Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) Implementation of a Multi-Symbol Detection Algorithm with Reduced Matching Branches and Multiplexed Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters
The computational complexity of existing multi-symbol detection (MSD) algorithms grows exponentially as the observation intervals increase, resulting in difficulties in algorithm implementation for detecting pulse code modulation/frequency modulation (PCM/FM) signals, especially for multi-channel si...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | Applied sciences Jg. 15; H. 4; S. 2199 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Basel
MDPI AG
01.02.2025
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| ISSN: | 2076-3417, 2076-3417 |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| Abstract | The computational complexity of existing multi-symbol detection (MSD) algorithms grows exponentially as the observation intervals increase, resulting in difficulties in algorithm implementation for detecting pulse code modulation/frequency modulation (PCM/FM) signals, especially for multi-channel signals. To address the challenges, we proposed a low-complexity MSD algorithm based on the averaged matched filtering. The proposed algorithm groups the local reference signals based on the different importance levels of the middle and edge bits in the correlation operations and averages the edge bits, leading to a considerable decrease in matching branches. Furthermore, it leverages the phase symmetry, and the proposed algorithm retains half of the averaged local reference signals for the matching operation, thus further reducing the matching branches. The proposed algorithm reduces the storage of the local signals and correlation operations to one-eighth compared to the traditional MSD algorithm under different observation lengths. Additionally, based on the structure of multiplexed FIR filters, the proposed algorithm optimizes single-channel single-coefficient FIR filters into four-channel double-coefficient FIR filters, further reducing the hardware resource consumption by approximately 25%. The simulation results showed that the proposed algorithm achieved demodulation performance comparable to the traditional MSD algorithms while reducing the computational complexity by 87.5%. Compared to the decision-feedback MSD algorithm, it achieves higher demodulation gain with a 75% complexity reduction. The Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) platform implementation results showed that the proposed algorithm reduces hardware resource consumption by nearly 90% compared with the traditional algorithm, and the hardware demodulation performance loss is less than 1 dB compared with the simulation results. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | The computational complexity of existing multi-symbol detection (MSD) algorithms grows exponentially as the observation intervals increase, resulting in difficulties in algorithm implementation for detecting pulse code modulation/frequency modulation (PCM/FM) signals, especially for multi-channel signals. To address the challenges, we proposed a low-complexity MSD algorithm based on the averaged matched filtering. The proposed algorithm groups the local reference signals based on the different importance levels of the middle and edge bits in the correlation operations and averages the edge bits, leading to a considerable decrease in matching branches. Furthermore, it leverages the phase symmetry, and the proposed algorithm retains half of the averaged local reference signals for the matching operation, thus further reducing the matching branches. The proposed algorithm reduces the storage of the local signals and correlation operations to one-eighth compared to the traditional MSD algorithm under different observation lengths. Additionally, based on the structure of multiplexed FIR filters, the proposed algorithm optimizes single-channel single-coefficient FIR filters into four-channel double-coefficient FIR filters, further reducing the hardware resource consumption by approximately 25%. The simulation results showed that the proposed algorithm achieved demodulation performance comparable to the traditional MSD algorithms while reducing the computational complexity by 87.5%. Compared to the decision-feedback MSD algorithm, it achieves higher demodulation gain with a 75% complexity reduction. The Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) platform implementation results showed that the proposed algorithm reduces hardware resource consumption by nearly 90% compared with the traditional algorithm, and the hardware demodulation performance loss is less than 1 dB compared with the simulation results. |
| Author | Zhou, You Hong, Kai Duan, Ruifeng Zhao, Ling |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Kai surname: Hong fullname: Hong, Kai – sequence: 2 givenname: Ruifeng orcidid: 0000-0001-7354-2976 surname: Duan fullname: Duan, Ruifeng – sequence: 3 givenname: Ling surname: Zhao fullname: Zhao, Ling – sequence: 4 givenname: You surname: Zhou fullname: Zhou, You |
| BookMark | eNpNkd1u1DAQhSPUSpS2V7yAJW5aoVA7zp8vl0KWlVpRFbiOJvZ41yvHDo4j2JfiGTFdVHUu7JHP8Xcsz5vsxHmHWfaW0Q-cC3oD08QqWhZMiFfZWUGbOucla05e9K-zy3ne01SC8ZbRs-xPZ9Aq8hD8NsA4wmCRrCEiWYUAB3LVPaxX12QzThZHdBGi8Y54TYDcLzaa_NthHLwlnzCifNJWduuDibuR_EoreUS1SFTkHqLcGbclHwM4ucOZgFNHRkL_To7OOJNyU9RiZ0wX58m71Fx1m8frpNqIYb7ITjUk-fL_fp796D5_v_2S331db25Xd7nkRRHzGoqy1FRWrK6gQFEOrZJlW1aqVkqKQqVvGtq25ci0Ek1BRcsH3WgNvK4VG_h5tjlylYd9PwUzQjj0Hkz_dODDtocQjbTYa94UWqViDMumgpapBqjSUg9KCK4T692RNQX_c8E59nu_BJee33PW0LamoqyT6_3RJYOf54D6OZXR_t98-xfz5X8BDXibdw |
| Cites_doi | 10.3390/electronics9122049 10.1109/IWCMC.2019.8766671 10.1109/CDCIEM.2012.187 10.1109/ICC45041.2023.10279488 10.1007/s13198-023-02211-9 10.3923/itj.2009.583.588 10.3390/sym13040533 10.1080/00207217.2022.2098387 10.1109/VLSIDCS47293.2020.9179926 10.3390/e25111530 10.1109/CAE59785.2024.10487163 10.1109/TCOM.1984.1095967 10.1109/AMATHE61652.2024.10582079 10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092333 10.1109/ICNLP58431.2023.00030 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION ABUWG AFKRA AZQEC BENPR CCPQU DWQXO PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PKEHL PQEST PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS DOA |
| DOI | 10.3390/app15042199 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest Central UK/Ireland ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Central ProQuest One ProQuest Central Korea Proquest Central Premium ProQuest One Academic (New) Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Academic (retired) ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central China DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Central China ProQuest Central ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central Korea ProQuest Central (New) ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic (New) |
| DatabaseTitleList | CrossRef Publicly Available Content Database |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: DOA name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals url: https://www.doaj.org/ sourceTypes: Open Website – sequence: 2 dbid: PIMPY name: ProQuest Publicly Available Content Database url: http://search.proquest.com/publiccontent sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Engineering Sciences (General) |
| EISSN | 2076-3417 |
| ExternalDocumentID | oai_doaj_org_article_f372fdddd11e475a81d7a0dfcfbd993f 10_3390_app15042199 |
| GroupedDBID | .4S 2XV 5VS 7XC 8CJ 8FE 8FG 8FH AADQD AAFWJ AAYXX ADBBV ADMLS AFFHD AFKRA AFPKN AFZYC ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS APEBS ARCSS BCNDV BENPR CCPQU CITATION CZ9 D1I D1J D1K GROUPED_DOAJ IAO IGS ITC K6- K6V KC. KQ8 L6V LK5 LK8 M7R MODMG M~E OK1 P62 PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PROAC TUS ABUWG AZQEC DWQXO PKEHL PQEST PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c322t-6a244f0c5165a2e94b8dc4845d6ddc92d042b8883e1fd9720983bf7ffa366d1b3 |
| IEDL.DBID | DOA |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 0 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=001432028100001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 2076-3417 |
| IngestDate | Tue Oct 14 19:07:50 EDT 2025 Sun Nov 09 06:16:14 EST 2025 Sat Nov 29 07:10:52 EST 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 4 |
| Language | English |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c322t-6a244f0c5165a2e94b8dc4845d6ddc92d042b8883e1fd9720983bf7ffa366d1b3 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7354-2976 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://doaj.org/article/f372fdddd11e475a81d7a0dfcfbd993f |
| PQID | 3170860946 |
| PQPubID | 2032433 |
| ParticipantIDs | doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_f372fdddd11e475a81d7a0dfcfbd993f proquest_journals_3170860946 crossref_primary_10_3390_app15042199 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2025-02-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2025-02-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 02 year: 2025 text: 2025-02-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | Basel |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Basel |
| PublicationTitle | Applied sciences |
| PublicationYear | 2025 |
| Publisher | MDPI AG |
| Publisher_xml | – name: MDPI AG |
| References | Svensson (ref_7) 1984; 32 Huang (ref_15) 2022; 39 ref_12 Thamizharasan (ref_20) 2023; 110 Jianmin (ref_23) 2004; 25 ref_11 Osborne (ref_10) 1974; 22 ref_21 Wang (ref_14) 2013; 30 ref_1 Wahhab (ref_22) 2023; 18 ref_3 Wu (ref_13) 2009; 8 (ref_2) 2024; 15 ref_19 ref_18 ref_17 ref_16 ref_9 ref_8 ref_5 ref_4 Zhou (ref_6) 2020; 27 |
| References_xml | – ident: ref_12 doi: 10.3390/electronics9122049 – ident: ref_3 doi: 10.1109/IWCMC.2019.8766671 – ident: ref_9 – ident: ref_8 – ident: ref_21 doi: 10.1109/CDCIEM.2012.187 – ident: ref_4 doi: 10.1109/ICC45041.2023.10279488 – volume: 15 start-page: 2097 year: 2024 ident: ref_2 article-title: CPM modulation implementation using blind equalizer and non-coherent demodulation for 5G and beyond publication-title: Int. J. Syst. Assur. Eng. Manag. doi: 10.1007/s13198-023-02211-9 – volume: 39 start-page: 321 year: 2022 ident: ref_15 article-title: Minimum shift keying signal low computation coherent Multi-Symbol detection algorithm publication-title: Comput. Appl. Softw. – volume: 8 start-page: 583 year: 2009 ident: ref_13 article-title: A novel PCM/FM multi-symbol detection algorithm for FPGA implementation publication-title: Inf. Technol. J. doi: 10.3923/itj.2009.583.588 – ident: ref_17 doi: 10.3390/sym13040533 – volume: 110 start-page: 587 year: 2023 ident: ref_20 article-title: FPGA implementation of high performance digital FIR filter design using a hybrid adder and multiplier publication-title: Int. J. Electron. doi: 10.1080/00207217.2022.2098387 – ident: ref_19 doi: 10.1109/VLSIDCS47293.2020.9179926 – ident: ref_11 – volume: 27 start-page: 43 year: 2020 ident: ref_6 article-title: Reduced-state noncoherent MLSD method for CPM in aeronautical telemetry publication-title: J. China Univ. Posts Telecommun. – ident: ref_1 doi: 10.3390/e25111530 – ident: ref_5 doi: 10.1109/CAE59785.2024.10487163 – volume: 32 start-page: 1079 year: 1984 ident: ref_7 article-title: A Class of Reduced-Complexity Viterbi Detectors for Partial Response Continuous Phase Modulation publication-title: IEEE Trans. Commun. doi: 10.1109/TCOM.1984.1095967 – volume: 25 start-page: 6 year: 2004 ident: ref_23 article-title: Two techniques to improve the signal-to-noise radio gain of PCM/FM telemetry system 9 dB publication-title: J. Telem. Track. Command. – ident: ref_18 doi: 10.1109/AMATHE61652.2024.10582079 – volume: 18 start-page: 89 year: 2023 ident: ref_22 article-title: Design and Implementation of Communication Digital FIR Filter for Audio Signals on the FPGA Platform publication-title: J. Commun. – volume: 30 start-page: 3065 year: 2013 ident: ref_14 article-title: Low-complexity multi-symbol detection algorithm for telemetry PCM /FM signal publication-title: Appl. Res. Comput. – volume: 22 start-page: 1023 year: 1974 ident: ref_10 article-title: Coherent and Noncoherent Detection CPFSK publication-title: IEEE Trans. Commun. doi: 10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092333 – ident: ref_16 doi: 10.1109/ICNLP58431.2023.00030 |
| SSID | ssj0000913810 |
| Score | 2.3091817 |
| Snippet | The computational complexity of existing multi-symbol detection (MSD) algorithms grows exponentially as the observation intervals increase, resulting in... |
| SourceID | doaj proquest crossref |
| SourceType | Open Website Aggregation Database Index Database |
| StartPage | 2199 |
| SubjectTerms | Algorithms Field programmable gate arrays FIR filter FPGA low complexity multi-symbol detection PCM/FM signal Symmetry Telemetry |
| SummonAdditionalLinks | – databaseName: ProQuest Central dbid: BENPR link: http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1Lb9QwELag5QAHoIWKhRb50EP3EJHEcR4ntFsaQILVanmot8iOPW2lblI2KaJ_it_YGcfbVkLqhRxjx7E043l55hvG9gudQZhrG0RaooOCGiRQKehA5ZBIHVuZu6q0n1-y2Sw_Pi7mPuDW-bTKtUx0gtq0NcXI36GeQ-sbnZH0_cWvgLpG0e2qb6HxkG0SUhny-eb0aDZf3ERZCPUyj8KhME-gf0_3wmgDJfGA9nqrihxi_z8C2WmZ8tn_7u85e-rtSz4ZGGKLPbDNNntyB3Vwm23589zxAw86PX7B_paUysbnQ7rWkgqqOEXWcKWVuuIH5fzjZMwdlvDSlys1vAWuuCvhDb5dLXV7zj_Y3uV2NXxyfoLb60-XnEK9fEEQsdbwryj6KejFp9TR4xQ3oRozrIFL_8EZ5RmZwfSrS1Tb-KFL4rW4hc-LMY7S9X73kv0oj74ffgp8L4egRpHRB6lCOwLCWkapVLEtEp2bOskTaVJj6iI2SBKN3riwEZgii8MiFxoyACXS1ERa7LCNpm3sK8Yh1CKqtUXP1yQ6BRUKBSJCT0zJDGI5YvtrslYXA2RHha4OUb-6Q_0RmxLJb6YQzrZ70a5OKn9sKxBZDAafKLJJJhVa95kKDdSgDVp2MGK7a26o_OHvqltWeH3_8Bv2OKZ2wi4JfJdt9KtLu8ce1b_7s2711vPyNakyATU priority: 102 providerName: ProQuest |
| Title | Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) Implementation of a Multi-Symbol Detection Algorithm with Reduced Matching Branches and Multiplexed Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters |
| URI | https://www.proquest.com/docview/3170860946 https://doaj.org/article/f372fdddd11e475a81d7a0dfcfbd993f |
| Volume | 15 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos001432028100001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVAON databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals customDbUrl: eissn: 2076-3417 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000913810 issn: 2076-3417 databaseCode: DOA dateStart: 20110101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.doaj.org/ providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals – providerCode: PRVHPJ databaseName: ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources customDbUrl: eissn: 2076-3417 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000913810 issn: 2076-3417 databaseCode: M~E dateStart: 20110101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://road.issn.org providerName: ISSN International Centre – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: ProQuest Central customDbUrl: eissn: 2076-3417 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000913810 issn: 2076-3417 databaseCode: BENPR dateStart: 20110101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/central providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: ProQuest Publicly Available Content Database customDbUrl: eissn: 2076-3417 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000913810 issn: 2076-3417 databaseCode: PIMPY dateStart: 20110101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://search.proquest.com/publiccontent providerName: ProQuest |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1Lb9QwELZQ4QCHqi0gFkrlQw_dQ0Qcx3Fy3IUGKtFVtDxUTpEde-hK3Wy1m6L2T_EbmXFSWIkDF3LLy7Y8tmc-e-Ybxo4LqyHOrY-EVQhQUINEJgMbmRxSZROv8hCV9vWjns3yi4ui2kr1RT5hPT1w33FvQOoEHF5C-FQrg_aVNrGDBqxD3Qq0-sa62AJTYQ0uBFFX9QF5EnE9nQej7ZMmPcvrHxUUmPr_WoiDdin32O5gFvJJ35x99sC3B-zJFlngAdsfpuGGnwxc0eOn7GdJHmi86r2slhQHxWlDDEtamzt-UlbvJ2MeKICXQ5RRy1fADQ-Rt9Gnu6VdXfF3vgsuWS2fXH1frRfd5ZLTDi2fE7Ord_wcV2zaq-JTSsRxiY0wrevLwKJv8YtyQdYrVXWD2hZ_DL63HptwNh_jWzqV3zxjX8rTz28_REMKhqjBmd5FmUH1D3GjRKZM4ovU5q5J81S5zLmmSBz2qEUQLb0AV-gkLnJpQQMYmWVOWPmc7bSr1r9gHGIrRWM9AlaX2gxMLA1IgQDKKA2JGrHje6nU1z3TRo0IhYRXbwlvxKYksd-fED12eICDph4GTf2vQTNih_fyroc5u6nRkkJ8h3A3e_k_6njFHieUKzh4eB-ynW5941-zR82PbrFZH7GH09NZNT8KwxbvqrPz6tsvIET3Ew |
| linkProvider | Directory of Open Access Journals |
| linkToHtml | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V3NT9RAFH_BxUQ9qKDGVdQ5YMIeGttOPw_GLGJlw-6mQTRwqjOdGSBhW9wWdf8p_kbfa7tAYuKNgz12pq-T6a_va94HwGYsQ2NHUluO9NFAQQliicBIS0TG86Wr_ajJSvs2DqfT6PAwTlfgcpkLQ2GVS57YMGpV5uQjf4dyDrVvNEaCD-c_LOoaRaeryxYaLSz29OIXmmzV-9EOft-3rpt8Ovi4a3VdBawcwVtbgUCJZuzcdwJfuDr2ZKRyL_J8FSiVx65CGEu0C7l2jIpD144jLk1ojOBBoBzJke4dWPUI7D1YTUeT9OjKq0NVNiPHbhMBOY9tOodGnctz2-qy16Kv6RDwlwBopFry6H_bj8fwsNOf2bAF_Bqs6GIdHtyoqrgOax2_qthWV1R78AQuEwrVY2kbjjajhDFGnkOkNBcLtpWkn4cD1tRKnnXpWAUrDROsSVG2vixmsjxjO7puYtcKNjw7xu2oT2aMXNlsn0rgasUmKNrIqce2qWPJCS5CFKqlgaR_44zklNR8etUFqiX4YBOkrHEJo_0BjlL4QvUUvt7KLj6DXlEW-jkwY0vu5FKjZa88GRhhc2G4g5am8EPj-n3YXMIoO29LkmRoyhHashto68M2QexqCtURb26U8-OsY0uZ4aFrFF6Oo73QF2i9hMJWJjdSoeZq-rCxRF_WMbcqu4bei38Pv4F7uweTcTYeTfdewn2XWic3Ae8b0KvnF_oV3M1_1qfV_HX3HzH4fttQ_QPYW14l |
| linkToPdf | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1Lb9QwEB6VLUJwAFpALBTwoUjdQ9TEzvOA0JYlsGq7ispD5RTs2G4rdZOySYH9U_wAfh1jJ2krIXHrgRwTZ2I5n-fleQBsJiLSbiyU44kADRSUIA4PtXB4rP1AUBXENivt8140m8WHh0m2Ar_7XBgTVtnzRMuoZVUYH_k2yjnUvtEYCbd1FxaRTdLXZ98c00HKnLT27TRaiOyq5Q803-pX0wn-65eUpm8_vnnvdB0GnAKB3DghR-mm3SLwwoBTlfgiloUf-4EMpSwSKhHSAm1Epjwtk4i6ScyEjrTmLAylJxjSvQGrqJL7dACr2XQ_-3Lh4TEVN2PPbZMCGUtccyaN-pdP20qzl2LQdgv4SxhYCZfe-5_X5j7c7fRqMm43whqsqHId7lyptrgOax0fq8lWV2x79AB-pSaEj2RtmNrcJJIR41FESgu-JFtp9m48IraG8rxL0ypJpQknNnXZ-bCci-qUTFRjY9pKMj49wuVojufEuLjJgSmNqyTZR5FnnH1kx3QyOcZJ8FK2NJD0TxyRnhj133zqHNUVfNEGLyucwvRghE9NWEP9ED5dyyo-gkFZleoxEO0K5hVCocUvfRFq7jKumYcWKA8iTYMhbPaQys_aUiU5mngGefkV5A1hx8DtYoipL25vVIujvGNXuWYR1RIvz1N-FHC0aiLuSl1oIVGj1UPY6JGYd0yvzi9h-OTfj1_ALcRnvjed7T6F29R0VLZx8BswaBbn6hncLL43J_XiebelCHy9bqT-AcbuZuU |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Field+Programmable+Gate+Array+%28FPGA%29+Implementation+of+a+Multi-Symbol+Detection+Algorithm+with+Reduced+Matching+Branches+and+Multiplexed+Finite+Impulse+Response+%28FIR%29+Filters&rft.jtitle=Applied+sciences&rft.au=Kai+Hong&rft.au=Ruifeng+Duan&rft.au=Ling+Zhao&rft.au=You+Zhou&rft.date=2025-02-01&rft.pub=MDPI+AG&rft.eissn=2076-3417&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.spage=2199&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fapp15042199&rft.externalDBID=DOA&rft.externalDocID=oai_doaj_org_article_f372fdddd11e475a81d7a0dfcfbd993f |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2076-3417&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2076-3417&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2076-3417&client=summon |