Optimization of graphene-based biosensor design for haemoglobin detection using the gradient boosting algorithm for behaviour prediction

•A biosensor based on a metasurfaces for detecting hemoglobin is presented.•The Gradient Boosting Algorithm predicts absorption metrics with an R2 score of 1.0.•The proposed sensor demonstrates remarkable sensitivity, achieving a peak value of 267 GHzRIU−1.•An optimal quality factor of 10.457 is exh...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:	Measurement : journal of the International Measurement Confederation Jg. 239; S. 115452
Hauptverfasser:	Wekalao, Jacob, Prasad Srinivasan, Guru, Patel, Shobhit K., Ahmed Al-zahrani, Fahad
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Elsevier Ltd 15.01.2025
Schlagworte:	biosensor Gradient boosting algorithm Graphene Metamaterials Metasurfaces Plasmonic Refractive index sensing Terahertz spectroscopy biosensor Graphene Plasmonic Metasurfaces Terahertz spectroscopy Metamaterials Gradient boosting algorithm Refractive index sensing
ISSN:	0263-2241
Online-Zugang:	Volltext
Tags:	Tag hinzufügen Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!

Abstract	•A biosensor based on a metasurfaces for detecting hemoglobin is presented.•The Gradient Boosting Algorithm predicts absorption metrics with an R2 score of 1.0.•The proposed sensor demonstrates remarkable sensitivity, achieving a peak value of 267 GHzRIU−1.•An optimal quality factor of 10.457 is exhibited by the sensor.•The sensor exemplifies high-resolution capacity and a narrow Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) of 81 GHz. This study presents an advanced biosensor based on metasurfaces for hemoglobin detection. The proposed sensor design integrates graphene with gold and silver, leveraging their exceptional optical properties and ability to support surface plasmon resonances. The metasurface-based architecture enhances interactions between the sensor and hemoglobin biomolecules, resulting in improved sensitivity and other performance parameters. Extensive optimization of the design parameters, including resonator dimensions and graphene chemical potential, was conducted to achieve an optimized sensor design. The sensor exhibits exceptional characteristics, including a peak sensitivity of 267 GHzRIU−1, a quality factor of 10.457, and a sensor resolution of 0.094, among other remarkable performance metrics. To streamline the optimization process and reduce computational complexity, the Gradient Boosting Algorithm (GBoost) is integrated into this study for behaviour prediction. The GBoost model demonstrates impressive performance, including an optimal coefficient of determination (R2) score of 1.0 for all cases considered, indicating perfect predictive accuracy within the model’s scope. These outstanding results suggest the significant potential of the proposed biosensor for rapid and precise blood testing, as well as monitoring medical conditions such as anaemia, by enabling early and accurate detection of hemoglobin levels. The sensor’s high-performance metrics, coupled with its simple design, represent a substantial advancement in the field of biosensing technology.
AbstractList	•A biosensor based on a metasurfaces for detecting hemoglobin is presented.•The Gradient Boosting Algorithm predicts absorption metrics with an R2 score of 1.0.•The proposed sensor demonstrates remarkable sensitivity, achieving a peak value of 267 GHzRIU−1.•An optimal quality factor of 10.457 is exhibited by the sensor.•The sensor exemplifies high-resolution capacity and a narrow Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) of 81 GHz. This study presents an advanced biosensor based on metasurfaces for hemoglobin detection. The proposed sensor design integrates graphene with gold and silver, leveraging their exceptional optical properties and ability to support surface plasmon resonances. The metasurface-based architecture enhances interactions between the sensor and hemoglobin biomolecules, resulting in improved sensitivity and other performance parameters. Extensive optimization of the design parameters, including resonator dimensions and graphene chemical potential, was conducted to achieve an optimized sensor design. The sensor exhibits exceptional characteristics, including a peak sensitivity of 267 GHzRIU−1, a quality factor of 10.457, and a sensor resolution of 0.094, among other remarkable performance metrics. To streamline the optimization process and reduce computational complexity, the Gradient Boosting Algorithm (GBoost) is integrated into this study for behaviour prediction. The GBoost model demonstrates impressive performance, including an optimal coefficient of determination (R2) score of 1.0 for all cases considered, indicating perfect predictive accuracy within the model’s scope. These outstanding results suggest the significant potential of the proposed biosensor for rapid and precise blood testing, as well as monitoring medical conditions such as anaemia, by enabling early and accurate detection of hemoglobin levels. The sensor’s high-performance metrics, coupled with its simple design, represent a substantial advancement in the field of biosensing technology.
ArticleNumber	115452
Author	Ahmed Al-zahrani, Fahad Patel, Shobhit K. Prasad Srinivasan, Guru Wekalao, Jacob
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Jacob surname: Wekalao fullname: Wekalao, Jacob organization: Department of engineering and technology, National Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar, 382007, Gujarat, India – sequence: 2 givenname: Guru surname: Prasad Srinivasan fullname: Prasad Srinivasan, Guru organization: Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 602105, India – sequence: 3 givenname: Shobhit K. orcidid: 0000-0002-0117-2440 surname: Patel fullname: Patel, Shobhit K. email: shobhitkumar.patel@marwdieducation.edu.in organization: Department of Computer Engineering, Marwadi University, Rajkot 360003, India – sequence: 4 givenname: Fahad surname: Ahmed Al-zahrani fullname: Ahmed Al-zahrani, Fahad email: fayzahrani@uqu.edu.sa organization: Computer Engineering Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca 24381, Saudi Arabia
BookMark	eNqNkE1uwyAQRlmkUpO0d3APYBewjZ1VVUX9kyJl064RhrFNFEMEJFJ7gh672Omi6iorhtG8TzNvgWbGGkDojuCMYMLud9kAwh8dDGBCRjEtMkLKoqQzNMeU5SmlBblGC-93GGOWr9gcfW8PQQ_6SwRtTWLbpHPi0IOBtBEeVNJo68F46xIFXncmaWPZCxhst7eNNrEdQE7w0WvTJaGHMUPpuEPSWOvD2BX7zjod-mHiG-jFSdujSw4OlJ7wG3TVir2H2993iT6en97Xr-lm-_K2ftykMqckpCUBItuqqdqqrgRTigpcs_gVtcKMSqhyglesaOtatUVZsYpgoco4IBXUGPIlejjnSme9d9ByqcN0fXBC7znBfJTJd_yPTD7K5GeZMWH1L-Hg9CDc50Xs-sxCPPGkwXEvoykZLbiokSurL0j5AeVCoKI
CitedBy_id	crossref_primary_10_1007_s11468_025_02936_2 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11468_025_02912_w crossref_primary_10_1007_s11082_025_08225_w crossref_primary_10_1016_j_photonics_2025_101399 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11082_025_08226_9 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11468_025_02886_9 crossref_primary_10_1149_1945_7111_adeb34 crossref_primary_10_3390_s25154855 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11468_024_02698_3 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11468_025_02885_w crossref_primary_10_1007_s11468_025_02946_0 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11082_025_08151_x crossref_primary_10_1007_s11468_024_02756_w crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_025_13976_3 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11468_025_02925_5 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_rineng_2025_106416 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11468_025_02903_x crossref_primary_10_1002_anse_202400095 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11468_024_02570_4 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11468_024_02641_6 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11468_024_02645_2 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11468_024_02686_7 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11468_024_02682_x crossref_primary_10_1007_s11468_025_02858_z crossref_primary_10_1007_s11082_024_07777_7
Cites_doi	10.1039/c2cs15294k 10.1088/2040-8978/13/1/013001 10.1177/1179597220983821 10.1177/00037028231180233 10.1142/9789812773302_0001 10.1002/adma.202208884 10.1007/s10462-020-09896-5 10.32604/csse.2022.020836 10.1038/srep46111 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125312 10.1007/s00216-011-5631-x 10.1007/s11468-024-02290-9 10.1103/RevModPhys.81.109 10.1016/j.acags.2021.100073 10.1063/1.4895595 10.1364/AO.443822 10.1007/s10762-017-0362-5 10.3390/bios13080759 10.1007/978-981-19-4105-4 10.1007/s11468-024-02306-4 10.1039/c3cs60479a 10.1016/j.biteb.2021.100941 10.1109/JLT.2021.3069758 10.1109/TNB.2024.3354810 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105458 10.1140/epjb/e2007-00142-3 10.1007/s11082-022-04503-z 10.1049/pel2.12363 10.1007/s11082-024-07068-1 10.3390/nano9121791 10.1038/nnano.2010.132 10.1117/1.APN.2.4.044002 10.1201/9781003364948-18 10.1016/j.physb.2021.413399 10.1002/cplu.202300131 10.1016/j.surfrep.2014.07.001 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113417 10.1126/science.1171245 10.1007/s11082-022-03600-3 10.1007/s11468-023-01946-2 10.1214/aos/1013203451 10.3390/nano12040708 10.1007/s11468-024-02372-8 10.1109/JSEN.2020.2976571 10.1016/S1369-7021(06)71788-6 10.1063/1.2891452 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.195420 10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.155858 10.1007/s11468-024-02273-w 10.1109/TNANO.2022.3213560 10.5772/50753 10.1039/C1CS15270J 10.1016/j.spmi.2015.09.027 10.3390/molecules26206272 10.1038/nnano.2008.58 10.1002/9783527830343 10.1021/nl0731872 10.1016/j.finel.2021.103707 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125415 10.1080/10106049.2020.1831623 10.1002/mop.33049 10.1016/j.spmi.2019.04.014 10.1007/s13320-018-0459-z 10.3390/s21165262
ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	2024 Elsevier Ltd
Copyright_xml	– notice: 2024 Elsevier Ltd
DBID	AAYXX CITATION
DOI	10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452
DatabaseName	CrossRef
DatabaseTitle	CrossRef
DatabaseTitleList
DeliveryMethod	fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline	Engineering Physics
ExternalDocumentID	10_1016_j_measurement_2024_115452 S026322412401337X
GroupedDBID	--K --M .~1 0R~ 1B1 1~. 1~5 4.4 457 4G. 5GY 5VS 7-5 71M 8P~ 9JN AACTN AAEDT AAEDW AAIKJ AAKOC AALRI AAOAW AAQFI AAXKI AAXUO ABFRF ABJNI ABMAC ABNEU ACDAQ ACFVG ACGFO ACGFS ACIWK ACRLP ADBBV ADEZE ADTZH AEBSH AECPX AEFWE AEGXH AEKER AENEX AFJKZ AFKWA AFTJW AGHFR AGUBO AGYEJ AHHHB AHJVU AIEXJ AIKHN AITUG AIVDX AJOXV AKRWK ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AMFUW AMRAJ AXJTR BJAXD BKOJK BLXMC CS3 DU5 EBS EFJIC EO8 EO9 EP2 EP3 FDB FIRID FNPLU FYGXN G-Q GBLVA GS5 IHE J1W JJJVA KOM MO0 N9A O-L O9- OAUVE OGIMB OZT P-8 P-9 P2P PC. Q38 RIG RNS ROL RPZ SDF SDG SES SEW SPC SPCBC SPD SSQ SST SSZ T5K ZMT ~G- 29M 9DU AATTM AAYWO AAYXX ABFNM ABXDB ACLOT ACNNM ACVFH ADCNI AEIPS AEUPX AFPUW AIGII AIIUN AKBMS AKYEP ANKPU APXCP ASPBG AVWKF AZFZN CITATION EFKBS EFLBG EJD FEDTE FGOYB G-2 HVGLF HZ~ LY7 M41 R2- SET WUQ XPP ~HD
ID	FETCH-LOGICAL-c321t-51e1cf7b7f787a6dd2a086b7fa8d062ce7310964f88df4576710ad5b7fcde80e3
ISICitedReferencesCount	23
ISICitedReferencesURI	http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=001293811600001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN	0263-2241
IngestDate	Sat Nov 29 02:05:34 EST 2025 Tue Nov 18 21:45:07 EST 2025 Sat Oct 19 15:54:33 EDT 2024
IsPeerReviewed	true
IsScholarly	true
Keywords	biosensor Graphene Plasmonic Metasurfaces Terahertz spectroscopy Metamaterials Gradient boosting algorithm Refractive index sensing
Language	English
LinkModel	OpenURL
MergedId	FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c321t-51e1cf7b7f787a6dd2a086b7fa8d062ce7310964f88df4576710ad5b7fcde80e3
ORCID	0000-0002-0117-2440
ParticipantIDs	crossref_citationtrail_10_1016_j_measurement_2024_115452 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_measurement_2024_115452 elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_measurement_2024_115452
PublicationCentury	2000
PublicationDate	2025-01-15
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD	2025-01-15
PublicationDate_xml	– month: 01 year: 2025 text: 2025-01-15 day: 15
PublicationDecade	2020
PublicationTitle	Measurement : journal of the International Measurement Confederation
PublicationYear	2025
Publisher	Elsevier Ltd
Publisher_xml	– name: Elsevier Ltd
References	W. B. J. Zimmerman, “Introduction to comsol multiphysics,” Multiphysics Modelling with Finite Element Methods. pp. 1–26, 2006, doi: 10.1142/9789812773302_0001. Liu (b0005) 2023; 35 Isaiev (b0055) 2022; 12 Cialla (b0140) 2012; 403 Duan, Liu, Chang, Chen, Chen (b0165) 2021; 21 Mout, Moyano, Rana, Rotello (b0060) 2012; 41 Bentéjac, Csörgő, Martínez-Muñoz (b0360) 2021; 54 Li, Butler (b0285) 2021; 12 Parmar, Patel (b0350) 2022; 64 Menaa, Fatemeh, Vashist, Iqbal, Sharts, Menaa (b0135) 2021; 12 Katsnelson (b0220) 2007; 10 Liu (b0095) 2023; 245 Wekalao, Patel, Alsalman, Surve, Anushkannan, Parmar (b0215) 2023; no. 0123456789 S. Das, A. Nella, and S. K. Patel, Terahertz Devices, Circuits and Systems: Materials, Methods and Applications. 2022. S. Gupta, A. K. Sharma, “COMSOL Multiphysics,” in Innovative Development in Micromanufacturing Processes, 2023, pp. 401–411. Li, Feng, Wang, Wang, Ma, Zhang (b0300) 2023; 16 Caruana, Niculescu-Mizil (b0375) 2006; 148 Patel, Wekalao, Mandela, Al-Zahrani (b0190) 2024; vol. 148, no. June Wekalao, Mandela, Muheki, Zaid (b0195) 2024; no. 0123456789 Chen, Hu, Zhu, Li (b0010) 2023; 2 Patel (b0335) 2022 Kunrath (b0090) 2023; 228 Liu, Dong, Chen (b0130) 2012; 41 Hamouleh-Alipour, Forouzeshfard, Baghbani, Vafapour (b0145) 2022; 21 A. Denizli, Plasmonic Sensors and their Applications. 2021. A. H. M. Almawgani, J. Wekalao, S. K. Patel, A. Alzahrani, H. S. Gumaih, A. Armghan, “Optimization of Graphene-Based Square Slotted Surface Plasmon Resonance Refractive Index Biosensor for Accurate Detection of Pregnancy,” Plasmonics, no. 0123456789, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s11468-024-02290-9. Marrone, La Russa, Montesanto, Lagani, La Russa, Pellegrino (b0050) 2021; 26 R. Singh, W. Cao, I. Al-Naib, L. Cong, W. Withayachumnankul, and W. Zhang, “Ultrasensitive terahertz sensing with high- Q Fano resonances in metasurfaces,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 105, no. 17, 2014, doi: 10.1063/1.4895595. Yazyev, Louie (b0225) 2010; 81 Habia, Manallah, Ayadi (b0325) 2023; 55 Patel, Alsalman (b0030) May 2024; 56 Hanson (b0245) 2008; 103 Sahu, Ali, Yupapin, Singh (b0355) 2018 Gassner (b0045) 2023; 77 Navarro-Tovar, Salado-Leza, Carreón-Álvarez, Acosta-Ruelas, Rodríguez-López (b0080) 2022 Patel (b0155) Jun. 2020; 20 Jafari, Vahab, Broumand, Khalili (b0280) 2023; 159 Patel, Surve, Parmar, Natesan, Katkar (b0320) 2022 J. Muheki, J. Wekalao, H. B. Albargi, M. Jalalah, and A. H. M. Almawgani, “A Graphene Gold Metasurface Inspired Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Designed for Terahertz Applications in Sensing and Detection of Heavy Metals in Water,” 2024. Balandin (b0260) 2008; 8 Hu, Zhou, Wu, Peng (b0040) 2023; 2 Jaćimovski, Bukurov, Šetrajčić, Raković (b0255) 2015; 88 Jacob, Ashokkumar, Patel (b0200) 2024; no. 0123456789 Wekalao, Patel, Anushkannan, Alsalman, Surve, Parmar (b0180) 2023; vol. 139, no. August M. Alsharari, J. Wekalao, S. K. Patel, A. Kumar, U. K. Aliqab, and A. Armghan, “Enhanced Sensing Efficiency of Ultra ‑ Narrow Band Graphene ‑ Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Refractive Index Sensor for Biochemical Applications and Environmental Monitoring,” Plasmonics, no. 0123456789, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s11468-024-02372-8. A. F. Sevda Seyyedmasoumian, Asma Attariabad, “FEM analysis of a λ3/125 high sensitivity graphene plasmonic biosensor for low hemoglobin concentration detection,” Appl. Opt., vol. 61, 2022. Feng, Hu, Zhou, Liu (b0250) 2017; 38 Parmar, Patel (b0150) Jan. 2022; 624 Patel, Surve, Baz, Parmar (b0125) 2024 Kar (b0015) 2023 Patel, Parmar, Sorathiya, Zakaria, Dhasarathan, Nguyen (b0185) 2021 Friedman (b0365) 2001; 29 Radmilović (b0035) 2023; 244 Devi, Kumar (b0370) 2022; 41 Aliqab, Wekalao, Alsharari, Armghan, Agravat, Patel (b0110) 2023; 13 Liberman, Mendez, Trogler, Kummel (b0065) 2014; 69 Rivera, Ferri, Marega (b0105) 2012 Popescu, Andronescu, Vasile (b0070) 2019; 9 Voronin, Zheltikov (b0170) 2017; 7 Simovski (b0020) 2011; 13 Castro Neto, Guinea, Peres, Novoselov, Geim (b0205) 2009; 81 Sahin (b0380) 2022; 37 Li (b0230) 2009; 80-.), 324(5932 A. H. M. Almawgani, J. Wekalao, S. K. Patel, A. Alzahrani, and H. S. Gumaih, “Design and Development of a Split Ring Resonator and Circular Disc Metasurface Based Graphene / Gold Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor for Illicit Drugs Detection,” Plasmonics, no. 0123456789, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s11468-024-02306-4. Khalid, Tian, Yu, Hussain, Hu (b0085) 2023; 88 Falkovsky, Varlamov (b0265) 2007; 56 Bae (b0235) 2010; 5 Chen, Jang, Xiao, Ishigami, Fuhrer (b0240) 2008; 3 Zeng, Baillargeat, Ho, Yong (b0100) 2014; 43 Wekalao, Alsalman, Natraj, Surve, Parmar, Patel (b0210) 2023 Sánchez-Arellano, Pérez-Huerta, Ariza-Flores, Sustaita-Torres, Madrigal-Melchor (b0310) 2019; 130 Patel (b0175) 2022; 54 Surve, Jadeja, Parmar, Parmar, Parmar (b0345) 2022 Mishra (b0075) 2023; 612 Jafari, Broumand, Vahab, Khalili (b0275) 2022; 202 Solanki, Baruah, Tiwari (b0290) 2022; 17 Yazyev (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0225) 2010; 81 Sánchez-Arellano (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0310) 2019; 130 Marrone (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0050) 2021; 26 Patel (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0185) 2021 Aliqab (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0110) 2023; 13 Mishra (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0075) 2023; 612 Hanson (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0245) 2008; 103 Balandin (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0260) 2008; 8 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0295 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0330 Jafari (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0280) 2023; 159 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0115 Khalid (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0085) 2023; 88 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0315 Caruana (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0375) 2006; 148 Sahu (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0355) 2018 Jaćimovski (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0255) 2015; 88 Patel (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0175) 2022; 54 Navarro-Tovar (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0080) 2022 Sahin (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0380) 2022; 37 Habia (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0325) 2023; 55 Menaa (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0135) 2021; 12 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0160 Patel (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0335) 2022 Popescu (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0070) 2019; 9 Liu (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0130) 2012; 41 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0120 Li (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0230) 2009; 80-.), 324(5932 Feng (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0250) 2017; 38 Devi (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0370) 2022; 41 Chen (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0240) 2008; 3 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0305 Patel (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0030) 2024; 56 Wekalao (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0215) 2023; no. 0123456789 Hu (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0040) 2023; 2 Duan (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0165) 2021; 21 Bentéjac (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0360) 2021; 54 Patel (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0320) 2022 Patel (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0155) 2020; 20 Voronin (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0170) 2017; 7 Kunrath (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0090) 2023; 228 Surve (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0345) 2022 Parmar (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0350) 2022; 64 Parmar (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0150) 2022; 624 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0270 Wekalao (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0195) 2024; no. 0123456789 Bae (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0235) 2010; 5 Kar (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0015) 2023 Isaiev (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0055) 2022; 12 Castro Neto (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0205) 2009; 81 Liberman (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0065) 2014; 69 Li (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0300) 2023; 16 Solanki (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0290) 2022; 17 Hamouleh-Alipour (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0145) 2022; 21 Patel (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0190) 2024; vol. 148, no. June Liu (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0095) 2023; 245 Mout (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0060) 2012; 41 Li (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0285) 2021; 12 Chen (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0010) 2023; 2 Rivera (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0105) 2012 Falkovsky (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0265) 2007; 56 Wekalao (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0210) 2023 Gassner (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0045) 2023; 77 Cialla (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0140) 2012; 403 Jacob (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0200) 2024; no. 0123456789 Patel (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0125) 2024 Simovski (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0020) 2011; 13 Liu (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0005) 2023; 35 Radmilović (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0035) 2023; 244 Katsnelson (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0220) 2007; 10 Jafari (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0275) 2022; 202 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0340 Friedman (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0365) 2001; 29 Zeng (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0100) 2014; 43 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0025 Wekalao (10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0180) 2023; vol. 139, no. August
References_xml	– reference: R. Singh, W. Cao, I. Al-Naib, L. Cong, W. Withayachumnankul, and W. Zhang, “Ultrasensitive terahertz sensing with high- Q Fano resonances in metasurfaces,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 105, no. 17, 2014, doi: 10.1063/1.4895595. – volume: 20 start-page: 6359 year: Jun. 2020 end-page: 6366 ident: b0155 article-title: Graphene-Based Highly Sensitive Refractive Index Biosensors Using C-Shaped Metasurface publication-title: IEEE Sens. J. – volume: 5 start-page: 574 year: 2010 end-page: 578 ident: b0235 article-title: Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes publication-title: Nat. Nanotechnol. – start-page: 1 year: 2022 ident: b0320 article-title: Graphene-Based Metasurface Refractive Index Biosensor For Hemoglobin Detection: Machine Learning Assisted Optimization publication-title: IEEE Trans. Nanobioscience – volume: 202 year: 2022 ident: b0275 article-title: An eXtended Finite Element Method implementation in COMSOL Multiphysics: Solid Mechanics publication-title: Finite Elem. Anal. Des. – volume: 88 year: 2023 ident: b0085 article-title: Nanoscale Surface Functionalization Based on Heterogeneous Self-Assembled Monolayers for Molecular-Scale Electronics publication-title: ChemPlusChem – volume: 55 year: 2023 ident: b0325 article-title: Plasmonic biosensor for the study of blood diseases by analysis of hemoglobin concentration publication-title: Opt. Quantum Electron. – volume: 21 start-page: pp year: 2021 ident: b0165 article-title: Surface plasmonic sensors: Sensing mechanism and recent applications publication-title: Sensors – volume: 12 year: 2021 ident: b0135 article-title: Graphene, an Interesting Nanocarbon Allotrope for Biosensing Applications: Advances, Insights, and Prospects publication-title: Biomed. Eng. Comput. Biol. – volume: 80-.), 324(5932) start-page: 1312 year: 2009 end-page: 1314 ident: b0230 article-title: Large-area synthesis of high-quality and uniform graphene films on copper foils publication-title: Science – reference: A. Denizli, Plasmonic Sensors and their Applications. 2021. – volume: 12 year: 2022 ident: b0055 article-title: Application of the Photoacoustic Approach in the Characterization of Nanostructured Materials publication-title: Nanomaterials – volume: 2 year: 2023 ident: b0040 article-title: Review on near-field detection technology in the biomedical field publication-title: Adv. Photonics Nexus – volume: 41 start-page: 2283 year: 2012 end-page: 2307 ident: b0130 article-title: Biological and chemical sensors based on graphene materials publication-title: Chem. Soc. Rev. – reference: M. Alsharari, J. Wekalao, S. K. Patel, A. Kumar, U. K. Aliqab, and A. Armghan, “Enhanced Sensing Efficiency of Ultra ‑ Narrow Band Graphene ‑ Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Refractive Index Sensor for Biochemical Applications and Environmental Monitoring,” Plasmonics, no. 0123456789, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s11468-024-02372-8. – volume: 38 start-page: 874 year: 2017 end-page: 884 ident: b0250 article-title: Calculation and Study of Graphene Conductivity Based on Terahertz Spectroscopy publication-title: J. Infrared, Millimeter, Terahertz Waves – volume: 13 start-page: 1 year: 2023 end-page: 16 ident: b0110 article-title: Designing a Graphene Metasurface Organic Material Sensor for Detection of Organic Compounds in Wastewater publication-title: Biosensors – volume: 244 year: 2023 ident: b0035 article-title: Interactions of ultrashort laser pulses with hemoglobin: Photophysical aspects and potential applications publication-title: Int. J. Biol. Macromol. – volume: 624 year: Jan. 2022 ident: b0150 article-title: Tunable and highly sensitive graphene-based biosensor with circle/split ring resonator metasurface for sensing hemoglobin/urine biomolecules publication-title: Phys. B Condens. Matter – volume: 3 start-page: 206 year: 2008 end-page: 209 ident: b0240 article-title: Intrinsic and extrinsic performance limits of graphene devices on SiO 2 publication-title: Nat. Nanotechnol. – reference: S. Das, A. Nella, and S. K. Patel, Terahertz Devices, Circuits and Systems: Materials, Methods and Applications. 2022. – start-page: 1 year: 2022 ident: b0335 article-title: Encoding and tuning of THz metasurface-based refractive index sensor with behavior prediction using XGBoost Regressor publication-title: IEEE Access – volume: 64 start-page: 77 year: 2022 end-page: 82 ident: b0350 article-title: Encrypted and tunable graphene-based metasurface refractive index sensor publication-title: Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. – volume: 403 start-page: 27 year: 2012 end-page: 54 ident: b0140 article-title: Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS): Progress and trends publication-title: Anal. Bioanal. Chem. – reference: A. F. Sevda Seyyedmasoumian, Asma Attariabad, “FEM analysis of a λ3/125 high sensitivity graphene plasmonic biosensor for low hemoglobin concentration detection,” Appl. Opt., vol. 61, 2022. – reference: S. Gupta, A. K. Sharma, “COMSOL Multiphysics,” in Innovative Development in Micromanufacturing Processes, 2023, pp. 401–411. – volume: 9 year: 2019 ident: b0070 article-title: Recent advances in magnetite nanoparticle functionalization for nanomedicine publication-title: Nanomaterials – volume: vol. 148, no. June year: 2024 ident: b0190 article-title: Design of encoded graphene-gold metasurface-based circular ring and square sensors for brain tumor detection and optimization using XGBoost algorithm publication-title: Diam. Relat. Mater. – volume: vol. 139, no. August year: 2023 ident: b0180 article-title: Design of ring and cross shaped graphene metasurface sensor for efficient detection of malaria and 2 bit encoding applications publication-title: Diam. Relat. Mater. – volume: 88 start-page: 330 year: 2015 end-page: 337 ident: b0255 article-title: Phonon thermal conductivity of graphene publication-title: Superlattices Microstruct. – volume: 13 year: 2011 ident: b0020 article-title: On electromagnetic characterization and homogenization of nanostructured metamaterials publication-title: J. Opt. – volume: 8 start-page: 902 year: 2008 end-page: 907 ident: b0260 article-title: Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene publication-title: Nano Lett. – year: 2023 ident: b0015 article-title: Metamaterials and metasurfaces publication-title: Basics and Trends. – start-page: 41 year: 2022 end-page: 51 ident: b0345 article-title: “A Terahertz-Based Graphene Metasurface Sensor for Hemoglobin Detection with High Q Factor and Low Figure of Merit”, in publication-title: Methods and Applications – volume: 245 year: 2023 ident: b0095 article-title: One-pot and one-step preparation of ‘living’ cellulose nanofiber hydrogel with active double-bond via chemical vapor deposition publication-title: Int. J. Biol. Macromol. – volume: no. 0123456789 year: 2024 ident: b0200 article-title: Design and Analysis of a Plasmonic Metasurface - Based Graphene Sensor for Highly Sensitive and Label - Free Detection of COVID - 19 Biomarkers publication-title: Plasmonics – volume: 103 start-page: pp year: 2008 ident: b0245 article-title: Dyadic Green’s functions and guided surface waves for a surface conductivity model of graphene publication-title: J. Appl. Phys. – start-page: 203 year: 2022 end-page: 248 ident: b0080 article-title: “Surface functionalization of nanoparticles: Structure determines function”, in publication-title: Applications in Wound Healing and Infection Treatment – volume: 43 start-page: 3426 year: 2014 end-page: 3452 ident: b0100 article-title: Nanomaterials enhanced surface plasmon resonance for biological and chemical sensing applications publication-title: Chem. Soc. Rev. – volume: no. 0123456789 year: 2023 ident: b0215 article-title: Waterborne Bacteria Detecting Highly Sensitive Graphene Metasurface Based Cost-Efficient and Efficient Refractive Index Sensors publication-title: Plasmonics – volume: 29 start-page: 1189 year: 2001 end-page: 1232 ident: b0365 article-title: Greedy function approximation: A gradient boosting machine publication-title: Ann. Stat. – year: 2021 ident: b0185 article-title: Graphene-Based Plasmonic Absorber For Biosensing Applications Using Gold Split Ring Resonator Metasurfaces publication-title: J. Light. Technol. – reference: J. Muheki, J. Wekalao, H. B. Albargi, M. Jalalah, and A. H. M. Almawgani, “A Graphene Gold Metasurface Inspired Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Designed for Terahertz Applications in Sensing and Detection of Heavy Metals in Water,” 2024. – volume: 56 start-page: 281 year: 2007 end-page: 284 ident: b0265 article-title: Space-time dispersion of graphene conductivity publication-title: Eur. Phys. J. B – year: 2012 ident: b0105 article-title: Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances: Noble Metal Nanoparticle Interaction with Rare-Earth Ions publication-title: Plasmonics - Principles and Applications – volume: 17 year: 2022 ident: b0290 article-title: Modeling and simulation of wood pyrolysis process using COMSOL Multiphysics publication-title: Bioresour. Technol. Reports – volume: 10 start-page: 20 year: 2007 end-page: 27 ident: b0220 article-title: Graphene: carbon in two dimensions publication-title: Mater. Today – reference: A. H. M. Almawgani, J. Wekalao, S. K. Patel, A. Alzahrani, and H. S. Gumaih, “Design and Development of a Split Ring Resonator and Circular Disc Metasurface Based Graphene / Gold Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor for Illicit Drugs Detection,” Plasmonics, no. 0123456789, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s11468-024-02306-4. – volume: 81 start-page: 109 year: 2009 end-page: 162 ident: b0205 article-title: The electronic properties of graphene publication-title: Rev. Mod. Phys. – volume: 130 start-page: 68 year: 2019 end-page: 75 ident: b0310 article-title: Tailoring the transmission and absorption spectra in a graphene-dielectric multilayer system for Lorentzian profile in the chemical potential publication-title: Superlattices Microstruct. – volume: 81 start-page: pp year: 2010 ident: b0225 article-title: Topological defects in graphene: Dislocations and grain boundaries publication-title: Phys. Rev. B - Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. – volume: 16 start-page: 64 year: 2023 end-page: 74 ident: b0300 article-title: Quantitative damping reshaping method based on equivalent RLC circuits using an active damper publication-title: IET Power Electron. – year: 2018 ident: b0355 article-title: Porous Silicon Based Bragg-Grating Resonator for Refractive Index Biosensor publication-title: Photonic Sensors – year: 2023 ident: b0210 article-title: Design of Graphene Metasurface Sensor for Efficient Detection of COVID-19 publication-title: Plasmonics – volume: 26 year: 2021 ident: b0050 article-title: Short and long time bloodstains age determination by colorimetric analysis: A pilot study publication-title: Molecules – reference: A. H. M. Almawgani, J. Wekalao, S. K. Patel, A. Alzahrani, H. S. Gumaih, A. Armghan, “Optimization of Graphene-Based Square Slotted Surface Plasmon Resonance Refractive Index Biosensor for Accurate Detection of Pregnancy,” Plasmonics, no. 0123456789, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s11468-024-02290-9. – volume: 54 start-page: pp year: 2022 ident: b0175 article-title: Graphene based highly sensitive refractive index sensor using double split ring resonator metasurface publication-title: Opt. Quantum Electron. – volume: 56 start-page: 1120 year: May 2024 ident: b0030 article-title: Design and development of graphene-based double split ring resonator metasurface biosensor using MgF2-gold materials for blood cancer detection publication-title: Opt. Quantum Electron. – volume: 228 year: 2023 ident: b0090 article-title: Nano-scaled surfaces and sustainable-antibiotic-release from polymeric coating for application on intra-osseous implants and trans-mucosal abutments publication-title: Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces – volume: 7 year: 2017 ident: b0170 article-title: The generalized Sellmeier equation for air publication-title: Sci. Rep. – volume: 12 year: 2021 ident: b0285 article-title: Forward modeling of magnetotellurics using Comsol Multiphysics publication-title: Appl. Comput. Geosci. – volume: 2 start-page: 5 year: 2023 end-page: 29 ident: b0010 article-title: Metamaterials: From fundamental physics to intelligent design publication-title: Interdiscip. Mater. – volume: 41 start-page: 2539 year: 2012 end-page: 2544 ident: b0060 article-title: Surface functionalization of nanoparticles for nanomedicine publication-title: Chem. Soc. Rev. – year: 2024 ident: b0125 article-title: Optimization of Novel 2D Material Based SPR Biosensor Using Machine Learning publication-title: IEEE Trans. Nanobioscience – volume: no. 0123456789 year: 2024 ident: b0195 article-title: Design and Analysis of a Terahertz Metasurface - Based Refractive Index Sensor for Hemoglobin Detection With Behaviour Prediction Using Polynomial Regression publication-title: Plasmonics – volume: 69 start-page: 132 year: 2014 end-page: 158 ident: b0065 article-title: Synthesis and surface functionalization of silica nanoparticles for nanomedicine publication-title: Surf. Sci. Rep. – volume: 37 start-page: 2441 year: 2022 end-page: 2465 ident: b0380 article-title: Comparative analysis of gradient boosting algorithms for landslide susceptibility mapping publication-title: Geocarto Int. – volume: 21 start-page: 620 year: 2022 end-page: 628 ident: b0145 article-title: Blood Hemoglobin Concentration Sensing by Optical Nano Biosensor-Based Plasmonic Metasurface: A Feasibility Study publication-title: IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. – volume: 159 year: 2023 ident: b0280 article-title: An eXtended finite element method implementation in COMSOL multiphysics: Thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling of fluid flow in discontinuous porous media publication-title: Comput. Geotech. – volume: 35 year: 2023 ident: b0005 article-title: Design Strategies and Applications of Dimensional Optical Field Manipulation Based on Metasurfaces publication-title: Adv. Mater. – reference: W. B. J. Zimmerman, “Introduction to comsol multiphysics,” Multiphysics Modelling with Finite Element Methods. pp. 1–26, 2006, doi: 10.1142/9789812773302_0001. – volume: 54 start-page: 1937 year: 2021 end-page: 1967 ident: b0360 article-title: A comparative analysis of gradient boosting algorithms publication-title: Artif. Intell. Rev. – volume: 77 start-page: 977 year: 2023 end-page: 1008 ident: b0045 article-title: Linearly Polarized Infrared Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Biological Materials publication-title: Appl. Spectrosc. – volume: 41 start-page: 849 year: 2022 end-page: 859 ident: b0370 article-title: Stochastic gradient boosting model for twitter spam detection publication-title: Comput. Syst. Sci. Eng. – volume: 612 year: 2023 ident: b0075 article-title: Surface functionalization of gallium nitride for biomedical implant applications publication-title: Appl. Surf. Sci. – volume: 148 start-page: 161 year: 2006 end-page: 168 ident: b0375 article-title: An empirical comparison of supervised learning algorithms publication-title: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series – volume: 2 start-page: 5 issue: 1 year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0010 article-title: Metamaterials: From fundamental physics to intelligent design publication-title: Interdiscip. Mater. – volume: 41 start-page: 2539 issue: 7 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0060 article-title: Surface functionalization of nanoparticles for nanomedicine publication-title: Chem. Soc. Rev. doi: 10.1039/c2cs15294k – volume: 13 issue: 1 year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0020 article-title: On electromagnetic characterization and homogenization of nanostructured metamaterials publication-title: J. Opt. doi: 10.1088/2040-8978/13/1/013001 – volume: 12 year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0135 article-title: Graphene, an Interesting Nanocarbon Allotrope for Biosensing Applications: Advances, Insights, and Prospects publication-title: Biomed. Eng. Comput. Biol. doi: 10.1177/1179597220983821 – volume: 77 start-page: 977 issue: 9 year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0045 article-title: Linearly Polarized Infrared Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Biological Materials publication-title: Appl. Spectrosc. doi: 10.1177/00037028231180233 – ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0270 doi: 10.1142/9789812773302_0001 – volume: 35 issue: 30 year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0005 article-title: Design Strategies and Applications of Dimensional Optical Field Manipulation Based on Metasurfaces publication-title: Adv. Mater. doi: 10.1002/adma.202208884 – volume: 54 start-page: 1937 issue: 3 year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0360 article-title: A comparative analysis of gradient boosting algorithms publication-title: Artif. Intell. Rev. doi: 10.1007/s10462-020-09896-5 – volume: 41 start-page: 849 issue: 2 year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0370 article-title: Stochastic gradient boosting model for twitter spam detection publication-title: Comput. Syst. Sci. Eng. doi: 10.32604/csse.2022.020836 – volume: 7 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0170 article-title: The generalized Sellmeier equation for air publication-title: Sci. Rep. doi: 10.1038/srep46111 – volume: 244 year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0035 article-title: Interactions of ultrashort laser pulses with hemoglobin: Photophysical aspects and potential applications publication-title: Int. J. Biol. Macromol. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125312 – volume: 403 start-page: 27 issue: 1 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0140 article-title: Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS): Progress and trends publication-title: Anal. Bioanal. Chem. doi: 10.1007/s00216-011-5631-x – ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0115 doi: 10.1007/s11468-024-02290-9 – volume: 81 start-page: 109 issue: 1 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0205 article-title: The electronic properties of graphene publication-title: Rev. Mod. Phys. doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.81.109 – volume: 12 year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0285 article-title: Forward modeling of magnetotellurics using Comsol Multiphysics publication-title: Appl. Comput. Geosci. doi: 10.1016/j.acags.2021.100073 – volume: vol. 148, no. June year: 2024 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0190 article-title: Design of encoded graphene-gold metasurface-based circular ring and square sensors for brain tumor detection and optimization using XGBoost algorithm publication-title: Diam. Relat. Mater. – ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0340 doi: 10.1063/1.4895595 – ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0330 doi: 10.1364/AO.443822 – volume: 38 start-page: 874 issue: 7 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0250 article-title: Calculation and Study of Graphene Conductivity Based on Terahertz Spectroscopy publication-title: J. Infrared, Millimeter, Terahertz Waves doi: 10.1007/s10762-017-0362-5 – volume: 13 start-page: 1 issue: 8 year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0110 article-title: Designing a Graphene Metasurface Organic Material Sensor for Detection of Organic Compounds in Wastewater publication-title: Biosensors doi: 10.3390/bios13080759 – volume: no. 0123456789 year: 2024 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0195 article-title: Design and Analysis of a Terahertz Metasurface - Based Refractive Index Sensor for Hemoglobin Detection With Behaviour Prediction Using Polynomial Regression publication-title: Plasmonics – ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0315 doi: 10.1007/978-981-19-4105-4 – ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0120 doi: 10.1007/s11468-024-02306-4 – start-page: 41 year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0345 article-title: “A Terahertz-Based Graphene Metasurface Sensor for Hemoglobin Detection with High Q Factor and Low Figure of Merit”, in Terahertz Devices, Circuits and Systems: Materials publication-title: Methods and Applications – volume: 43 start-page: 3426 issue: 10 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0100 article-title: Nanomaterials enhanced surface plasmon resonance for biological and chemical sensing applications publication-title: Chem. Soc. Rev. doi: 10.1039/c3cs60479a – volume: 17 year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0290 article-title: Modeling and simulation of wood pyrolysis process using COMSOL Multiphysics publication-title: Bioresour. Technol. Reports doi: 10.1016/j.biteb.2021.100941 – year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0185 article-title: Graphene-Based Plasmonic Absorber For Biosensing Applications Using Gold Split Ring Resonator Metasurfaces publication-title: J. Light. Technol. doi: 10.1109/JLT.2021.3069758 – year: 2024 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0125 article-title: Optimization of Novel 2D Material Based SPR Biosensor Using Machine Learning publication-title: IEEE Trans. Nanobioscience doi: 10.1109/TNB.2024.3354810 – volume: 159 year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0280 article-title: An eXtended finite element method implementation in COMSOL multiphysics: Thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling of fluid flow in discontinuous porous media publication-title: Comput. Geotech. doi: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105458 – volume: 56 start-page: 281 issue: 4 year: 2007 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0265 article-title: Space-time dispersion of graphene conductivity publication-title: Eur. Phys. J. B doi: 10.1140/epjb/e2007-00142-3 – volume: 55 issue: 3 year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0325 article-title: Plasmonic biosensor for the study of blood diseases by analysis of hemoglobin concentration publication-title: Opt. Quantum Electron. doi: 10.1007/s11082-022-04503-z – volume: 16 start-page: 64 issue: 1 year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0300 article-title: Quantitative damping reshaping method based on equivalent RLC circuits using an active damper publication-title: IET Power Electron. doi: 10.1049/pel2.12363 – volume: 56 start-page: 1120 issue: 7 year: 2024 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0030 article-title: Design and development of graphene-based double split ring resonator metasurface biosensor using MgF2-gold materials for blood cancer detection publication-title: Opt. Quantum Electron. doi: 10.1007/s11082-024-07068-1 – volume: 9 issue: 12 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0070 article-title: Recent advances in magnetite nanoparticle functionalization for nanomedicine publication-title: Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano9121791 – volume: 148 start-page: 161 year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0375 article-title: An empirical comparison of supervised learning algorithms publication-title: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series – volume: 5 start-page: 574 issue: 8 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0235 article-title: Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes publication-title: Nat. Nanotechnol. doi: 10.1038/nnano.2010.132 – volume: 2 issue: 04 year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0040 article-title: Review on near-field detection technology in the biomedical field publication-title: Adv. Photonics Nexus doi: 10.1117/1.APN.2.4.044002 – start-page: 203 year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0080 article-title: “Surface functionalization of nanoparticles: Structure determines function”, in Antimicrobial Activity of Nanoparticles publication-title: Applications in Wound Healing and Infection Treatment – ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0295 doi: 10.1201/9781003364948-18 – volume: 624 year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0150 article-title: Tunable and highly sensitive graphene-based biosensor with circle/split ring resonator metasurface for sensing hemoglobin/urine biomolecules publication-title: Phys. B Condens. Matter doi: 10.1016/j.physb.2021.413399 – volume: 88 issue: 5 year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0085 article-title: Nanoscale Surface Functionalization Based on Heterogeneous Self-Assembled Monolayers for Molecular-Scale Electronics publication-title: ChemPlusChem doi: 10.1002/cplu.202300131 – volume: 69 start-page: 132 issue: 2–3 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0065 article-title: Synthesis and surface functionalization of silica nanoparticles for nanomedicine publication-title: Surf. Sci. Rep. doi: 10.1016/j.surfrep.2014.07.001 – volume: 228 year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0090 article-title: Nano-scaled surfaces and sustainable-antibiotic-release from polymeric coating for application on intra-osseous implants and trans-mucosal abutments publication-title: Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113417 – volume: 80-.), 324(5932) start-page: 1312 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0230 article-title: Large-area synthesis of high-quality and uniform graphene films on copper foils publication-title: Science doi: 10.1126/science.1171245 – volume: vol. 139, no. August year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0180 article-title: Design of ring and cross shaped graphene metasurface sensor for efficient detection of malaria and 2 bit encoding applications publication-title: Diam. Relat. Mater. – volume: 54 start-page: pp issue: 3 year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0175 article-title: Graphene based highly sensitive refractive index sensor using double split ring resonator metasurface publication-title: Opt. Quantum Electron. doi: 10.1007/s11082-022-03600-3 – year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0210 article-title: Design of Graphene Metasurface Sensor for Efficient Detection of COVID-19 publication-title: Plasmonics doi: 10.1007/s11468-023-01946-2 – volume: 29 start-page: 1189 issue: 5 year: 2001 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0365 article-title: Greedy function approximation: A gradient boosting machine publication-title: Ann. Stat. doi: 10.1214/aos/1013203451 – volume: 12 issue: 4 year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0055 article-title: Application of the Photoacoustic Approach in the Characterization of Nanostructured Materials publication-title: Nanomaterials doi: 10.3390/nano12040708 – ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0305 doi: 10.1007/s11468-024-02372-8 – volume: 20 start-page: 6359 issue: 12 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0155 article-title: Graphene-Based Highly Sensitive Refractive Index Biosensors Using C-Shaped Metasurface publication-title: IEEE Sens. J. doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2020.2976571 – volume: 10 start-page: 20 issue: 1–2 year: 2007 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0220 article-title: Graphene: carbon in two dimensions publication-title: Mater. Today doi: 10.1016/S1369-7021(06)71788-6 – volume: 103 start-page: pp issue: 6 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0245 article-title: Dyadic Green’s functions and guided surface waves for a surface conductivity model of graphene publication-title: J. Appl. Phys. doi: 10.1063/1.2891452 – volume: 81 start-page: pp issue: 19 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0225 article-title: Topological defects in graphene: Dislocations and grain boundaries publication-title: Phys. Rev. B - Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.195420 – volume: 612 year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0075 article-title: Surface functionalization of gallium nitride for biomedical implant applications publication-title: Appl. Surf. Sci. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.155858 – ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0025 doi: 10.1007/s11468-024-02273-w – volume: no. 0123456789 year: 2024 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0200 article-title: Design and Analysis of a Plasmonic Metasurface - Based Graphene Sensor for Highly Sensitive and Label - Free Detection of COVID - 19 Biomarkers publication-title: Plasmonics – volume: 21 start-page: 620 year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0145 article-title: Blood Hemoglobin Concentration Sensing by Optical Nano Biosensor-Based Plasmonic Metasurface: A Feasibility Study publication-title: IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. doi: 10.1109/TNANO.2022.3213560 – year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0105 article-title: Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances: Noble Metal Nanoparticle Interaction with Rare-Earth Ions publication-title: Plasmonics - Principles and Applications doi: 10.5772/50753 – volume: 41 start-page: 2283 issue: 6 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0130 article-title: Biological and chemical sensors based on graphene materials publication-title: Chem. Soc. Rev. doi: 10.1039/C1CS15270J – volume: 88 start-page: 330 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0255 article-title: Phonon thermal conductivity of graphene publication-title: Superlattices Microstruct. doi: 10.1016/j.spmi.2015.09.027 – volume: no. 0123456789 year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0215 article-title: Waterborne Bacteria Detecting Highly Sensitive Graphene Metasurface Based Cost-Efficient and Efficient Refractive Index Sensors publication-title: Plasmonics – volume: 26 issue: 20 year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0050 article-title: Short and long time bloodstains age determination by colorimetric analysis: A pilot study publication-title: Molecules doi: 10.3390/molecules26206272 – volume: 3 start-page: 206 issue: 4 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0240 article-title: Intrinsic and extrinsic performance limits of graphene devices on SiO 2 publication-title: Nat. Nanotechnol. doi: 10.1038/nnano.2008.58 – start-page: 1 year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0320 article-title: Graphene-Based Metasurface Refractive Index Biosensor For Hemoglobin Detection: Machine Learning Assisted Optimization publication-title: IEEE Trans. Nanobioscience – ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0160 doi: 10.1002/9783527830343 – volume: 8 start-page: 902 issue: 3 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0260 article-title: Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene publication-title: Nano Lett. doi: 10.1021/nl0731872 – volume: 202 year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0275 article-title: An eXtended Finite Element Method implementation in COMSOL Multiphysics: Solid Mechanics publication-title: Finite Elem. Anal. Des. doi: 10.1016/j.finel.2021.103707 – volume: 245 year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0095 article-title: One-pot and one-step preparation of ‘living’ cellulose nanofiber hydrogel with active double-bond via chemical vapor deposition publication-title: Int. J. Biol. Macromol. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125415 – volume: 37 start-page: 2441 issue: 9 year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0380 article-title: Comparative analysis of gradient boosting algorithms for landslide susceptibility mapping publication-title: Geocarto Int. doi: 10.1080/10106049.2020.1831623 – volume: 64 start-page: 77 issue: 1 year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0350 article-title: Encrypted and tunable graphene-based metasurface refractive index sensor publication-title: Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. doi: 10.1002/mop.33049 – volume: 130 start-page: 68 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0310 article-title: Tailoring the transmission and absorption spectra in a graphene-dielectric multilayer system for Lorentzian profile in the chemical potential publication-title: Superlattices Microstruct. doi: 10.1016/j.spmi.2019.04.014 – year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0355 article-title: Porous Silicon Based Bragg-Grating Resonator for Refractive Index Biosensor publication-title: Photonic Sensors doi: 10.1007/s13320-018-0459-z – year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0015 article-title: Metamaterials and metasurfaces publication-title: Basics and Trends. – volume: 21 start-page: pp issue: 16 year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0165 article-title: Surface plasmonic sensors: Sensing mechanism and recent applications publication-title: Sensors doi: 10.3390/s21165262 – start-page: 1 year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452_b0335 article-title: Encoding and tuning of THz metasurface-based refractive index sensor with behavior prediction using XGBoost Regressor publication-title: IEEE Access
SSID	ssj0006396
Score	2.4975824
Snippet	•A biosensor based on a metasurfaces for detecting hemoglobin is presented.•The Gradient Boosting Algorithm predicts absorption metrics with an R2 score of...
SourceID	crossref elsevier
SourceType	Enrichment Source Index Database Publisher
StartPage	115452
SubjectTerms	biosensor Gradient boosting algorithm Graphene Metamaterials Metasurfaces Plasmonic Refractive index sensing Terahertz spectroscopy
Title	Optimization of graphene-based biosensor design for haemoglobin detection using the gradient boosting algorithm for behaviour prediction
URI	https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115452
Volume	239
WOSCitedRecordID	wos001293811600001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText	1
inHoldings	1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights	– providerCode: PRVESC databaseName: Elsevier SD Freedom Collection Journals 2021 issn: 0263-2241 databaseCode: AIEXJ dateStart: 19950101 customDbUrl: isFulltext: true dateEnd: 99991231 titleUrlDefault: https://www.sciencedirect.com omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0006396 providerName: Elsevier
link	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1bi9NAFB7qroo-iK6K640RfCspzaXJBHwpsusNVmFX7FuYzmWTNU2WXMriL_AX-ns8M5NMIiquiC8lDZlJ2_P1zDcn3zkHoeewYgseU-bIwBWwQZkThzDfcxjlkvgykm5kmk1ER0dktYo_TCbf-lyYbR4VBbm4iM__q6nhHBhbpc7-hbntpHACjsHo8Apmh9dLGf49OIFNl12pqKAuSQ0ezVELFtDNrKxh61qqxuBKvKF1hikVm1LVBtHa2EaY_uFt3edSwRxKGdZMgZPXWihN89Oyypp0Y_SeJtm_rVTNAZ4xa-2-V9QQidQxiFG9ikG92YclxxfrhERVHHSsF_gkPtOcmkdG4NDX1r1XtKbAn9VDqS0caof6qq3a4TlZY0QJx2m5TrNm-m5mAZ8CLZguc-cLTSvT52p6SFPKx2ERTykQHZMYamJ1fb7OII6qdZlZ31GkZez_PVNN6ae1xIQ1zmab4VvP4E7BzNWN2YcF1Moaj9X8anpP7Vr9aHUF7XrRIgZvu7t8c7B6azkC8MLQRP_M57mOng3Kw9_c8NfMacSGTm6jW902Bi8N_O6giSj20M1Rccs9dE2Li1l9F30dQxKXEv8ISWwhiQ0kMUAKjyCJLSSxhiQGzOAekriHJLaQ1OMtJPEAyXvo4-HBycvXTtcBxAF_4TbOwhUuk9E6krCu0JBzj8IWHN5Swuehx0SkCtuGgSSEywC2zsCXKV_ABYwLMhf-fbRTlIV4gDBb0LknfEp8FgdEBrBzFz4LXRkGwMjn8T4i_a-bsK48vurSkie9DvIsGRkmUYZJjGH2kWeHnpsaMZcZ9KI3YdKRXUNiE8Dfn4c__Lfhj9CN4U_zGO00VSueoKts22R19bRD63dgIeIp
linkProvider	Elsevier
openUrl	ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Optimization+of+graphene-based+biosensor+design+for+haemoglobin+detection+using+the+gradient+boosting+algorithm+for+behaviour+prediction&rft.jtitle=Measurement+%3A+journal+of+the+International+Measurement+Confederation&rft.au=Wekalao%2C+Jacob&rft.au=Prasad+Srinivasan%2C+Guru&rft.au=Patel%2C+Shobhit+K.&rft.au=Ahmed+Al-zahrani%2C+Fahad&rft.date=2025-01-15&rft.pub=Elsevier+Ltd&rft.issn=0263-2241&rft.volume=239&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.measurement.2024.115452&rft.externalDocID=S026322412401337X
thumbnail_l	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0263-2241&client=summon
thumbnail_m	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0263-2241&client=summon
thumbnail_s	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0263-2241&client=summon