Disentangling eye movement desensitization and reprocessing mechanisms of action: The impact of eye movements in the eye blink conditioning task

Objectives Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective evidence‐based treatment for post‐traumatic stress disorder. However, the therapeutic mechanisms underlying eye movements (EM) remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of horizontal EM on fear extinctio...

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Published in:	Psychology and psychotherapy Vol. 98; no. 4; pp. 1005 - 1016
Main Authors:	Folch‐Sanchez, Daniel, Blithikioti, Chrysanthi, Nuño, Laura, Barrio, Pablo, Borràs, Roger, Blanco, Laura, Piazza, Flavia, Balcells‐Oliveró, Mercè, Miquel, Laia
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	England 01.12.2025
Subjects:	Adult Blinking - physiology conditioned response Conditioning, Classical - physiology Extinction, Psychological - physiology eye blink conditioning task eye movement desensitization and reprocessing Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing - methods eye movements Eye Movements - physiology Fear - physiology fear extinction learning Female Humans Male Young Adult eye movements fear extinction learning conditioned response eye movement desensitization and reprocessing eye blink conditioning task
ISSN:	1476-0835, 2044-8341, 2044-8341
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Abstract	Objectives Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective evidence‐based treatment for post‐traumatic stress disorder. However, the therapeutic mechanisms underlying eye movements (EM) remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of horizontal EM on fear extinction learning in healthy individuals, using an Eye Blink Conditioning (EBC) task. This experimental paradigm has been widely used to explore associative fear learning and memory as a form of classical conditioning. Methods Healthy participants were included to the study protocol and divided randomly into two groups. The EM group (n = 20) were asked to follow horizontally the experimenter's moving finger at the beginning of the extinction phase and the control group (n = 19) did not engage in any specific task. Sociodemographic and clinical information was collected. Percentage of conditioned response (CR) occurrence, time of onset and intensity between and within groups over longitudinal time were analysed using generalized multilevel mixed effects for repeated measures. Results Results showed accelerated extinction learning in the EM group, with an 18.2% probability of CR occurrence in the first block of extinction, compared to the control group (40.9%) (p‐value = .007). Conclusions The findings indicate that horizontal EM accelerates the extinction process in the EBC task. Therefore, this paradigm, used for studying associative learning and memory, could serve as an objective measure to investigate the mechanisms of action involved in desensitizing traumatic experiences during EMDR treatment.
AbstractList	Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective evidence-based treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. However, the therapeutic mechanisms underlying eye movements (EM) remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of horizontal EM on fear extinction learning in healthy individuals, using an Eye Blink Conditioning (EBC) task. This experimental paradigm has been widely used to explore associative fear learning and memory as a form of classical conditioning. Healthy participants were included to the study protocol and divided randomly into two groups. The EM group (n = 20) were asked to follow horizontally the experimenter's moving finger at the beginning of the extinction phase and the control group (n = 19) did not engage in any specific task. Sociodemographic and clinical information was collected. Percentage of conditioned response (CR) occurrence, time of onset and intensity between and within groups over longitudinal time were analysed using generalized multilevel mixed effects for repeated measures. Results showed accelerated extinction learning in the EM group, with an 18.2% probability of CR occurrence in the first block of extinction, compared to the control group (40.9%) (p-value = .007). The findings indicate that horizontal EM accelerates the extinction process in the EBC task. Therefore, this paradigm, used for studying associative learning and memory, could serve as an objective measure to investigate the mechanisms of action involved in desensitizing traumatic experiences during EMDR treatment. Objectives Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective evidence‐based treatment for post‐traumatic stress disorder. However, the therapeutic mechanisms underlying eye movements (EM) remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of horizontal EM on fear extinction learning in healthy individuals, using an Eye Blink Conditioning (EBC) task. This experimental paradigm has been widely used to explore associative fear learning and memory as a form of classical conditioning. Methods Healthy participants were included to the study protocol and divided randomly into two groups. The EM group (n = 20) were asked to follow horizontally the experimenter's moving finger at the beginning of the extinction phase and the control group (n = 19) did not engage in any specific task. Sociodemographic and clinical information was collected. Percentage of conditioned response (CR) occurrence, time of onset and intensity between and within groups over longitudinal time were analysed using generalized multilevel mixed effects for repeated measures. Results Results showed accelerated extinction learning in the EM group, with an 18.2% probability of CR occurrence in the first block of extinction, compared to the control group (40.9%) (p‐value = .007). Conclusions The findings indicate that horizontal EM accelerates the extinction process in the EBC task. Therefore, this paradigm, used for studying associative learning and memory, could serve as an objective measure to investigate the mechanisms of action involved in desensitizing traumatic experiences during EMDR treatment. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective evidence-based treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. However, the therapeutic mechanisms underlying eye movements (EM) remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of horizontal EM on fear extinction learning in healthy individuals, using an Eye Blink Conditioning (EBC) task. This experimental paradigm has been widely used to explore associative fear learning and memory as a form of classical conditioning.OBJECTIVESEye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective evidence-based treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. However, the therapeutic mechanisms underlying eye movements (EM) remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of horizontal EM on fear extinction learning in healthy individuals, using an Eye Blink Conditioning (EBC) task. This experimental paradigm has been widely used to explore associative fear learning and memory as a form of classical conditioning.Healthy participants were included to the study protocol and divided randomly into two groups. The EM group (n = 20) were asked to follow horizontally the experimenter's moving finger at the beginning of the extinction phase and the control group (n = 19) did not engage in any specific task. Sociodemographic and clinical information was collected. Percentage of conditioned response (CR) occurrence, time of onset and intensity between and within groups over longitudinal time were analysed using generalized multilevel mixed effects for repeated measures.METHODSHealthy participants were included to the study protocol and divided randomly into two groups. The EM group (n = 20) were asked to follow horizontally the experimenter's moving finger at the beginning of the extinction phase and the control group (n = 19) did not engage in any specific task. Sociodemographic and clinical information was collected. Percentage of conditioned response (CR) occurrence, time of onset and intensity between and within groups over longitudinal time were analysed using generalized multilevel mixed effects for repeated measures.Results showed accelerated extinction learning in the EM group, with an 18.2% probability of CR occurrence in the first block of extinction, compared to the control group (40.9%) (p-value = .007).RESULTSResults showed accelerated extinction learning in the EM group, with an 18.2% probability of CR occurrence in the first block of extinction, compared to the control group (40.9%) (p-value = .007).The findings indicate that horizontal EM accelerates the extinction process in the EBC task. Therefore, this paradigm, used for studying associative learning and memory, could serve as an objective measure to investigate the mechanisms of action involved in desensitizing traumatic experiences during EMDR treatment.CONCLUSIONSThe findings indicate that horizontal EM accelerates the extinction process in the EBC task. Therefore, this paradigm, used for studying associative learning and memory, could serve as an objective measure to investigate the mechanisms of action involved in desensitizing traumatic experiences during EMDR treatment.
Author	Barrio, Pablo Folch‐Sanchez, Daniel Borràs, Roger Balcells‐Oliveró, Mercè Piazza, Flavia Miquel, Laia Blanco, Laura Blithikioti, Chrysanthi Nuño, Laura
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Snippet	Objectives Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective evidence‐based treatment for post‐traumatic stress disorder. However, the... Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective evidence-based treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. However, the therapeutic...
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SubjectTerms	Adult Blinking - physiology conditioned response Conditioning, Classical - physiology Extinction, Psychological - physiology eye blink conditioning task eye movement desensitization and reprocessing Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing - methods eye movements Eye Movements - physiology Fear - physiology fear extinction learning Female Humans Male Young Adult
Title	Disentangling eye movement desensitization and reprocessing mechanisms of action: The impact of eye movements in the eye blink conditioning task
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