Review of large-scale CLT compartment fire tests
•Previous research has focused on flashover fires in a limited range of compartment sizes.•Methods of predicting self-extinction at realistic scales have not yet been well-established.•Few tests have included structural loads on the roof of the fire compartment, and limited data is available on stru...
Saved in:
| Published in: | Construction & building materials Vol. 318; p. 126099 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier Ltd
07.02.2022
|
| Subjects: | |
| ISSN: | 0950-0618, 1879-0526 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Abstract | •Previous research has focused on flashover fires in a limited range of compartment sizes.•Methods of predicting self-extinction at realistic scales have not yet been well-established.•Few tests have included structural loads on the roof of the fire compartment, and limited data is available on structural response.•Tests where timber surfaces have been left unprotected have typically exceeded the limits on unprotected timber surfaces set by the International Building Code.
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a mass timber product that has attracted increasing interest in mid- and high-rise building construction. However, conventional compartment fire models were developed for non-combustible construction. As a result, numerous large-scale fire tests have been conducted in recent years to investigate the fire behavior of both fully and partially protected CLT compartments with the goal of quantifying the fire behavior of CLT structures and further developing codes and standards. Previous tests have consisted of a limited range of compartment sizes, and test protocols and data reporting have varied widely between test series. Test series have utilized different ventilation conditions, structure types, fuel types, and applied mechanical loads. Although gas temperatures and total heat release rates are frequently included in test results, other data such as incident heat flux have been inconsistently reported. This inconsistency makes it difficult to synthesize results from different investigations regarding the impact of unprotected timber on fire severity and self-extinction. This review paper will summarize recent large-scale CLT compartment fire tests, discuss trends in test methodology and data reporting, and identify topics in need of further research to improve understanding of the fire behavior of mass timber buildings. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | •Previous research has focused on flashover fires in a limited range of compartment sizes.•Methods of predicting self-extinction at realistic scales have not yet been well-established.•Few tests have included structural loads on the roof of the fire compartment, and limited data is available on structural response.•Tests where timber surfaces have been left unprotected have typically exceeded the limits on unprotected timber surfaces set by the International Building Code.
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a mass timber product that has attracted increasing interest in mid- and high-rise building construction. However, conventional compartment fire models were developed for non-combustible construction. As a result, numerous large-scale fire tests have been conducted in recent years to investigate the fire behavior of both fully and partially protected CLT compartments with the goal of quantifying the fire behavior of CLT structures and further developing codes and standards. Previous tests have consisted of a limited range of compartment sizes, and test protocols and data reporting have varied widely between test series. Test series have utilized different ventilation conditions, structure types, fuel types, and applied mechanical loads. Although gas temperatures and total heat release rates are frequently included in test results, other data such as incident heat flux have been inconsistently reported. This inconsistency makes it difficult to synthesize results from different investigations regarding the impact of unprotected timber on fire severity and self-extinction. This review paper will summarize recent large-scale CLT compartment fire tests, discuss trends in test methodology and data reporting, and identify topics in need of further research to improve understanding of the fire behavior of mass timber buildings. |
| ArticleNumber | 126099 |
| Author | Fischer, Erica C. Liu, Julie |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Julie surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Julie email: liujuli@oregonstate.edu organization: School of Civil and Construction Engineering, Oregon State University, United States – sequence: 2 givenname: Erica C. surname: Fischer fullname: Fischer, Erica C. email: erica.fischer@oregonstate.edu organization: School of Civil and Construction Engineering, Oregon State University, United States |
| BookMark | eNqNkM1KxDAUhYOM4MzoO9QHaL1JOmmzEin-wYAg4zqk6Y2ktM2QRMW3t8O4EFezOqvzcb6zIovJT0jINYWCAhU3fWH81H64oRt1KhgwWlAmQMozsqR1JXPYMLEgS5AbyEHQ-oKsYuwBQDDBlgRe8dPhV-ZtNujwjnk0esCs2e4y48e9DmnEKWXWBcwSxhQvybnVQ8Sr31yTt4f7XfOUb18en5u7bW44oylvWSdgXiLarioZQllWwLG2VadtLQWvDNWUG1ZrKWVbGi04IpNtZayQLdd8TeSRa4KPMaBV--BGHb4VBXVQV736o64O6uqoPndv_3WNSzo5P6Wg3XASoTkScFacDwoqGoeTwW4-wiTVeXcC5QfNsH8I |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cscm_2025_e04452 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_firesaf_2025_104458 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_firesaf_2023_103986 crossref_primary_10_1002_fam_3121 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_firesaf_2024_104179 crossref_primary_10_1080_17480272_2025_2507145 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_engstruct_2025_121170 crossref_primary_10_1002_fam_3107 crossref_primary_10_3390_buildings13030725 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jobe_2024_108929 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_conbuildmat_2024_138121 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10694_025_01761_7 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_firesaf_2023_103869 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_polymdegradstab_2023_110354 crossref_primary_10_3390_encyclopedia2010038 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_engstruct_2024_118381 crossref_primary_10_1007_s41693_024_00143_9 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_engstruct_2024_118552 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_engstruct_2025_120592 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_engstruct_2025_120011 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_firesaf_2023_104022 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_firesaf_2024_104289 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_buildenv_2025_113458 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_engstruct_2023_117229 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_firesaf_2024_104164 crossref_primary_10_3390_buildings14071951 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10694_024_01581_1 crossref_primary_10_1061_JMCEE7_MTENG_16285 crossref_primary_10_1680_jstbu_23_00104 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_applthermaleng_2025_125733 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cej_2024_155947 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jobe_2023_107303 crossref_primary_10_1002_fam_3070 crossref_primary_10_3390_f15112046 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1177/0734904102020002074 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2007.11.006 10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.11-28 10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103098 10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.074 10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.9-1279 10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.024 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.027 10.1007/s10694-014-0407-4 10.1016/j.firesaf.2012.06.003 10.14264/5d97785 10.1016/S0379-7112(03)00028-6 10.22382/wfs-2018-042 10.1080/24751448.2020.1705709 10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.102827 10.1007/s10694-020-01003-y 10.14264/20b5cf6 10.14311/asfe.2015.063 10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103087 10.1007/s10694-018-0714-2 10.1016/j.firesaf.2010.03.007 10.1002/fam.2760 10.1016/j.firesaf.2015.11.001 10.1007/s10694-020-01047-0 10.1016/j.firesaf.2012.06.011 10.2737/FPL-GTR-247 10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.01.008 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2021 Elsevier Ltd |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2021 Elsevier Ltd |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef |
| DatabaseTitleList | |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Engineering |
| EISSN | 1879-0526 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 10_1016_j_conbuildmat_2021_126099 S0950061821038319 |
| GroupedDBID | --K --M .~1 0R~ 1B1 1~. 1~5 29F 4.4 457 4G. 5GY 5VS 6J9 7-5 71M 8P~ 9JN AABNK AABXZ AACTN AAEDT AAEDW AAEPC AAIAV AAIKJ AAKOC AALRI AAOAW AAQFI AAXUO ABFRF ABJNI ABMAC ABXRA ABYKQ ACDAQ ACGFO ACGFS ACRLP ADBBV ADEZE ADHUB ADTZH AEBSH AECPX AEFWE AEKER AENEX AEZYN AFKWA AFRZQ AFTJW AGHFR AGUBO AGYEJ AHHHB AHJVU AIEXJ AIKHN AITUG AJOXV ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AMFUW AMRAJ AXJTR BAAKF BJAXD BKOJK BLXMC CS3 DU5 EBS EFJIC EFLBG EO8 EO9 EP2 EP3 FDB FIRID FNPLU FYGXN G-Q GBLVA IAO IEA IGG IHE IHM IOF ISM J1W JJJVA KOM LY7 M24 M41 MAGPM MO0 N95 N9A O-L O9- OAUVE OZT P-8 P-9 P2P PC. PV9 Q38 ROL RPZ RZL SDF SDG SES SPC SPCBC SSM SST SSZ T5K UNMZH XI7 ~G- 9DU AAQXK AATTM AAXKI AAYWO AAYXX ABFNM ABWVN ABXDB ACLOT ACNNM ACRPL ACVFH ADCNI ADMUD ADNMO AEIPS AEUPX AFJKZ AFPUW AHDLI AI. AIGII AIIUN AKBMS AKRWK AKYEP ANKPU APXCP ASPBG AVWKF AZFZN BAIFH BBTPI CITATION EFKBS EJD FEDTE FGOYB G-2 HVGLF HZ~ ITC R2- RNS SET SEW SMS VH1 WUQ ZMT ~HD |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c321t-b2d601266bd742e044703e8f7daf89637c1a13c28a999b4ca63ee29b7cf69b3a3 |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 38 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000740116400004&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 0950-0618 |
| IngestDate | Tue Nov 18 22:12:50 EST 2025 Sat Nov 29 07:08:32 EST 2025 Fri Feb 23 02:40:46 EST 2024 |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Keywords | Compartment tests Data reporting Timber Fire |
| Language | English |
| LinkModel | OpenURL |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c321t-b2d601266bd742e044703e8f7daf89637c1a13c28a999b4ca63ee29b7cf69b3a3 |
| ParticipantIDs | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_conbuildmat_2021_126099 crossref_citationtrail_10_1016_j_conbuildmat_2021_126099 elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_conbuildmat_2021_126099 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2022-02-07 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2022-02-07 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 02 year: 2022 text: 2022-02-07 day: 07 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationTitle | Construction & building materials |
| PublicationYear | 2022 |
| Publisher | Elsevier Ltd |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Elsevier Ltd |
| References | Minister of the Interior regulation no 17.Fire safety requirements of buildings and requirements for firefighting water supply, 2017. Gorska (b0125) 2020 McDonnell, Jones (b0230) 2020; 4 Wade, Spearpoint, Fleischmann, Baker, Abu (b0335) 2018; 54 Crielaard, van de Kuilen, Terwel, Ravenshorst, Steenbakkers (b0095) 2019; 105 Su, Lafrance, Hoehler (b0295) 2018 Cuevas, Torero, Maluk (b0100) 2021; 120 Mindeguia, Mohaine, Bisby, Robert, McNamee, Bartlett (b0250) 2020 CEN (b0080) 2002 Brandon (b0055) 2018 Ansi (b0010) 2012 Hidalgo, Goode, Gupta, Cowlard, Abecassis-Empis, Maclean, Bartlett, Maluk, Montalvá, Osorio, Torero (b0160) 2019; 108 ASCE (b0025) 2016 A. Just, D. Brandon, K.N. Mäger, R. Pukk, J. Sjöström, CLT Compartment Fire Test. In: 2018 World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE), Seoul, Republic of Korea, 2018. Arup, Mass timber fire safety: Experiment one update and experiment two initial findings, 2021. S. Nothard, D. Lange, J.P. Hidalgo, V. Gupta, M.S. McLaggan, 2020. The response of exposed timber in open plan compartment fires and its impact on the fire dynamics. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Structures in Fire (SiF2020), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 911–922. Bartlett, McNamee, Robert, Bisby (b0050) 2020; 44 Brandon, Just, Andersson, Östman (b0060) 2018 Cowlard, Bittern, Abecassis-Empis, Torero (b0090) 2013 Rackauskaite, Kotsovinos, Barber (b0275) 2021; 57 ULC (b0320) 2014 CEN (b0085) 2004 Wiesner, Bartlett, Mohaine, Robert, McNamee, Mindeguia, Bisby (b0345) 2021; 57 Stern-Gottfried, Rein, Bisby, Torero (b0290) 2010; 45 Gorska, Hidalgo, Torero (b0135) 2021; 120 E. Rackauskaite, 2017. iTFM: Improved traveling fires methodology for structural design and the effects on steel framed buildings. PhD dissertation, Imperial College London, London. Bwalya, Lougheed, Kashef, Saber (b0070) 2011; 47 Majdalani, Cadena, Cowlard, Munoz, Torero (b0225) 2016; 79 Abecassis-Empis, Reszka, Steinhaus, Cowlard, Biteau, Welch, Rein, Torero (b0005) 2008; 32 C. Gorska, J.P. Hidalgo, J.L. Torero, 2017. An experimental study of medium-scale compartment fire tests with exposed cross laminated timber. Naples, Italy. Hakkarainen (b0145) 2002; 20 ISO (b0170) 2019 McGregor (b0235) 2013 ICC (b0165) 2021 J. Leroux, P. Leroux, P.-S. Lafrance, K. Gratton, E. Gibbs, M. Weinfurter, 2018b. Fire testing of rooms with exposed wood surfaces in encapsulated mass timber construction. Report No. A1-012710, National Research Council Canada, Ontario, Canada, 74. B.C. Taber, G.D. Lougheed, J.Z. Su, N. Bénichou, 2014. Solutions for mid-rise wood construction: Apartment fire test with encapsulated cross laminated timber construction (Test APT-CLT). A1-100035-01.10, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 112. C. Wade, D. Hopkin, M. Spearpoint, C. Fleischmann, Calibration of a coupled post-flashover fire and pyrolysis model for determining char depth in mass timber enclosures, In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Structures in Fire (SiF2020), Brisbane, Australia, 2020, 830–841. M. Janssens, Development of a fire performance assessment methodology for qualifying cross-laminated timber adhesives. Project No. 01.23086.01.001a, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, 2017. Zelinka, Hasburgh, Bourne (b0350) 2020 Ansi (b0015) 2018 S.L. Zelinka, L.E. Hasburgh, K.J. Bourne, D.R. Tucholski, J.P. Ouellette, Compartment fire testing of a two-story mass timber building. FPL-GTR-247, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, FPL-GTR-247, 2018. Hadden, Bartlett, Hidalgo, Santamaria, Wiesner, Bisby, Deeny, Lane (b0140) 2017; 91 Medina Hevia (b0245) 2014 Kontis, Tsichlas, Kolaitis, Founti (b0200) 2020 J. Torero, A. Majdalani, C. Abecassis-Empis, A. Cowlard, Revisiting the Compartment Fire. Fire Safety Science, International Association for Fire Safety Science, Christchurch, New Zealand, 2014. Rackauskaite, Bonner, Restuccia, Fernandez Anez, Christensen, Roenner, Wegrzynski, Turkowski, Tofilo, Heidari, Kotsovinos, Vermesi, Richter, Hu, Jeanneret, Wadhwani, Rein (b0270) 2021 Stern-Gottfried, Rein (b0285) 2012; 54 R. Gerard, D. Barber, A. Wolski, 2013. Fire Safety Challenges of Tall Wood Buildings Phase 1 Final Report. Fire Protection Research Foundation, Quincy, MA, USA and Arup North America, San Francisco, CA, USA. Lennon, Moore (b0215) 2003; 38 Janssens (b0185) 2019 McNamee, Zehfuss, Bartlett, Heidari, Robert, Bisby (b0240) 2020 Kolaitis, Asimakopoulou, Founti (b0195) 2014; 73 Barber, Dixon, Rackauskaite, Looi (b0040) 2020 Brandon, Östman (b0065) 2016 A. Frangi, G. Bochicchio, A. Ceccotti, 2008. Natural Full-Scale Fire Test on a 3 Storey XLam Timber Building. In: Fire Safety Science - Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium, International Association for Fire Safety Science, Karlsruhe, Germany, pp. 1279–1290. Thomas, Heselden (b0310) 1972 Bartlett, Hadden, Hidalgo, Santamaria, Wiesner, Bisby, Deeny, Lane (b0045) 2017 Harte (b0150) 2017; 2 M. Janssens, Full-Scale Tests in a Furnished Living Room to Evaluate the Fire Performance of Protected Cross-Laminated and Nail Laminated Timber Construction. SwRI Project No 01.21428.01.001, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, 2015. Drysdale (b0105) 2011 Li, Zhang, Hadjisophocleous, McGregor (b0220) 2015; 51 I. Kuzmanovska, E. Gasparri, D.T. Monné, M. Aitchison, Tall Timber Buildings: Emerging trends and typologies. In: 2018 World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE), Seoul, Republic of Korea, 2018. Walton, Thomas, Ohmiya (b0340) 2016 CEN (b0075) 2002 Stern-Gottfried, Rein (b0280) 2012; 54 University of Edinburgh, I2M Laboratory, Brandskyddslaget, IBMB-Braunschweig, Liege University, and CERIB Fire Testing Cente,. Épernon Fire Tests Program Synthesis Report. EFTP-2020/01, 2020. Emberly, Putynska, Bolanos, Lucherini, Solarte, Soriguer, Gonzalez, Humphreys, Hidalgo, Maluk, Law, Torero (b0110) 2017; 91 L.E. Hasburgh, S.L. Zelinka, K.J. Bourne, D.R. Tucholski, J.P. Ouellette, 2018. Full-Scale Fire Tests of a Two-Story Cross-Laminated Timber Structure. In: 2018 World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE), Seoul, Republic of Korea. ASTM (b0030) 2020 Law, Hadden (b0210) 2020; 3 Barber (b0035) 2018; 50 Stern-Gottfried (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0280) 2012; 54 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0120 Abecassis-Empis (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0005) 2008; 32 Hakkarainen (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0145) 2002; 20 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0205 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0325 Barber (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0035) 2018; 50 Emberly (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0110) 2017; 91 Thomas (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0310) 1972 Barber (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0040) 2020 Hadden (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0140) 2017; 91 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0255 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0330 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0175 Bwalya (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0070) 2011; 47 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0130 Bartlett (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0050) 2020; 44 ULC (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0320) 2014 Medina Hevia (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0245) 2014 CEN (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0080) 2002 McGregor (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0235) 2013 Brandon (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0055) 2018 CEN (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0075) 2002 Wade (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0335) 2018; 54 Rackauskaite (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0270) 2021 Wiesner (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0345) 2021; 57 Cowlard (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0090) 2013 Ansi (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0015) 2018 Kontis (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0200) 2020 Crielaard (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0095) 2019; 105 Lennon (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0215) 2003; 38 Mindeguia (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0250) 2020 Majdalani (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0225) 2016; 79 Zelinka (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0350) 2020 Hidalgo (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0160) 2019; 108 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0265 Ansi (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0010) 2012 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0020 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0260 McDonnell (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0230) 2020; 4 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0305 Li (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0220) 2015; 51 Brandon (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0060) 2018 Stern-Gottfried (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0285) 2012; 54 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0300 Kolaitis (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0195) 2014; 73 ASTM (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0030) 2020 ICC (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0165) 2021 ISO (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0170) 2019 Law (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0210) 2020; 3 Gorska (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0135) 2021; 120 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0180 Cuevas (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0100) 2021; 120 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0155 Drysdale (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0105) 2011 Gorska (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0125) 2020 Harte (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0150) 2017; 2 Su (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0295) 2018 Stern-Gottfried (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0290) 2010; 45 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0315 Walton (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0340) 2016 CEN (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0085) 2004 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0115 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0355 Brandon (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0065) 2016 McNamee (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0240) 2020 Rackauskaite (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0275) 2021; 57 Bartlett (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0045) 2017 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0190 ASCE (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0025) 2016 Janssens (10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0185) 2019 |
| References_xml | – year: 2019 ident: b0170 article-title: Fire-resistance tests - Elements of building construction - Part 1: General requirements – reference: C. Gorska, J.P. Hidalgo, J.L. Torero, 2017. An experimental study of medium-scale compartment fire tests with exposed cross laminated timber. Naples, Italy. – start-page: 1 year: 2020 end-page: 11 ident: b0240 article-title: Enclosure fire dynamics with a cross-laminated timber ceiling publication-title: Fire Mater. – year: 2018 ident: b0295 article-title: Fire Safety Challenges of Tall Wood Buildings – Phase 2: Task 2 & 3 – Cross Laminated Timber Compartment Fire Tests – reference: Arup, Mass timber fire safety: Experiment one update and experiment two initial findings, 2021. – year: 2018 ident: b0060 article-title: Mitigation of fire damages in multi-storey timber buildings: Statistical analysis and guidelines for design publication-title: RISE Report 2018:43 – year: 2013 ident: b0235 article-title: Contribution of cross laminated timber panels to room fires – volume: 4 start-page: 9 year: 2020 end-page: 13 ident: b0230 article-title: Performance-based engineering provides path to more compelling mass timber projects publication-title: Technology|Architecture + Design, Routledge – reference: B.C. Taber, G.D. Lougheed, J.Z. Su, N. Bénichou, 2014. Solutions for mid-rise wood construction: Apartment fire test with encapsulated cross laminated timber construction (Test APT-CLT). A1-100035-01.10, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 112. – reference: S.L. Zelinka, L.E. Hasburgh, K.J. Bourne, D.R. Tucholski, J.P. Ouellette, Compartment fire testing of a two-story mass timber building. FPL-GTR-247, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, FPL-GTR-247, 2018. – volume: 120 year: 2021 ident: b0135 article-title: Fire dynamics in mass timber compartments publication-title: Fire Saf. J. – volume: 51 start-page: 1447 year: 2015 end-page: 1474 ident: b0220 article-title: Experimental study of combustible and non-combustible construction in a natural fire publication-title: Fire Technol. – year: 2021 ident: b0165 article-title: 2021 International Building Code – reference: Minister of the Interior regulation no 17.Fire safety requirements of buildings and requirements for firefighting water supply, 2017. – reference: C. Wade, D. Hopkin, M. Spearpoint, C. Fleischmann, Calibration of a coupled post-flashover fire and pyrolysis model for determining char depth in mass timber enclosures, In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Structures in Fire (SiF2020), Brisbane, Australia, 2020, 830–841. – year: 2018 ident: b0055 article-title: Fire safety challenges of tall wood buildings – Phase 2: Task 4 – engineering methods publication-title: Final Report, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden and Fire Protection Research Foundation, Borås, Sweden – volume: 54 start-page: 74 year: 2012 end-page: 85 ident: b0280 article-title: Travelling fires for structural design–Part I: literature review publication-title: Fire Saf. J. – start-page: 232 year: 2020 end-page: 237 ident: b0350 article-title: Overview of North American CLT Fire Testing and Code Adoption publication-title: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Wood and Fire Safety 2020 – volume: 57 start-page: 291 year: 2021 end-page: 311 ident: b0345 article-title: Structural capacity of one-way spanning large-scale cross-laminated timber slabs in standard and natural fires publication-title: Fire Technol. – reference: J. Torero, A. Majdalani, C. Abecassis-Empis, A. Cowlard, Revisiting the Compartment Fire. Fire Safety Science, International Association for Fire Safety Science, Christchurch, New Zealand, 2014. – reference: A. Frangi, G. Bochicchio, A. Ceccotti, 2008. Natural Full-Scale Fire Test on a 3 Storey XLam Timber Building. In: Fire Safety Science - Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium, International Association for Fire Safety Science, Karlsruhe, Germany, pp. 1279–1290. – reference: M. Janssens, Full-Scale Tests in a Furnished Living Room to Evaluate the Fire Performance of Protected Cross-Laminated and Nail Laminated Timber Construction. SwRI Project No 01.21428.01.001, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, 2015. – volume: 32 start-page: 1334 year: 2008 end-page: 1343 ident: b0005 article-title: Characterisation of Dalmarnock fire Test One publication-title: Exp. Therm Fluid Sci., Fifth Mediterranean Combust. Sympos. – volume: 105 start-page: 244 year: 2019 end-page: 260 ident: b0095 article-title: Self-extinguishment of cross-laminated timber publication-title: Fire Saf. J. – volume: 38 start-page: 623 year: 2003 end-page: 643 ident: b0215 article-title: The natural fire safety concept—full-scale tests at Cardington publication-title: Fire Saf. J. – year: 2020 ident: b0030 article-title: ASTM E119–20 Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials – volume: 108 year: 2019 ident: b0160 article-title: The Malveira fire test: full-scale demonstration of fire modes in open-plan compartments publication-title: Fire Saf. J. – year: 2020 ident: b0125 article-title: Fire dynamics in multi-scale timber compartments – reference: I. Kuzmanovska, E. Gasparri, D.T. Monné, M. Aitchison, Tall Timber Buildings: Emerging trends and typologies. In: 2018 World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE), Seoul, Republic of Korea, 2018. – year: 2016 ident: b0025 article-title: Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures – volume: 91 start-page: 480 year: 2017 end-page: 489 ident: b0140 article-title: Effects of exposed cross laminated timber on compartment fire dynamics publication-title: Fire Saf. J. – start-page: 251 year: 2020 end-page: 257 ident: b0200 article-title: Fire performance of CLT members: a detailed review of experimental studies across multiple scales publication-title: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Wood and Fire Safety – volume: 47 start-page: 1121 year: 2011 end-page: 1140 ident: b0070 article-title: Survey results of combustible contents and floor areas in canadian multi-family dwellings publication-title: Fire Technol., Springer Nature B.V., Norwell, Netherlands – year: 2018 ident: b0015 article-title: ANSI/APA PRG 320–2018: Standard for Performance-Rated Cross-Laminated Timber – volume: 45 start-page: 249 year: 2010 end-page: 261 ident: b0290 article-title: Experimental review of the homogeneous temperature assumption in post-flashover compartment fires publication-title: Fire Saf. J. – volume: 54 start-page: 893 year: 2018 end-page: 920 ident: b0335 article-title: Predicting the fire dynamics of exposed timber surfaces in compartments using a two-zone model publication-title: Fire Technol. – reference: E. Rackauskaite, 2017. iTFM: Improved traveling fires methodology for structural design and the effects on steel framed buildings. PhD dissertation, Imperial College London, London. – volume: 57 start-page: 487 year: 2021 end-page: 495 ident: b0275 article-title: Letter to the editor: design fires for open-plan buildings with exposed mass-timber ceiling publication-title: Fire Technol. – year: 1972 ident: b0310 article-title: Fully Developed Fires in Single Compartments – reference: S. Nothard, D. Lange, J.P. Hidalgo, V. Gupta, M.S. McLaggan, 2020. The response of exposed timber in open plan compartment fires and its impact on the fire dynamics. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Structures in Fire (SiF2020), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 911–922. – year: 2016 ident: b0340 article-title: Estimating temperatures in compartment fires publication-title: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering – volume: 44 start-page: 301 year: 2020 end-page: 310 ident: b0050 article-title: Comparative energy analysis from fire resistance tests on combustible versus noncombustible slabs publication-title: Fire Mater. – year: 2002 ident: b0075 article-title: Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1–2: General actions - Actions on structures exposed to fire – reference: R. Gerard, D. Barber, A. Wolski, 2013. Fire Safety Challenges of Tall Wood Buildings Phase 1 Final Report. Fire Protection Research Foundation, Quincy, MA, USA and Arup North America, San Francisco, CA, USA. – volume: 50 start-page: 83 year: 2018 end-page: 95 ident: b0035 article-title: Fire safety of mass timber buildings with CLT in USA publication-title: Wood Fiber Sci. – volume: 120 year: 2021 ident: b0100 article-title: Flame extinction and burning behaviour of timber under varied oxygen concentrations publication-title: Fire Saf. J. – reference: University of Edinburgh, I2M Laboratory, Brandskyddslaget, IBMB-Braunschweig, Liege University, and CERIB Fire Testing Cente,. Épernon Fire Tests Program Synthesis Report. EFTP-2020/01, 2020. – start-page: 818 year: 2020 end-page: 829 ident: b0040 publication-title: A Method for Determining Time EquivAlence for CompArtments With Exposed MAss Timber, Using IterAtive PArAmetric Fire Curves – reference: M. Janssens, Development of a fire performance assessment methodology for qualifying cross-laminated timber adhesives. Project No. 01.23086.01.001a, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, 2017. – year: 2011 ident: b0105 article-title: An Introduction to Fire Dynamics – start-page: 905 year: 2019 end-page: 951 ident: b0185 article-title: Calorimetry publication-title: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering – year: 2016 ident: b0065 article-title: Fire Safety Challenges of Tall Wood Buildings - Phase 2: Task 1 - Literature Review. FPRF Project – volume: 2 start-page: 121 year: 2017 end-page: 132 ident: b0150 article-title: Mass timber – the emergence of a modern construction material publication-title: J. Struct. Integr. Maint., Taylor & Francis – start-page: 169 year: 2013 end-page: 181 ident: b0090 article-title: Fire Safety Design for Tall Buildings publication-title: Procedia Engineering, 9th Asia-Oceania Symposium on Fire Science and Technology – reference: L.E. Hasburgh, S.L. Zelinka, K.J. Bourne, D.R. Tucholski, J.P. Ouellette, 2018. Full-Scale Fire Tests of a Two-Story Cross-Laminated Timber Structure. In: 2018 World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE), Seoul, Republic of Korea. – year: 2014 ident: b0320 article-title: ULC CAN-S101: Standard Methods of Fire Endurance Tests of Building Construction and Materials – year: 2014 ident: b0245 article-title: Fire Resistance of Partially Protected Cross-Laminated Timber Rooms – start-page: 1 year: 2020 end-page: 19 ident: b0250 article-title: Thermo-mechanical behavior of cross-laminated timber slabs under standard and natural fires publication-title: Fire Mater. – year: 2021 ident: b0270 article-title: Fire experiment inside a very large and open-plan compartment: x-ONE publication-title: Fire Technol. – volume: 20 start-page: 133 year: 2002 end-page: 175 ident: b0145 article-title: Post-flashover fires in light and heavy timber construction compartments publication-title: J. Fire Sci. – start-page: 407 year: 2017 end-page: 413 ident: b0045 article-title: Auto-extinction of engineered timber: Application to compartment fires with exposed timber surfaces publication-title: Fire Safety Journal, Fire Safety Science: Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium – volume: 3 year: 2020 ident: b0210 article-title: We need to talk about timber: fire safety design in tall buildings publication-title: Struct. Eng. – year: 2002 ident: b0080 article-title: Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1–1: General actions - Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings – reference: J. Leroux, P. Leroux, P.-S. Lafrance, K. Gratton, E. Gibbs, M. Weinfurter, 2018b. Fire testing of rooms with exposed wood surfaces in encapsulated mass timber construction. Report No. A1-012710, National Research Council Canada, Ontario, Canada, 74. – reference: A. Just, D. Brandon, K.N. Mäger, R. Pukk, J. Sjöström, CLT Compartment Fire Test. In: 2018 World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE), Seoul, Republic of Korea, 2018. – volume: 79 start-page: 10 year: 2016 end-page: 19 ident: b0225 article-title: Experimental characterisation of two fully-developed enclosure fire regimes publication-title: Fire Saf. J. – volume: 54 start-page: 96 year: 2012 end-page: 112 ident: b0285 article-title: Travelling fires for structural design-Part II: design methodology publication-title: Fire Saf. J. – volume: 91 start-page: 327 year: 2017 end-page: 335 ident: b0110 article-title: Description of small and large-scale cross-laminated timber fire tests publication-title: Fire Saf. J. – volume: 73 start-page: 163 year: 2014 end-page: 170 ident: b0195 article-title: Fire protection of light and massive timber elements using gypsum plasterboards and wood based panels: a large-scale compartment fire test publication-title: Constr. Build. Mater. – year: 2004 ident: b0085 article-title: Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures - Part 1–2 - General - Structural Fire Design – year: 2012 ident: b0010 article-title: ANSI/APA PRG 320–2012: Standard for Performance-Rated Cross-Laminated Timber – volume: 20 start-page: 133 issue: 2 year: 2002 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0145 article-title: Post-flashover fires in light and heavy timber construction compartments publication-title: J. Fire Sci. doi: 10.1177/0734904102020002074 – year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0065 – year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0030 – year: 1972 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0310 – volume: 32 start-page: 1334 issue: 7 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0005 article-title: Characterisation of Dalmarnock fire Test One publication-title: Exp. Therm Fluid Sci., Fifth Mediterranean Combust. Sympos. doi: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2007.11.006 – year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0015 – start-page: 251 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0200 article-title: Fire performance of CLT members: a detailed review of experimental studies across multiple scales – ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0315 doi: 10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.11-28 – year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0320 – start-page: 407 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0045 article-title: Auto-extinction of engineered timber: Application to compartment fires with exposed timber surfaces – volume: 120 year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0135 article-title: Fire dynamics in mass timber compartments publication-title: Fire Saf. J. doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103098 – volume: 91 start-page: 480 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0140 article-title: Effects of exposed cross laminated timber on compartment fire dynamics publication-title: Fire Saf. J. doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.074 – year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0105 – ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0115 doi: 10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.9-1279 – volume: 91 start-page: 327 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0110 article-title: Description of small and large-scale cross-laminated timber fire tests publication-title: Fire Saf. J. doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.024 – ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0205 – volume: 73 start-page: 163 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0195 article-title: Fire protection of light and massive timber elements using gypsum plasterboards and wood based panels: a large-scale compartment fire test publication-title: Constr. Build. Mater. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.027 – volume: 51 start-page: 1447 issue: 6 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0220 article-title: Experimental study of combustible and non-combustible construction in a natural fire publication-title: Fire Technol. doi: 10.1007/s10694-014-0407-4 – volume: 54 start-page: 74 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0280 article-title: Travelling fires for structural design–Part I: literature review publication-title: Fire Saf. J. doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2012.06.003 – ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0260 doi: 10.14264/5d97785 – volume: 38 start-page: 623 issue: 7 year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0215 article-title: The natural fire safety concept—full-scale tests at Cardington publication-title: Fire Saf. J. doi: 10.1016/S0379-7112(03)00028-6 – volume: 50 start-page: 83 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0035 article-title: Fire safety of mass timber buildings with CLT in USA publication-title: Wood Fiber Sci. doi: 10.22382/wfs-2018-042 – ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0130 – year: 2002 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0075 – start-page: 1 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0250 article-title: Thermo-mechanical behavior of cross-laminated timber slabs under standard and natural fires publication-title: Fire Mater. – year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0010 – volume: 4 start-page: 9 issue: 1 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0230 article-title: Performance-based engineering provides path to more compelling mass timber projects publication-title: Technology|Architecture + Design, Routledge doi: 10.1080/24751448.2020.1705709 – volume: 108 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0160 article-title: The Malveira fire test: full-scale demonstration of fire modes in open-plan compartments publication-title: Fire Saf. J. doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.102827 – year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0295 – volume: 57 start-page: 291 year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0345 article-title: Structural capacity of one-way spanning large-scale cross-laminated timber slabs in standard and natural fires publication-title: Fire Technol. doi: 10.1007/s10694-020-01003-y – start-page: 1 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0240 article-title: Enclosure fire dynamics with a cross-laminated timber ceiling publication-title: Fire Mater. – ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0330 doi: 10.14264/20b5cf6 – ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0175 – ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0265 doi: 10.14311/asfe.2015.063 – year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0340 article-title: Estimating temperatures in compartment fires – ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0020 – year: 2002 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0080 – year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0060 article-title: Mitigation of fire damages in multi-storey timber buildings: Statistical analysis and guidelines for design – volume: 120 year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0100 article-title: Flame extinction and burning behaviour of timber under varied oxygen concentrations publication-title: Fire Saf. J. doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103087 – volume: 3 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0210 article-title: We need to talk about timber: fire safety design in tall buildings publication-title: Struct. Eng. – volume: 54 start-page: 893 issue: 4 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0335 article-title: Predicting the fire dynamics of exposed timber surfaces in compartments using a two-zone model publication-title: Fire Technol. doi: 10.1007/s10694-018-0714-2 – ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0255 – volume: 2 start-page: 121 issue: 3 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0150 article-title: Mass timber – the emergence of a modern construction material publication-title: J. Struct. Integr. Maint., Taylor & Francis – year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0055 article-title: Fire safety challenges of tall wood buildings – Phase 2: Task 4 – engineering methods – ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0120 – year: 2004 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0085 – volume: 45 start-page: 249 issue: 4 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0290 article-title: Experimental review of the homogeneous temperature assumption in post-flashover compartment fires publication-title: Fire Saf. J. doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2010.03.007 – year: 2013 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0235 – start-page: 905 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0185 article-title: Calorimetry – year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0170 – volume: 44 start-page: 301 issue: 3 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0050 article-title: Comparative energy analysis from fire resistance tests on combustible versus noncombustible slabs publication-title: Fire Mater. doi: 10.1002/fam.2760 – ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0155 – ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0180 – ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0300 – start-page: 232 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0350 article-title: Overview of North American CLT Fire Testing and Code Adoption – year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0245 – ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0325 – year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0125 – start-page: 169 year: 2013 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0090 article-title: Fire Safety Design for Tall Buildings – volume: 79 start-page: 10 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0225 article-title: Experimental characterisation of two fully-developed enclosure fire regimes publication-title: Fire Saf. J. doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2015.11.001 – volume: 47 start-page: 1121 issue: 4 year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0070 article-title: Survey results of combustible contents and floor areas in canadian multi-family dwellings publication-title: Fire Technol., Springer Nature B.V., Norwell, Netherlands – year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0025 – volume: 57 start-page: 487 issue: 2 year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0275 article-title: Letter to the editor: design fires for open-plan buildings with exposed mass-timber ceiling publication-title: Fire Technol. doi: 10.1007/s10694-020-01047-0 – year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0270 article-title: Fire experiment inside a very large and open-plan compartment: x-ONE publication-title: Fire Technol. – start-page: 818 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0040 – volume: 54 start-page: 96 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0285 article-title: Travelling fires for structural design-Part II: design methodology publication-title: Fire Saf. J. doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2012.06.011 – ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0355 doi: 10.2737/FPL-GTR-247 – volume: 105 start-page: 244 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0095 article-title: Self-extinguishment of cross-laminated timber publication-title: Fire Saf. J. doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.01.008 – year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0165 – ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0305 – ident: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099_b0190 |
| SSID | ssj0006262 |
| Score | 2.523942 |
| SecondaryResourceType | review_article |
| Snippet | •Previous research has focused on flashover fires in a limited range of compartment sizes.•Methods of predicting self-extinction at realistic scales have not... |
| SourceID | crossref elsevier |
| SourceType | Enrichment Source Index Database Publisher |
| StartPage | 126099 |
| SubjectTerms | Compartment tests Data reporting Fire Timber |
| Title | Review of large-scale CLT compartment fire tests |
| URI | https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126099 |
| Volume | 318 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos000740116400004&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVESC databaseName: Elsevier SD Freedom Collection Journals 2021 customDbUrl: eissn: 1879-0526 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0006262 issn: 0950-0618 databaseCode: AIEXJ dateStart: 19950201 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.sciencedirect.com providerName: Elsevier |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV3dS8MwEA_iRPRB_MT5RQXfRkebtEsKvoyhqIwhOmFvJc0S2BjdcFP253tp0g_8QEV8KaU0TXq_y-UuXH6H0AWXjAqfB24Aq5cbcAh3mAoh5gFtUkyGJOQZ0l3a67HBILq3ZdnnWTkBmqZsuYxm_wo1PAOw9dHZX8BdfBQewD2ADleAHa4_Av6hOIwy0Vne7hxQkI1Ot2_zzU1auQJT1wA30xA5FVwF05JQNlOKxFbNboBjawZfZPCMXvLz1YVuXI_muQ5k9rXRaVZ3FQAhnYhMy62u_LhLmVtk9gx1lRprMKWxmIxGriaNqZpUYl75YJ7NTsEYpJtm44exQ4iO_aYPYZUplPSO_fpR96m7xJrJnWiC1xqmYQQGrNa-vRrcFcsuRGbYECuaMa6j8zKZ74sOP3dGKg5Gfxtt2cjAaRtEd9CKTHfRZoUvcg95BltnqpwKtg5g61SwdTS2TobtPnq6vup3blxb8sIVBPsLN8FDiJDBaUqGNMDSCwKwyJIpOuSKga3U88onAjMOjn0SCN4iUuIooUK1ooRwcoBW02kqD5ETCs-TygcnKBQBjTDzmCDcV5jrxTEJ64jl_x4Lywevy5JM4jzxbxxXxBZrscVGbHWEi6YzQ4ryk0aXuYBj690Zry0G7fi--dHfmh-jjVLNT9AqzCV5itbE62I0fz6zuvQGw4R3oQ |
| linkProvider | Elsevier |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Review+of+large-scale+CLT+compartment+fire+tests&rft.jtitle=Construction+%26+building+materials&rft.au=Liu%2C+Julie&rft.au=Fischer%2C+Erica+C.&rft.date=2022-02-07&rft.pub=Elsevier+Ltd&rft.issn=0950-0618&rft.eissn=1879-0526&rft.volume=318&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.conbuildmat.2021.126099&rft.externalDocID=S0950061821038319 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0950-0618&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0950-0618&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0950-0618&client=summon |