GASPAD: A General and Efficient mm-Wave Integrated Circuit Synthesis Method Based on Surrogate Model Assisted Evolutionary Algorithm
The design and optimization (both sizing and layout) of mm-wave integrated circuits (ICs) have attracted much attention due to the growing demand in industry. However, available manual design and synthesis methods suffer from a high dependence on design experience, being inefficient or not general e...
Saved in:
| Published in: | IEEE transactions on computer-aided design of integrated circuits and systems Vol. 33; no. 2; pp. 169 - 182 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York
IEEE
01.02.2014
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
| Subjects: | |
| ISSN: | 0278-0070, 1937-4151 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Abstract | The design and optimization (both sizing and layout) of mm-wave integrated circuits (ICs) have attracted much attention due to the growing demand in industry. However, available manual design and synthesis methods suffer from a high dependence on design experience, being inefficient or not general enough. To address this problem, a new method, called general mm-wave IC synthesis based on Gaussian process model assisted differential evolution (GASPAD), is proposed in this paper. A medium-scale computationally expensive constrained optimization problem must be solved for the targeted mm-wave IC design problem. Besides the basic techniques of using a global optimization algorithm to obtain highly optimized design solutions and using surrogate models to obtain a high efficiency, a surrogate model-aware search mechanism (SMAS) for tackling the several tens of design variables (medium scale) and a method to appropriately integrate constraint handling techniques into SMAS for tackling the multiple (high-) performance specifications are proposed. Experiments on two 60 GHz power amplifiers in a 65 nm CMOS technology and two mathematical benchmark problems are carried out. Comparisons with the state-of-art provide evidence of the important advantages of GASPAD in terms of solution quality and efficiency. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | The design and optimization (both sizing and layout) of mm-wave integrated circuits (ICs) have attracted much attention due to the growing demand in industry. However, available manual design and synthesis methods suffer from a high dependence on design experience, being inefficient or not general enough. To address this problem, a new method, called general mm-wave IC synthesis based on Gaussian process model assisted differential evolution (GASPAD), is proposed in this paper. A medium-scale computationally expensive constrained optimization problem must be solved for the targeted mm-wave IC design problem. Besides the basic techniques of using a global optimization algorithm to obtain highly optimized design solutions and using surrogate models to obtain a high efficiency, a surrogate model-aware search mechanism (SMAS) for tackling the several tens of design variables (medium scale) and a method to appropriately integrate constraint handling techniques into SMAS for tackling the multiple (high-) performance specifications are proposed. Experiments on two 60 GHz power amplifiers in a 65 nm CMOS technology and two mathematical benchmark problems are carried out. Comparisons with the state-of-art provide evidence of the important advantages of GASPAD in terms of solution quality and efficiency. |
| Author | Gielen, Georges G. E. Reynaert, Patrick Dixian Zhao Bo Liu |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 surname: Bo Liu fullname: Bo Liu email: b.liu@glyndwr.ac.uk organization: Dept. of Comput., Glyndwr Univ., Wrexham, UK – sequence: 2 surname: Dixian Zhao fullname: Dixian Zhao email: Dixian.Zhao@esat.kuleuven.be organization: ESAT-MICAS, Katholieke Univ. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium – sequence: 3 givenname: Patrick surname: Reynaert fullname: Reynaert, Patrick email: Patrick.Reynaert@esat.kuleuven.be organization: ESAT-MICAS, Katholieke Univ. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium – sequence: 4 givenname: Georges G. E. surname: Gielen fullname: Gielen, Georges G. E. email: Georges.Gielen@esat.kuleuven.be organization: ESAT-MICAS, Katholieke Univ. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium |
| BookMark | eNp9kU9vFCEYh4mpidvqBzBeSLx4mZU_M8vgbdyua5M2mmyNR8IOL7s0M1CBadJ7P7hMtvHQg5eXvPA8b4DfOTrzwQNC7ylZUkrk59t1d7lkhPIlY21ddl6hBZVcVDVt6BlaECbaihBB3qDzlO4IoXXD5AI9bbvdz-7yC-7wFjxEPWDtDd5Y63oHPuNxrH7rB8BXPsMh6gwGr13sJ5fx7tHnIySX8A3kYzD4q07lOHi8m2IMhwLjm2BgwF0q1KxuHsIwZRe8jo-4Gw4hunwc36LXVg8J3j2vF-jXt83t-nt1_WN7te6uq56zVa70CqyRsjTassaSfd9KyqQR0rbcEGnZXmvo6R4o57rVxtS9ZZSAaEoBwS_Qp9Pc-xj-TJCyGl3qYRi0hzAlRRuy4oIQ1hT04wv0LkzRl9spWkvSSk6aeaA4UX0MKUWwqndZz-_LUbtBUaLmdNScjprTUc_pFJO-MO-jG8uv_Nf5cHIcAPzjV4LWtWj4X-QAnVg |
| CODEN | ITCSDI |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_knosys_2022_109987 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMTT_2025_3537588 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_asoc_2020_106812 crossref_primary_10_1109_TVLSI_2021_3107404 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2024_3462952 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCAD_2021_3054811 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCAD_2022_3147431 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCAD_2024_3398554 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCAD_2023_3329040 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMTT_2017_2772855 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCAD_2021_3121263 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCAD_2022_3149723 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_swevo_2025_101879 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_aeue_2022_154105 crossref_primary_10_1109_TAP_2020_3044393 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_asoc_2021_107276 crossref_primary_10_1145_3754339 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2024_3435331 crossref_primary_10_1109_TETCI_2018_2864747 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eswa_2023_121480 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2021_3078240 crossref_primary_10_1109_JAS_2022_105425 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMTT_2024_3518913 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mejo_2024_106131 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCAD_2023_3282570 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCAD_2022_3221694 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cma_2024_117451 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSI_2023_3340683 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCAD_2024_3524333 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMTT_2022_3194980 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_aeue_2021_153667 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_knosys_2025_113483 crossref_primary_10_1109_TVLSI_2024_3452032 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10470_020_01733_7 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMTT_2022_3199756 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00500_018_3150_9 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSI_2021_3065332 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics11030435 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCAD_2023_3314519 crossref_primary_10_1145_3084685 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jocs_2015_11_004 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vlsi_2025_102488 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCAD_2021_3081405 crossref_primary_10_1109_JAS_2024_124320 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIE_2017_2782203 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSI_2017_2768826 crossref_primary_10_1109_TEVC_2021_3120980 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ins_2018_09_003 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_aeue_2024_155163 crossref_primary_10_3233_JAE_160118 crossref_primary_10_1002_jnm_3159 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11432_023_3963_7 crossref_primary_10_1002_cta_4423 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCYB_2021_3120188 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCAD_2022_3175241 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2020_2990455 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMTT_2021_3121385 crossref_primary_10_1109_TSMC_2024_3504728 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1109/TCAD.2012.2187207 10.1109/CEC.2006.1688315 10.1023/A:1008306431147 10.1016/S0045-7825(99)00389-8 10.1109/ICCD.2005.68 10.1109/TEVC.2009.2027359 10.1109/TEVC.2005.859463 10.1109/TCAD.2008.917579 10.1007/s00500-003-0328-5 10.1109/JSSC.2009.2039274 10.1145/996566.996612 10.1080/00401706.1987.10488205 10.1109/TCSI.2004.842427 10.1109/TSMCC.2004.841917 10.1016/j.advengsoft.2012.03.002 10.1007/978-3-540-28650-9_4 10.1109/ISSCC.2010.5433879 10.1109/ISSCC.2010.5433870 10.1109/TAP.2008.2009775 10.1029/2010JA016375 10.1109/MMM.2009.935209 10.1109/ICCAD.2008.4681555 10.1109/TEVC.2009.2033582 10.1214/ss/1177012413 10.1115/1.2829873 10.1109/JSSC.2012.2216692 10.1007/BF01238887 10.1109/TCAD.2011.2162067 10.1145/1529255.1529264 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) Feb 2014 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) Feb 2014 |
| DBID | 97E RIA RIE AAYXX CITATION 7SC 7SP 8FD JQ2 L7M L~C L~D F28 FR3 |
| DOI | 10.1109/TCAD.2013.2284109 |
| DatabaseName | IEEE Xplore (IEEE) IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 1998–Present IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) CrossRef Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Electronics & Communications Abstracts Technology Research Database ProQuest Computer Science Collection Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Academic Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional ANTE: Abstracts in New Technology & Engineering Engineering Research Database |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef Technology Research Database Computer and Information Systems Abstracts – Academic Electronics & Communications Abstracts ProQuest Computer Science Collection Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional Engineering Research Database ANTE: Abstracts in New Technology & Engineering |
| DatabaseTitleList | Technology Research Database Technology Research Database |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: RIE name: IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ sourceTypes: Publisher |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Engineering |
| EISSN | 1937-4151 |
| EndPage | 182 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 3187151681 10_1109_TCAD_2013_2284109 6714475 |
| Genre | orig-research |
| GrantInformation_xml | – fundername: Humboldt research fellowship, Germany |
| GroupedDBID | --Z -~X 0R~ 29I 4.4 5GY 5VS 6IK 97E AAJGR AARMG AASAJ AAWTH ABAZT ABQJQ ABVLG ACGFS ACIWK ACNCT AENEX AETIX AGQYO AGSQL AHBIQ AI. AIBXA AKJIK AKQYR ALLEH ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ASUFR ATWAV BEFXN BFFAM BGNUA BKEBE BPEOZ CS3 DU5 EBS EJD HZ~ H~9 IBMZZ ICLAB IFIPE IFJZH IPLJI JAVBF LAI M43 O9- OCL P2P PZZ RIA RIE RNS TN5 VH1 VJK AAYXX CITATION 7SC 7SP 8FD JQ2 L7M L~C L~D RIG F28 FR3 |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c326t-a6efd99c32af25f0bc89129d79f83d09f2baaec1be133a8add4cf210e7510ee73 |
| IEDL.DBID | RIE |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 101 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000330222400001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 0278-0070 |
| IngestDate | Sun Sep 28 08:14:51 EDT 2025 Mon Jun 30 10:16:23 EDT 2025 Tue Nov 18 21:45:26 EST 2025 Sat Nov 29 01:40:38 EST 2025 Tue Aug 26 16:49:29 EDT 2025 |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 2 |
| Language | English |
| License | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/Crown.html |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c326t-a6efd99c32af25f0bc89129d79f83d09f2baaec1be133a8add4cf210e7510ee73 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 ObjectType-Article-2 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 23 |
| PQID | 1490893057 |
| PQPubID | 85470 |
| PageCount | 14 |
| ParticipantIDs | proquest_miscellaneous_1506370025 ieee_primary_6714475 crossref_citationtrail_10_1109_TCAD_2013_2284109 proquest_journals_1490893057 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCAD_2013_2284109 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2014-Feb. 2014-02-00 20140201 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2014-02-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 02 year: 2014 text: 2014-Feb. |
| PublicationDecade | 2010 |
| PublicationPlace | New York |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: New York |
| PublicationTitle | IEEE transactions on computer-aided design of integrated circuits and systems |
| PublicationTitleAbbrev | TCAD |
| PublicationYear | 2014 |
| Publisher | IEEE The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
| Publisher_xml | – name: IEEE – name: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
| References | ref13 ref12 ref15 ref36 ref14 ref31 yu (ref32) 2007 ref30 ref33 ref11 liu (ref34) 2011 ref2 pozar (ref35) 2009 ref1 ref17 allstot (ref3) 2003 ref38 ref16 ref19 dennis (ref23) 1997 liu (ref10) 0 ref26 ref20 ref22 ref21 chu (ref7) 2005; 52 price (ref25) 2005 ref28 ref29 ref8 ref9 ref4 boers (ref37) 2010 rasmussen (ref18) 2004 ref6 ref5 emmerich (ref24) 2006; 10 chen (ref27) 2011 |
| References_xml | – ident: ref8 doi: 10.1109/TCAD.2012.2187207 – ident: ref30 doi: 10.1109/CEC.2006.1688315 – ident: ref19 doi: 10.1023/A:1008306431147 – ident: ref28 doi: 10.1016/S0045-7825(99)00389-8 – ident: ref5 doi: 10.1109/ICCD.2005.68 – start-page: 343 year: 2010 ident: ref37 article-title: A 60 GHz transformer coupled amplifier in 65 nm digital CMOS publication-title: Proc IEEE RFIC – start-page: 432 year: 2011 ident: ref27 article-title: A compact 1 V 18.6 dBm 60 GHz power amplifier in 65 nm CMOS publication-title: Proc IEEE Int Solid-State Circuits Conf Dig Tech Pap – ident: ref9 doi: 10.1109/TEVC.2009.2027359 – volume: 10 start-page: 421 year: 2006 ident: ref24 article-title: Single-and multiobjective evolutionary optimization assisted by Gaussian random field metamodels publication-title: IEEE Trans Evol Comput doi: 10.1109/TEVC.2005.859463 – ident: ref4 doi: 10.1109/TCAD.2008.917579 – start-page: 1 year: 2011 ident: ref34 article-title: Global optimization of integrated transformers for high frequency microwave circuits using a Gaussian process based surrogate model publication-title: Proc DATE – ident: ref31 doi: 10.1007/s00500-003-0328-5 – ident: ref26 doi: 10.1109/JSSC.2009.2039274 – ident: ref6 doi: 10.1145/996566.996612 – year: 2009 ident: ref35 publication-title: Microwave Engineering – year: 2003 ident: ref3 publication-title: Parasitic-Aware Optimization of CMOS RF Circuits – ident: ref29 doi: 10.1080/00401706.1987.10488205 – volume: 52 start-page: 535 year: 2005 ident: ref7 article-title: Elitist nondominated sorting genetic algorithm based RF IC optimizer publication-title: IEEE Trans Circuits Syst I Reg Pap doi: 10.1109/TCSI.2004.842427 – ident: ref17 doi: 10.1109/TSMCC.2004.841917 – ident: ref22 doi: 10.1016/j.advengsoft.2012.03.002 – start-page: 63 year: 2004 ident: ref18 publication-title: Advanced Lectures on Machine Learning doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-28650-9_4 – ident: ref38 doi: 10.1109/ISSCC.2010.5433879 – ident: ref36 doi: 10.1109/ISSCC.2010.5433870 – ident: ref12 doi: 10.1109/TAP.2008.2009775 – ident: ref16 doi: 10.1029/2010JA016375 – ident: ref1 doi: 10.1109/MMM.2009.935209 – year: 2005 ident: ref25 publication-title: Differential Evolution A Practical Approach to Global Optimization – ident: ref33 doi: 10.1109/ICCAD.2008.4681555 – ident: ref13 doi: 10.1109/TEVC.2009.2033582 – ident: ref20 doi: 10.1214/ss/1177012413 – ident: ref21 doi: 10.1115/1.2829873 – ident: ref2 doi: 10.1109/JSSC.2012.2216692 – ident: ref14 doi: 10.1007/BF01238887 – start-page: 464 year: 2007 ident: ref32 article-title: Yield-aware analog integrated circuit optimization using geostatistics motivated performance modeling publication-title: Proc IEEE/ACM ICCAD – year: 0 ident: ref10 article-title: A Gaussian process surrogate model assisted evolutionary algorithm for medium scale expensive black box optimization problems publication-title: IEEE Trans Evol Comput in press – ident: ref11 doi: 10.1109/TCAD.2011.2162067 – ident: ref15 doi: 10.1145/1529255.1529264 – start-page: 330 year: 1997 ident: ref23 publication-title: Multidisciplinary Design Optimization State-of-the-Art |
| SSID | ssj0014529 |
| Score | 2.4335182 |
| Snippet | The design and optimization (both sizing and layout) of mm-wave integrated circuits (ICs) have attracted much attention due to the growing demand in industry.... |
| SourceID | proquest crossref ieee |
| SourceType | Aggregation Database Enrichment Source Index Database Publisher |
| StartPage | 169 |
| SubjectTerms | Computational modeling Design engineering Expensive optimization Gaussian process Gaussian processes Heuristic high-frequency integrated circuit Integrated circuit modeling Linear programming mm-wave integrated circuit design automation Optimization Optimization algorithms Power transmission lines RF circuit synthesis surrogate model assisted evolutionary computation |
| Title | GASPAD: A General and Efficient mm-Wave Integrated Circuit Synthesis Method Based on Surrogate Model Assisted Evolutionary Algorithm |
| URI | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6714475 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1490893057 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1506370025 |
| Volume | 33 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos000330222400001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVIEE databaseName: IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) customDbUrl: eissn: 1937-4151 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0014529 issn: 0278-0070 databaseCode: RIE dateStart: 19820101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ providerName: IEEE |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1bS9xAFD6o-NA-aK0trpcyhT6VRnNZdzK-RbtqoRVhbetbmMylDbiJZJMF3_3hnjM7G4SWQt8SMpNMOJc5t_kOwAclRZiqNArihNKMUmrUg-koKNAYoT4PSeyKMX985VdX6e2tuF6BT_1ZGGOMKz4zh3Tpcvm6Vh2Fyo5GPCJ8ulVY5Xy0OKvVZwwogejiKYQYi3zsM5hRKI5u8KeoiCs5jFEZu9rDZ3uQa6ryhyZ228v55v8t7BVseDOSZQu6b8GKqV7Dy2fggtvweJFNrrPPJyxjHluayUqzscOMwNex6TT4KeeGfVkiRmh2VjaqK1s2eajQMJyVM_bNdZhmp7jZaVZXbNI1TU2hN0Zd1HAFKFMUMWXjuWdi2Tyw7O5X3ZTt7-kb-H4-vjm7DHzPhUChIdcGcmSsFgJvpI2PbVioVKBJoLmwaaJDYeNCSqOiwqBzK1PUjkNl0W00HIXbGJ68hbWqrswOMGWtResuVgQ5F2rkirjQQ4FzI07ndQcQLqmQKw9ITn0x7nLnmIQiJ8LlRLjcE24AH_sp9ws0jn8N3iZK9QM9kQawvyR17uV1hg4Q5T9R9-Gq3vePUdIofSIrU3c45hjNOU5G4u7f37wHL_D7w0VN9z6stU1nDmBdzdty1rxz7PoE3PPnkA |
| linkProvider | IEEE |
| linkToHtml | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1ba9RAFD7UKqgPXlrF1aoj-CSmzW03Gd9i3dridins1vYtTOaigW4i2WSh7_5wz5mdDQWl4FtCZoYJ5zLnNt8BeC8F91OZBl4YUZpRCIV6MB15BRoj1OchCm0x5vdJMp2ml5f8bAs-9ndhtNa2-Ezv06PN5atadhQqOxglAeHT3YG7wzgO_fVtrT5nQClEG1EhzFjkZJfDDHx-MMffojKuaD9EdWyrD2-cQratyl-62B4wR4__b2tP4JEzJFm2pvxT2NLVDjy8AS-4C7-_ZrOz7MsnljGHLs1EpdjYokbgcmyx8C7ESrOTDWaEYodlI7uyZbPrCk3DZblkp7bHNPuMx51idcVmXdPUFHxj1EcNd4BSRTFTNl45NhbNNcuuftRN2f5cPIPzo_H88NhzXRc8iaZc64mRNopzfBEmHBq_kClHo0Al3KSR8rkJCyG0DAqN7q1IUT_G0qDjqBMUb62T6DlsV3WlXwCTxhi070JJoHO-Qr4ICxVznBskdGN3AP6GCrl0kOTUGeMqt66Jz3MiXE6Eyx3hBvChn_Jrjcdx2-BdolQ_0BFpAHsbUudOYpfoAlEGFLUf7upd_xlljRIootJ1h2OGaNAlZCa-_PfKb-H-8fx0kk9Opt9ewQPcS7yu8N6D7bbp9Gu4J1dtuWzeWNb9Awqp6tc |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=GASPAD%3A+A+General+and+Efficient+mm-Wave+Integrated+Circuit+Synthesis+Method+Based+on+Surrogate+Model+Assisted+Evolutionary+Algorithm&rft.jtitle=IEEE+transactions+on+computer-aided+design+of+integrated+circuits+and+systems&rft.au=Liu%2C+Bo&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Dixian&rft.au=Reynaert%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Gielen%2C+Georges+G.+E&rft.date=2014-02-01&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers%2C+Inc.+%28IEEE%29&rft.issn=0278-0070&rft.eissn=1937-4151&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=169&rft_id=info:doi/10.1109%2FTCAD.2013.2284109&rft.externalDBID=NO_FULL_TEXT&rft.externalDocID=3187151681 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0278-0070&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0278-0070&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0278-0070&client=summon |