y32qllWVZx-P8mHKqQgFJtIDeN0JuXm9UEZ19Rb4Ib7l1x-S2z2u8s6CVfkKVI_-_fgZ3EC05e-z8cFjuEU9PXJzH3Qb1uvF0j6B6-Z7Pa0WTzv9IPDlqnH3G-9_V90
openUrl	ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+Intelligent+Heuristic+Algorithm+for+a+Multi-Objective+Optimization+Model+of+Urban+Rail+Transit+Operation+Plans&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.au=Han%2C+Weisong&rft.au=Shi%2C+Zhihan&rft.au=Lv%2C+Xiaodong&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Guangming&rft.date=2025-05-01&rft.issn=2071-1050&rft.eissn=2071-1050&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=10&rft.spage=4617&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fsu17104617&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_3390_su17104617
thumbnail_l	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2071-1050&client=summon
thumbnail_m	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2071-1050&client=summon
thumbnail_s	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2071-1050&client=summon