Sex effects on dynamic structure–function coupling of intrinsic brain network

Sex differences in static structure–function coupling between structural connectivity (SC) and functional connectivity (FC) have been documented. However, the human brain is highly dynamic, and static coupling fails to capture the time-varying properties of neural activity. It remains unclear how se...

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Published in:Brain imaging and behavior Vol. 19; no. 5; pp. 1087 - 1098
Main Authors: Zhang, Xi, Li, Dandan, Yuan, Yuting, Han, Xuebing, Yang, Lan, Lu, Jiayu, Li, Ting, Li, Zhifeng, Wang, Bin
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: New York Springer US 01.10.2025
Springer Nature B.V
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ISSN:1931-7565, 1931-7557, 1931-7565
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Abstract Sex differences in static structure–function coupling between structural connectivity (SC) and functional connectivity (FC) have been documented. However, the human brain is highly dynamic, and static coupling fails to capture the time-varying properties of neural activity. It remains unclear how sex influences dynamic SC-FC coupling over time. Moreover, intrinsic functional networks represent a core feature of brain organization. Here, we quantified sex differences in dynamic FC strength and SC-FC coupling at the intrinsic functional network level using a sliding window approach. Using two window sizes (50 TRs and 30 TRs), we constructed dynamic FC networks and identified hyper-connected and hypo-connected states via k-means clustering. The results showed females performed higher whole-brain SC-FC coupling in hyper-connected state. Specifically, females exhibited higher FC strength and coupling in systems related default mode network in this state. In addition, females exhibited higher FC strength and coupling in systems related limbic/paralimbic and subcortical network in hypo-connected state. Males exhibited higher FC strength and coupling in systems related somatosensory/motor and auditory network in hyper-connected state. Finally, sex-specific patterns in correlations were shown between SC-FC coupling and cognitive performance in distinct states. This study provides new insights into sex-related effects on the neurodevelopmental basis of cognitive function through the perspective of dynamic SC-FC coupling.
AbstractList Sex differences in static structure-function coupling between structural connectivity (SC) and functional connectivity (FC) have been documented. However, the human brain is highly dynamic, and static coupling fails to capture the time-varying properties of neural activity. It remains unclear how sex influences dynamic SC-FC coupling over time. Moreover, intrinsic functional networks represent a core feature of brain organization. Here, we quantified sex differences in dynamic FC strength and SC-FC coupling at the intrinsic functional network level using a sliding window approach. Using two window sizes (50 TRs and 30 TRs), we constructed dynamic FC networks and identified hyper-connected and hypo-connected states via k-means clustering. The results showed females performed higher whole-brain SC-FC coupling in hyper-connected state. Specifically, females exhibited higher FC strength and coupling in systems related default mode network in this state. In addition, females exhibited higher FC strength and coupling in systems related limbic/paralimbic and subcortical network in hypo-connected state. Males exhibited higher FC strength and coupling in systems related somatosensory/motor and auditory network in hyper-connected state. Finally, sex-specific patterns in correlations were shown between SC-FC coupling and cognitive performance in distinct states. This study provides new insights into sex-related effects on the neurodevelopmental basis of cognitive function through the perspective of dynamic SC-FC coupling.
Sex differences in static structure-function coupling between structural connectivity (SC) and functional connectivity (FC) have been documented. However, the human brain is highly dynamic, and static coupling fails to capture the time-varying properties of neural activity. It remains unclear how sex influences dynamic SC-FC coupling over time. Moreover, intrinsic functional networks represent a core feature of brain organization. Here, we quantified sex differences in dynamic FC strength and SC-FC coupling at the intrinsic functional network level using a sliding window approach. Using two window sizes (50 TRs and 30 TRs), we constructed dynamic FC networks and identified hyper-connected and hypo-connected states via k-means clustering. The results showed females performed higher whole-brain SC-FC coupling in hyper-connected state. Specifically, females exhibited higher FC strength and coupling in systems related default mode network in this state. In addition, females exhibited higher FC strength and coupling in systems related limbic/paralimbic and subcortical network in hypo-connected state. Males exhibited higher FC strength and coupling in systems related somatosensory/motor and auditory network in hyper-connected state. Finally, sex-specific patterns in correlations were shown between SC-FC coupling and cognitive performance in distinct states. This study provides new insights into sex-related effects on the neurodevelopmental basis of cognitive function through the perspective of dynamic SC-FC coupling.Sex differences in static structure-function coupling between structural connectivity (SC) and functional connectivity (FC) have been documented. However, the human brain is highly dynamic, and static coupling fails to capture the time-varying properties of neural activity. It remains unclear how sex influences dynamic SC-FC coupling over time. Moreover, intrinsic functional networks represent a core feature of brain organization. Here, we quantified sex differences in dynamic FC strength and SC-FC coupling at the intrinsic functional network level using a sliding window approach. Using two window sizes (50 TRs and 30 TRs), we constructed dynamic FC networks and identified hyper-connected and hypo-connected states via k-means clustering. The results showed females performed higher whole-brain SC-FC coupling in hyper-connected state. Specifically, females exhibited higher FC strength and coupling in systems related default mode network in this state. In addition, females exhibited higher FC strength and coupling in systems related limbic/paralimbic and subcortical network in hypo-connected state. Males exhibited higher FC strength and coupling in systems related somatosensory/motor and auditory network in hyper-connected state. Finally, sex-specific patterns in correlations were shown between SC-FC coupling and cognitive performance in distinct states. This study provides new insights into sex-related effects on the neurodevelopmental basis of cognitive function through the perspective of dynamic SC-FC coupling.
Author Han, Xuebing
Yuan, Yuting
Li, Ting
Lu, Jiayu
Zhang, Xi
Yang, Lan
Li, Dandan
Li, Zhifeng
Wang, Bin
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Keywords Intrinsic functional network
Sex differences
Dynamic FC
Dynamic SC-FC coupling
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Snippet Sex differences in static structure–function coupling between structural connectivity (SC) and functional connectivity (FC) have been documented. However, the...
Sex differences in static structure-function coupling between structural connectivity (SC) and functional connectivity (FC) have been documented. However, the...
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SubjectTerms Adult
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biomedicine
Brain
Brain - diagnostic imaging
Brain - physiology
Brain architecture
Brain Mapping - methods
Cluster analysis
Clustering
Cognition & reasoning
Cognition - physiology
Cognitive ability
Connectome - methods
Coupling
Data processing
Female
Females
Gender differences
Humans
Magnetic Resonance Imaging - methods
Male
Medical imaging
Nerve Net - diagnostic imaging
Nerve Net - physiology
Neural networks
Neural Pathways - diagnostic imaging
Neural Pathways - physiology
Neuroimaging
Neuropsychology
Neuroradiology
Neurosciences
Psychiatry
Sex Characteristics
Sex differences
Structure-function relationships
Vector quantization
Young Adult
Title Sex effects on dynamic structure–function coupling of intrinsic brain network
URI https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11682-025-01036-3
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40571838
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3260541464
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3224640566
Volume 19
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