Simultaneous voltammetric detection of clenbuterol and ractopamine using violet phosphorene–MWCNT nanocomposite sensor optimized by multi-objective particle swarm algorithm

The illegal use of β-agonists like clenbuterol (CLB) and ractopamine (RAC) as livestock growth promoters poses severe threats to human health. To address this, we developed a novel electrochemical sensor based on violet phosphorene (VP) and carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (COOH-MWCNTs) wi...

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Vydáno v:	Mikrochimica acta (1966) Ročník 192; číslo 12; s. 787
Hlavní autoři:	Chen, Tao, Chen, Yiji, Xiong, Yao, Guo, Zhoujun, Wu, Ruimei, Ai, Shirong, Wen, Yangping
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Vienna Springer Vienna 03.11.2025 Springer Nature B.V
Témata:	Adrenergic beta-Agonists - analysis Agonists Algorithms Analytical Chemistry Animals Beef Carbon Carrier mobility Cattle Characterization and Evaluation of Materials Chemical sensors Chemistry Chemistry and Materials Science Chromatography Clenbuterol Clenbuterol - analysis Design of experiments Electrochemical Techniques - methods Electrodes Food Contamination - analysis Limit of Detection Livestock Microengineering Morphology Multi wall carbon nanotubes Multiple objective analysis Nanochemistry Nanocomposites Nanocomposites - chemistry Nanomaterials Nanotechnology Nanotubes Nanotubes, Carbon - chemistry Optimization Oxidation Parameter sensitivity Particle swarm optimization Phenethylamines - analysis Phosphorene Red Meat - analysis Regression analysis Response surface methodology Support Vector Machine Support vector machines Variables Voltammetry Violet phosphorene Electrochemical sensor Particle swarm optimization Multi-objective detection Differential pulse voltammetry Machine learning
ISSN:	0026-3672, 1436-5073, 1436-5073
On-line přístup:	Získat plný text
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Popis
Shrnutí:	The illegal use of β-agonists like clenbuterol (CLB) and ractopamine (RAC) as livestock growth promoters poses severe threats to human health. To address this, we developed a novel electrochemical sensor based on violet phosphorene (VP) and carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (COOH-MWCNTs) with Nafion-isopropanol mixed solution for simultaneous voltammetric detection of CLB and RAC in beef. The sensing platform was optimized through response surface methodology coupled with particle swarm optimization, enabling multi-objective parameter (VP concentration, COOH-MWCNTs concentration, and pH value) refinement that enhanced sensitivity while minimizing experimental trials. This design leveraged the synergistic properties of VP (high carrier mobility) and COOH-MWCNTs (electrocatalytic activity), yielding a sensor with ultra-low detection limits of 5.8 nM for CLB and 6.4 nM for RAC, excellent selectivity with negligible interference from biological matrices, and high stability. Support vector machine (SVM) nonlinear models achieved robust quantification ( R 2 > 0.9948 and RPD > 7.09 for both analytes), validated by high recoveries (98.4–103.1% for CLB and 96.4–103.7% for RAC) in beef samples. This work establishes a rapid, cost-effective platform for monitoring β-agonist residues, advancing food safety surveillance. Graphical Abstract
Bibliografie:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23
ISSN:	0026-3672 1436-5073 1436-5073
DOI:	10.1007/s00604-025-07594-z